新疆高碱煤混烧含Ca、Fe矿物分布特性的CCSEM研究

选用高质量分数Si、Al的大南湖一矿煤以及高质量分数Na和高质量分数Ca、Fe的二矿煤,在高温沉降炉系统中进行单煤及不同混烧比例混煤的燃烧实验.采用先进的计算机控制扫描电镜(CCSEM)技术对单煤及混烧煤灰中含Ca、Fe颗粒的粒径分布、矿物形态及其共生特性等进行表征,研究了含Ca、Fe矿物的分布规律.结果表明:相比于二矿煤灰,混烧煤灰中含Ca、Fe颗粒粒径有增大的趋势,矿物形态更加复杂;随着一矿煤混烧比例的增加,硅铝酸盐中Ca、Fe的质量分数降低,且低质量分数(10%)Ca、Fe的硅铝酸盐颗粒增加;混烧可显著减弱二矿煤的灰沉积倾向.     

燃准东煤锅炉灰沉积对炉膛传热的影响

针对某330 MW燃准东煤锅炉,借助实验手段与数值模拟方法,结合热力计算,分析了炉膛受热面不同程度灰沉积对传热过程中热流密度、导热系数和热有效系数等参数的影响,并拟合出屏式过热器出口烟气温度、热有效系数与灰沉积厚度的关系曲线。结果表明:灰渣导热系数随灰渣温度升高而增大;灰沉积厚度超过10 mm后,灰渣热流密度降幅减小,炉膛火焰燃烧稳定,炉膛出口烟气温度逐渐稳定,热有效系数保持较低状态,锅炉效率变化不大;灰沉积厚度从0增加到10 mm时,受热面热流密度明显下降,炉膛平均温度上升,炉膛出口烟气温度升高了16.5%,热有效系数减小了约68%,锅炉效率下降了2.26%;所得的拟合关系式对于燃准东煤锅炉改进结构设计和优化吹灰策略具有一定的指导作用。     

钙基对煤灰熔融特性影响的研究

炉内喷钙脱硫技术增加了烟气的飞灰含量和灰中钙的含量,对煤灰的熔融特性有一定影响.在几种动力用煤中添加钙基吸着剂,对灰渣的成分及其熔融特性进行研究,并对添加钙基吸着剂后的灰熔点进行拟合计算,为添加钙基吸着剂后灰熔点的计算提供一种计算方法.结果表明:不同煤种的含硫成分不同,随着Ca/S的不同,煤灰熔融特性变化也不相同.根据20组试验数据,用回归方法拟合出适合添加钙基的灰熔融特性方程,拟合结果显著性高,既充分证明了不同煤的灰熔融特性随添加钙基的变化不同,又可预测添加钙基吸着剂后灰熔点的变化.     

高碱煤燃烧过程中灰中主要元素的迁移规律

针对我国新疆高碱煤燃烧过程中的强沾污、结渣特性,对某300MW亚临界高碱煤锅炉炉内各受热面的沾污灰样进行了XRF和SEM-EDX分析.结果表明:在800~1 100℃烟气温度区间内,灰样中CaO、MgO和SO3的质量分数较高;当烟气温度降低至600~800℃时,灰样中Na2O、Fe2O3和SO3的质量分数较高,Na2SO4、CaSO4和NaFeSO4等物质是导致高碱煤燃烧过程中高温对流受热面发生严重沾污的主要原因;669~915℃烟气温度区间内的灰样发生初始熔融的温度及其所对应的液相质量分数要高于其他部位的灰样;灰样C颗粒表面附着粒径为2~4μm的富含Na、S的Na2SO4等颗粒,而钠的硫酸盐在高温下具有较高的黏性和较低的熔点,这是导致该温度下发生严重沾污的主要原因之一.     

