工业循环冷却水处理技术进展(Ⅰ)

介绍了我国工业循环冷却水处理技术的基本情况及其进展,扼要举例讨论了冷却水处理化学方法中的几种新的技术：(1)新型有机磷酸、(2)新型聚羧酸、(3)荧光示踪加药系统、(4)锌离子的稳定剂和(5）加酸调pH的碱性冷却水处理。     

冷却水化学处理的一些待开发技术

七十年代以来,冷却水的化学处理技术有了重要发展。本文对这些发展不做全面的评述,而是针对我国工业冷却水化学处理的实况,仅就化学药剂和监测技术两方面,评价国外某些可供借鉴和有待我们开发的技术。一、化学处理剂的进展1.铬酸盐处理的应用范围缩小铬酸盐处理冷却水通常有三种配方: 1) 用100—300PPmCrO_4~-剂量(为防     

全有机配方碱性冷却水处理

随着精细化工的发展,已研制出适用子高碱度、高硬度、高含盐量冷却水的新型共聚物,充分发挥了碱性冷却水处理所有的独特优点,因此,这种处理技术已受到国内外充分重视,应用也日益广泛。本文对碱性冷却水处理技术的防蚀阻垢要求,全有机配方的主要组成,聚合物的作用,适用范围等进行初步探讨。     

国际水会议(IWC)论文摘要

用于控制冷却水腐蚀的“绿色”费效比合理的药剂——B.K.FAILON,R.G.GABRIEL.IWC— 1 998— 75　　以新型膦酰基羧酸盐混合物 ( PCM)和常用的缓蚀剂为基础的配方 ,用于低、中等硬度的冷却水系统 ,可取得费效比合理的处理效果。该配方具有不含金属、对卤素稳定、磷含量低等优点。本文介绍了配方的开发、实验室性能数据及现场应用实例。适用于冷却水系统的新型环境友好的杀生剂四羟甲基硫酸 ( THPS)—— DR.R.E.TALBOT,B.L.DOWNWARD.IWC— 1 998— 76　　四羟甲基硫酸 ( THPS)是一种新型杀生剂 ,正广泛用于冷却水系…     

一种新型循环冷却水系统生物处理技术

本文介绍了一种采用由微生物及酶制剂组成的生物酶水质稳定剂对循环冷却水系统进行处理的技术。循环冷却水系统中投加一定量的生物酶水质稳定剂,通过生物酶及微生物的作用,能起到除垢、防锈、降低有机物含量、抑制菌藻生长等作用,是一种新型的环保的循环冷却水生物处理技术,在循环水系统节能减排、可持续发展的应用中意义重大。     

第47届国际水会议(IWC)论文摘要

当前,微生物引起的腐蚀作用已成为冷却水技术中的一项主要问题,所以,冷却水系统微生物腐蚀的监测是评价整个冷却水处理成功与否的一个极为重要的方面。微生物腐蚀是在三种不同的冷却水系统中采用腐蚀监测技术方法进行研究的。并用三套不同的技术方法(极化法、电阻法和失重法)并对其进行了讨     

双膜法应用于冶金中水回用工程实例

将超滤技术(UF)与反渗透技术(RO)相结合,对某铜冶炼厂中水进行深度处理,出水作为全厂工业循环冷却水系统补充水和锅炉给水使用。重点监测了超滤系统及反渗透系统的运行情况,连续3 a的运行结果表明,超滤系统运行稳定,出水水质优于反渗透进水要求;RO出水经后处理后,水质满足《循环冷却水用再生水水质标准》(HG/T 3923—2007)和《工业锅炉水质》(GB/T 1576—2008)。     

能改善冷却水处理配方运行效能的方法

叙述了一种监测和控制冷却水系统中药剂量的新型专利方法。荧光技术能在线测定缓蚀剂、阻垢剂和分散剂的投加量与消耗量。药剂消耗量的变化与系统运行条件变化有关，它为改善冷却水处理佤方运行性能提供了依据。水处理系统中药剂活性组分的消耗量是活性组分加入量与系统中剩余量之间的差值。惰性示踪剂能在在线监测和控制水处理配方的全部使用和分布过程。这也为冷却水系统了解决问题的方法。文中列举了荧光技术在四个冷却水系统中的     

工业循环冷却水处理技术研究

当前,随着资源短缺和环境污染等问题的加剧,加强工业循环冷却水的处理,能够有效的缓解水资源短缺的问题,减轻环境污染。本文主要分析了工业循环冷却水的处理技术,首先概述了冷却水的处理技术,然后分析了工业循环冷却水在处理过程现状与问题分析,最后研究了我国在工业循环冷却水处理技术的动态和发展方向。     

九江石化化肥循环水消毒处理装置投用

一套新型工业循环冷却水二氧化氯消毒处理装置，日前在中国石化股份公司九江石化分公司化肥循环冷却水装置建成并投入使用。     

EWPT水处理技术在锅炉水系统中的应用

化肥厂C锅炉水系统首次采用高效无毒的EWPT新型锅炉水处理技术,通过新型化学处理方法,有效达到防腐阻垢的目的,稳定锅炉给水pH值,清除给水中残余的溶解氧,稳定炉水的水质,提高蒸汽品质,减少排污,降低锅炉耗水量,实现节能减排.     