生物质与烟煤灰的理化特性及混合灰熔融特性研究

文章利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线荧光衍射仪(XRD)、灰熔融特性分析仪对4种生物质(海草、梨木、榛子壳、稻秆)灰与神木烟煤灰的混合灰的熔融特性进行了研究。研究发现:水生生物质(海草)灰的掺混使混合灰的熔融特性温度先升高再降低;两种木本生物质(梨木和榛子壳)灰的掺混使混合灰的熔融特性温度逐渐升高;草本生物质(稻秆)灰的掺混对混合灰熔融特性温度的影响与水生生物质灰类似。由XRF分析可知:Na2O和CaO对于混合灰的熔融特性温度有更明显的影响,随着混合灰中Na2O含量的逐渐增加,混合灰的熔融特性温度逐渐下降;随着混合灰中CaO含量的逐渐增加,混合灰的熔融特性温度逐渐上升。由XRD结果可知:水生生物质灰在高温下容易形成熔点较低的碱金属硅酸盐,使混合灰的熔点降低;木本生物质灰中的CaCO3含量较高,能够提高混合灰的熔点;草本生物质灰与水生生物质灰类似,含有的低熔点碱金属硅铝酸盐使混合灰的熔点降低。     

燃用渣油锅炉炉内灰沉积的形成原因

研究了某燃用渣油锅炉不同受热面的多个灰沉积样品,对燃料油灰和燃料油固体沉淀物的组成做了分析,得到了不同受热面灰渣沉积组分分布.分别用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析仪,扫描电镜及能谱仪(SEM-EDX)和X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)鉴定了样品的元素组成、形貌学以及晶相.并用热分析(DSC和TG)确定油灰矿物质转变温度.结果表明:炉膛内主要沉积矿物为莫来石,燃料油灰主要晶相为八面沸石,油灰约在980℃开始出现明显的放热峰,表明油灰中主要组分这时开始转变为莫来石晶相,这一晶相转变过程伴随着强烈的放热效应,从而表明辐射受热面莫来石沉积主要来源于原油催化裂化阶段的添加剂;高温过热器沉积物主要为莫来石和一些玻璃体,方石英与斜长石(钾铝硅酸盐);而低温过热器与省煤器上则出现一些钒酸钠、钒酸铁与硫酸钙沉积,它主要由燃料油本身所合矿物质经高温转化而来.     

藻类和木质生物质与烟煤掺混燃烧结渣特性

文章利用沉降炉系统开展了河南烟煤与海草和桃木两种生物质的混燃成渣特性实验,对混燃灰的理化性能、矿物质转化过程及其聚集成渣的趋势进行了研究。研究结果表明:藻类生物质海草能够加剧混燃灰渣颗粒的聚集成块趋势,而木本生物质桃木仅造成混燃灰颗粒粒径的略微增长;掺混海草导致混燃灰中的碱金属,Cl和S元素含量增加,灰渣中出现大量低熔点的长石和类长石矿物质,从而增强了灰渣的黏附能力,表现为由包覆引起的成渣机制;掺混桃木的混燃灰因含有较高的Ca和Fe等元素,从而生成了较多的能够抑制低温共熔物形成的钙质硅(铝)酸盐,其提高了混燃灰的熔融温度,并减缓了成渣趋势;藻类生物质中的碱金属,Cl和S等元素除对成渣过程有较大影响外,还会引起冷凝腐蚀等问题,从而对其资源化应用产生负面影响。     

基于煤灰矿物相特性的灰熔点预测

以物质平衡为约束条件,采用在弱还原性气氛、温度为T时煤灰中可能存在的化学反应的吉布斯自由能变化之和的最小值min∑ΔGθT作为热力学平衡计算的目标函数,建立高温弱还原性气氛下的煤灰矿物相组成模型.引入各矿物相对应的熔点,构建矿物相组成与灰熔点之间的函数关系并用线性回归的方法确定熔点修正值,进而用迭代法建立了灰熔点预测关系式.结果表明:模型模拟得出的矿物相组成不仅与XRD谱图和Fact Sage谱图有着较好的相似性,而且其变化能反映煤灰熔融特性、预测灰熔点的变化趋势、判断煤灰中主要矿物相组成,灰熔点的预测误差均在-80~80K内.     

神华煤配煤的试验研究

介绍了选用榆林D矿区神华煤和平朔煤进行配煤试验,通过工业分析、灰熔点和灰成分测试分析研究混煤的灰熔融特性。掺入平朔煤能有效地改变神华煤高钙高铁的灰成分特点,提高神华煤的灰熔点。不同混配比例混煤的沉降炉燃烧结渣试验结果表明,平朔煤能降低神华煤的粘结性、熔融性和结渣趋势,且灰渣易吹落。     

高灰熔点煤加压气流床气化特性

在25 kg/h规模的沉降式加压气流床气化实验装置上,研究了高灰熔点煤种在固态排渣温度范围内的气化特性及灰渣熔融特性.结果表明,气化温度、碳转化率均随O/C物质的量比的增加而增加,冷煤气效率则随O/C物质的量比的增加旱现先增大后减小的变换规律;本实验条件下,最佳O/C物质的量比在1.0～1.2之间,此时冷煤气效率达最大值(42%左右),相应碳转化率为90%;对最佳工况下气化炉底部、旋风分离器和布袋除尘器内的灰渣进行SEM分析表明,该工况下气化炉底部、旋风分离器内的灰渣在整体上仍以固态形式存在,只是有部分低熔融成分发生熔融,其熔融部分的粒径在数微米左右,而布袋除尘器内的灰渣没有发生熔融现象.     

积灰炉管管壁温度的检测与计算

通过对积灰炉管的传热过程分析建立传热模型,并确定炉管表面温度计算公式。对比计算结果与刮去灰垢后管壁温度,发现二者基本吻合,证明此计算方法可得到比较准确的管壁温度,以保证生产的安全运行。     

Fault simulation of boiler heating surface ash deposition in a power plant system

The simulation model of a power generation system was developed based on EASY5 simulation platform. The performances of the power plant under the conditions of the furnace slagging and ash deposition of the heating surfaces in the boiler were simulated. The results show that the simulation model can reasonably reflect the characteristics of the power plant when each component is under fault conditions. Through fault simulation, the change of the performance parameters can be obtained, which can be used in fault diagnosis system as the diagnosis criterion for expert system.     

椭圆形换热单管积灰特性的数值模拟研究

椭圆形换热管作为一种强化换热元件,在抗积灰性能方面具有一定优势.本文基于ANSYS FLUENT软件平台建立了一套模拟程序,针对椭圆形换热单管的积灰特性展开了数值模拟研究.重点研究了换热管的椭圆度、烟气流速以及飞灰颗粒粒径对飞灰沉积特性的影响.研究表明,当换热管的椭圆度在1～2之间变化时,5～100μm粒径的颗粒沉积率...     

浙江某制药厂有机热载体燃油锅炉积灰原因探讨

针对浙江某制药厂应用厂内生产维生素E时的副产品油于有机热载体燃油锅炉,但引起受热面严重积灰的情况,从副产品油的成分、性质进行了研究.采用X-荧光光谱仪和煤灰成分分析方法分析了积灰的灰渣成分,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法分析了燃油的微量元素含量,对锅炉受热面积灰的种种可能原因进行了探讨.结果表明,积灰的主要原因并非通常所认为的燃油中的V、Na、S含量高所引起,而可能是副产品油中含有较多的Al、Si或催化剂粉末和燃烧工况不好所致.该研究对合理使用该副产品油和解决应用于燃油锅炉受热面积灰严重的问题提供了指导和参考.     

Furnace water-wall slag deposition testing in a 0.5 MWt combustion pilot plant

This article presents combustion pilot-plant test results obtained using newly developed ash deposition probes (ADPs) designed to measure both the thermal and mechanical properties of furnace ash deposits. The ADP measurements are obtained at multiple elevations in the furnace to provide detailed heat absorption and ash deposition time constant profiles for 8 h soot-blowing cycles. Profiles of incident radiation are also presented. Results are presented for four different coal types representing major steam-coal-producing regions in the United States. The furnace heat absorption profiles are distinctly different for each coal type and also vary significantly with furnace elevation. Combined furnace heat absorption and time constant data are used to recommend optimal use of soot-blowing resources, or to specify soot blower and water-wall surface addition and location according to coal type.     