Deliberate biodegradation in a closed system cooling tower

A series of experiments was made on an experimental cooling tower with a 30 gpm circulation rate and with a feed of make-up water consisting of the mixed and settled effluents from an edible oil plant and a fatty acids distillation plant. Summer conditions were simulated by heating the circulating water to 105 F, thus permitting a 20 F temperature drop through the tower. Almost immediately some aerobic degradation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed. It was suggested that the biota be fed by the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus while the pH was maintained at neutral. This increased the rate of biodegradation about fourfold, the tower leveling off with 6% blow-down relative to the rate of feed with BODs and CODs substantially equal to, or lower than, their level in this feed. Thus, overall biodegradation of 94% was realized, attributed to: (a) aeration in the tower; (b) high water temperature of 85 F ; (c) feeding of nitrogen; (d) feeding of phosphorus, and (e) pH adjustment. Similar results were obtained in tests on a larger cooling tower used for handling the total effluent water from the barometric system of a single edible oil batch deodorizer. All of the water was recirculated for a period of three months with no blow-down whatever. In this test the COD and BOD leveled off at about 1730 and 360 ppm respectively. The obvious benefits of a biological cooling tower are water conservation and elimination of waste treatment and disposal.     

厌氧正渗透膜生物反应器处理高COD废水研究

研究厌氧正渗透膜生物反应器(AnOMBR)处理高COD(3~9 g/L)有机废水的除污染效能和产能情况。结果表明,正渗透膜初始水通量为6 L/(m^2·h),运行10 d后,物理清洗和化学清洗结合,膜通量恢复95%。反应器内电导率和pH均增加,挥发性脂肪酸的含量较低,AnOMBR对COD的去除效率高达93%以上。当进水COD为6 g/L时,最高甲烷产量为0.256 L/g。原料液侧的溶解性甲烷的含量随着进水COD的增加而降低,质量浓度基本稳定为7 mg/L。     

Membrane fouling and chemical cleaning in water recycling applications

Fouling and subsequent chemical cleaning are two important issues for sustainable operation of nanofiltration (NF) membranes in water treatment and reuse applications. Fouling strongly depends on the feed water quality, especially the nature of the foulants and ionic composition of the feed water. Consequently, appropriate selection of the chemical cleaning solutions can be seen as a critical factor for effective fouling control. In this study, membrane fouling and chemical cleaning under condition typical to that in water recycling applications were investigated. Fouling conditions were achieved over approximately 18 h with foulant cocktails containing five model foulants namely humic acids, bovine serum albumin, sodium alginate, and two silica colloids in a background electrolyte solution. These model foulants were selected to represent four distinctive modes of fouling: humic acid, protein, polysaccharide, and colloidal fouling. Three chemical cleaning solutions (alkaline solution at pH 11, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and a combination of both) were evaluated for permeate flux recovery efficiency. The results indicated that with the same mass of foulant, organic fouling was considerably more severe as compared to colloidal fouling. While organic fouling caused a considerable increase in the membrane surface hydrophobicity as indicated by contact angle measurement, hydrophobicity of silica colloidal fouled membrane remained almost the same. Furthermore, a mechanistic correlation amongst cleaning efficiency, characteristics of the model foulants, and the cleaning reagents could be established. Chemical cleaning of all organically fouled membranes by a 10 mM SDS solution particularly at pH 11 resulted in good flux recovery. However, notable flux decline after SDS cleaning of organically fouled membranes was observed indicating that SDS was effective at breaking the organic foulant—Ca²⁺ complex but was not able to effectively dissolve and completely remove these organic foulants. Although a lower permeate flux recovery was obtained with a caustic solution (pH 11) in the absence of SDS, the permeate flux after cleaning was stable. In contrast, the chemical cleaning solutions used in this study showed low effectiveness against colloidal fouling. It is also interesting to note that membrane fouling and chemical cleaning could permanently alter the hydrophobicity of the membrane surface.     

冷却水中聚合物的检测

在冷却水处理中，聚合物浓度很难分析和控制，评述了在冷却水中加入荧光示踪剂，配以微机和监控手段，进行控制与调优冷却水系统的运行机理，并就检测技术的新进展提出了自己的见解。     

A case study of long-term RO plant operation without chemical pretreatment

Described herein is a case study of long-term reverse osmosis (RO) plant operation without applying chemical pretreatments to the feed water. This project was undertaken with the financial support from the Department of Bio-Technology, New Delhi, and the work was carried out by a research team from Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI), Bhavnagar (Gujarat), India. A prototype plant with a 30,000 L/d capacity was designed, manufactured, installed and operated at the village of Mocha-Gorsar, located in the Porbandar district, to provide drinking water. The village was to be developed as a model Bio-Village where other projects related to village problems are also operated by other research institutes. Thin-film composite (TFC) membrane-based RO technology was indigenously developed by the institute for treatment of brackish water and waste water for the first time in India; it was used successfully in this plant, which gave a typical NaCl rejection of about 95%. This is a typical case study of RO plant installation where physical methods of pretreatment such as sand and micron cartridge filters were used; no chemical pretreatment of feed was employed for long-term brackish water desalination study. The idea was to avoid the usage of chemicals, which concentrate in the effluent water, might affect the environment and may not suit the village community. Plant performance during 24 months of continuous operation with respect to variable feed salinity, membrane cleaning and regenerations is discussed.     

SE—024锅炉炉内水处理剂的应用

介绍了ＳＥ－０２４锅炉给水内水处理的剂的性能，除垢机理及应用效果。     

Use of membrane technology for potable water production

Excess fluoride in drinking water is harmful for human health, so it is necessary to be removed. In this study thepotential of a reverse osmosis (RO)membrane for defluoridation of underground water samples at different solute concentrations was studied. Because of the variation in feed water composition, its chemical properties, pH and operating conditions, effect of these parameters on the membrane separation process was studied. The results showed that pH, feed water composition, flow rate and pressure affect the membrane efficiency, and thus proper control of these factors is essential for successful operation, Optimum membrane properties and proper rejection were determined percentage for the RO system to minimize the overall cost of water treatment. The samples were collected from three villages in the Gurgaon district and treated at optimized conditions. The results indicate that RO membranes can be successfully used for the treatment of underground water to the desired purity level, as they remove up to 95% of fluoride present in water and also take care of other ions present in water.     

正渗透水处理关键技术研究进展

正渗透是一种新型的膜分离技术,其分离的驱动力来源于原料液和汲取液之间自然存在的渗透压差,近年来正渗透技术已在国际上得到广泛关注。简述了基于此技术的正渗透水处理过程的基本原理,指出了这种新型水处理过程的关键技术——正渗透膜和汲取液,根据各自的技术特点对其进行分类概述,并从实验室基础研究和技术的商业化进程两方面介绍了这两项关键技术取得的最新研究进展。从水通量角度对不同体系进行了简单比较,分析了各材料和方法的优缺点,并对它们的应用前景进行了展望。     

Tannery Waste Treatment: Leaching,Filtration and Cake Dewatering Using a Membrane Filter Press (a Pilot Plant Study)

Abstract

In Alcanena (Portugal) the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) receives tannery waste, after a pretreatment for sulphides and the tanning exhaust baths have been sent to a recovery unit and the municipal waste water from Alcanena residential area. Physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes are involved, and the end products are sludge of ～71% moisture containing mainly organic matter, sulfides, iron, chromium, and other metals. The sludge is dumped, after stabilization, in a specially designed hazardous waste landfill.

In this study, tannery mixed sludge (from chemical and biological treatments) was leached and filtered. Leaching was carried out using sulfuric acid (pH 0.5) to release residual sulfides and metals from the slurry. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) was flushed out into an oxidation trap (hypochlorite/alkaline tank) in which H₂S transforms to soluble sulfate. The acidified sludge was fed into a membrane filter press where it was filtered, acid‐washed, water–washed, membrane‐squeezed, and vacuum‐dried reaching lower moisture levels (20–30%). The process cycle is approximately 101–137 min in our experiments; however, from this work, a cycle of 90 min to produce cakes with 0.9 cm thickness in the industrial scale through cutting some operational time, reaching final moisture of ～20% at the end of the dewatering cycle, can be estimated. Filtration was carried out at different feed pressure (3–5 bar) with and without diatomite precoating. The effect of different amounts of diatomite body‐feed was studied. Specific cake resistance, α, was found to increase with the increase in feed pressure and to decrease with diatomite precoating and the increased amounts of diatomite body feed. Cake washing was accomplished using 0.05 M H₂SO₄ (acid washing), to remove residual metals, followed by water washing, to remove cake acidity. Cake dewatering via membrane squeezing was applied using hot water (65°C), and cake moisture was dropped from ～71% before squeezing to 42% after squeezing. With vacuum application over the hot cakes, for 30 min, cake moisture decreased to ～20% for cakes with an average thickness of 0.9 cm. Cake chemical analysis showed chromium levels lower than 1000 mg/kg (the maximum Cr concentration allowed by the Portuguese legislation in a solid residue for use in agricultural soil). In addition, produced cake (without diatomite body feed) has a calorific value of 11,000 kJ/kg and accordingly it can be used as a source of energy.