三维变形管管内积灰特性数值模拟研究

烟气中的高灰分、高黏度、高腐蚀性成分不可避免地造成换热器烟气侧换热面积灰结垢的问题,如何有效解决这些问题一直是烟气换热器研究的焦点之一.三维变形管内的螺旋流增强了管内流体的湍动程度从而实现强化传热,基于其内部灰尘受气流携带而处于湍动便不易沉积的特点,本文通过数值模拟的方法探讨了三维变形管几何参数、粒径、气体流速对灰尘颗...     

Ash deposition behaviors during combustion of raw and water washed biomass fuels

Biomass-fired boilers have the tendency to suffer from severe problems of fouling and slagging due to the high potassium content of biomass fuel. The troublesome potassium, however, can be removed efficiently by water washing pretreatment. In this study, the ash deposition behaviors during combustion of raw and water washed biomass fuels were investigated by a one-dimensional furnace and a deposition probe. Two biomass fuels (corn stalk and wheat straw) were used, and deposition mass, deposition efficiency, composition and morphology of the deposit were studied. The ash deposition while firing raw biomass exhibits a “fast?slow?fast?slow” trend with the sampling time. After water washing, the deposition mass decreases dramatically, and the deposition efficiency reduces gradually as the sampling time increases. The analyses of elemental composition, morphology and chemical composition on the deposit from raw biomass imply that the condensation/thermophoresis is quite significant in the earlier deposition stage, whereas the chemical reaction is remarkable in the later stage. After water washing, the potassium content of the deposit decreases significantly. Morphology and chemical composition analyses indicate that the deposit from water washed biomass ascribes to the physical accumulation of non-viscous fly ash particles. The deposition mass can easily approach a maximum value. The ash fusion temperatures of deposits increase remarkably after water washing. In addition, ash deposition mechanisms during biomass combustion are discussed.     

飞灰复燃对炉内颗粒沉积状况的影响分析

实际工程表明,采用飞灰复燃技术对锅炉进行改造,可以减少飞灰所带走的燃料损失,提高锅炉效率,但飞灰回收复燃给壁面颗粒沉积状况也带来了影响.采用FLUENT模拟了SZL15-1.25-AⅡ型双筒链条蒸汽锅炉炉内燃烧,对比分析了采用飞灰复燃技术前后炉内壁面颗粒沉积状况.模拟结果表明,飞灰复燃对锅炉顶墙、前墙及后墙的颗粒沉积速率影响较大,其中飞灰复燃提高了顶墙和前墙的颗粒沉积速率,降低了后墙颗粒沉积速率,而对锅炉前后拱的影响很小可以忽略.减小飞灰入射质量流量或调整飞灰入射角度为水平偏下,均可以降低颗粒在水冷壁的沉积速率,有利于炉膛与水冷壁间的传热.     

燃煤电站锅炉折焰角积灰的原因分析及对策研究

针对某燃煤电站锅炉运行中出现的折焰角积灰现象进行了深入的原因分析和探讨,表明锅炉折焰角的结构会导致积灰、锅炉长时间不能满负荷运行和烟气流速的不均匀加重了折焰角的积灰、已有的声波吹灰装置能量偏低,对于折焰角的除灰效果不明显.根据锅炉实际运行情况,研究并提出了加装燃气脉冲激波吹灰器解决积灰的的方案.结果表明除灰效果显著,达到了预期的要求.     

A novel method used to study growth of ash deposition and in situ measurement of effective thermal conductivity of ash deposit

Ash deposition always brings boilers some trouble due to fouling or slagging. In this paper, a completely controlled system was developed to study the growth of ash deposit. A novel sampling probe was designed to online measure the heat flux through ash deposit. Additionally, the thickness of ash deposit can be obtained by an online figure collecting system. The results of this research showed that as the thickness of ash deposit increased, the heat flux decreased. It was also found that at the initial stage of ash deposition when the thickness of ash deposit is approximately 1 mm, the heat flux through ash deposit had a sharp reduction. An effective method was attempted to situ measure the effective thermal conductivity of the ash deposit in the simulated combustion flue gas. It was found that temperature of the ash deposit layer had no obvious effect on its value. It was concluded that the structure of ash deposit had no obvious change in a short deposition time of 30 min with varied surface temperatures of the probe head between 400 °C and 600 °C.