微合金钢回温变形时的组织转变和铁素体动态再结晶行为

采用GLEEBLE 3800热模拟机进行回温变形热压缩实验,研究回温温度对微合金钢组织转变和铁素体动态再结晶行为的影响。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和背散射电子衍射观察实验钢的微观组织和晶粒取向,并对形变时的应力-应变曲线进行分析。结果表明:实验钢回温变形可获得超细晶组织,晶粒平均等效直径约2μm;在回温过程中变形发生动态回复形成亚晶组织,峰值温度变形发生铁素体动态再结晶形成超细晶粒;动态再结晶机制包括晶界迁移和亚晶的转动生长,回温到700℃和750℃时以前者为主,再结晶不充分,保留了条带状变形铁素体,800℃变形时,两者共同作用,形成均匀的等轴状超细晶组织;通过线性回归计算得到实验钢峰值温度变形时铁素体动态再结晶激活能Qd=250.18kJ/mol。     

热变形奥氏体状态对珠光体转变动力学的影响

本文在40Cr 钢上研究了热变形奥氏体状态对珠光体转变运力学的影响,所得结论如下:1)在本文的试验条件下,高温形变有促使珠光体转变的作用;2)奥氏体状态必然对以后的相变动力学及相变产物的组织与性能有显著影响,研究形变对钢的相变以及相变后的组织与性能的影响,必须明确相变前奥氏体所处的状态,即加工硬化状态或再结晶状态等等;3)于再结晶状态下,形变对珠光体转变的促进作用,是再结晶细化晶粒作用的反映。晶粒愈细小,单位体积内的晶界面积愈大,从而使相变的核心数目增多,导致转变速度的加快。     

微碳DP钢在连续退火加热段的组织与织构演变

利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和电子背散射衍射技术研究了微碳DP钢在连续退火加热段的组织与织构演变。结果表明:热轧组织为铁素体加退化态珠光体,冷轧过程中铁素体被拉长并出现一定量的形变带;再结晶初期(720℃到750℃),多边形铁素体体积分数约30%,形变带易诱发{001}~{112}110取向晶粒优先形核与长大;再结晶后期(750℃到780℃),铁素体完全再结晶,硬质相逐渐溶解,111//ND纤维晶粒逐渐吞噬110//RD晶粒而长大。{001}110取向密度在再结晶初期和相变阶段剧烈增加,而相变对111//ND织构影响较小。     

低碳钢形变强化相变的组织细化

利用热模拟压缩变形试验研究了应变速率,形变温度和应变量对Q235级别低碳20钢过冷奥氏体形谱强化相谱的组织演变规律,探讨了了奥氏体昌粒控制对形变强化相变的影响,分析了组织细化的原因,结果表明,形变强烈促进过冷奥氏体相变,过冷奥氏体在800－740℃温度范围名义变形量为70％,应变速率为Is^-1,可获得了平均截径为2－3um及小于2um的铁索体细晶与珠光体混合组织,还观察到在局部细小铁素体晶粒的晶界上渗碳体以离异珠光体形式析出的现象,适当控制奥氏体晶粒尺寸有利于形变强化强晶组织的获得。     

淬火对含ZrC的20Mn2钢的组织及力学性能的影响

研究了淬火冷却对含0.2%(体积分数)ZrC颗粒(粒径0.2～1.2μm)的20Mn2钢在大形变量轧制后的组织与力学性能的影响.结果表明,ZrC粒子作为大形变量热轧变形中的奥氏体形变核心及再结晶核心,对奥氏体晶粒的超细化有显著的作用,而显著细化的晶粒提高了完全获得马氏体组织的临界冷却速度,使水冷淬火态马氏体的数量、长度和宽度减小,使油淬态珠光体的数量减少、渗碳体片变短、变薄.在冷却过程中,细小的奥氏体晶粒转变为更细小(1～2μm)的铁素体晶粒,保留了热轧变形时的形变位错组织,使水淬态20Mn2钢的延伸率不下降的同时强度成倍提高,油淬态20Mn2钢在强度大幅度提高的同时延伸率成倍提高.     

变形方式对含ZrC粒子20Mn2钢晶粒细化的影响

研究了恒温压缩与降温轧制对含ZrC粒子20Mn2钢晶粒细化的影响.结果表明,在奥氏体再结晶温度区间(1150℃、1050℃)和形变诱导铁素体相变温度区间(950℃、900℃、870℃、850℃),20Mn2钢的晶粒尺寸均能细化至3～4μm;在1150～870℃的降温轧制中,20Mn2钢的晶粒尺寸细化至1～3μm.分析表明,由于ZrC粒子的形变核心和再结晶核心的作用,含ZrC粒子的20Mn2钢在高温下(1150℃、1050℃)和较低温度下(950℃、900℃、870℃、850℃),变形的晶粒组织分别因奥氏体再结晶和形变诱导铁素体相变及其再结晶而得到细化;在降温轧制时,由于综合了高温奥氏体再结晶和低温形变诱导铁素体相变及其再结晶的细化晶粒效应,而最终获得的晶粒尺寸比恒温变形的更小.     

低碳钢压缩时的微观形变不均匀性

多晶形变总是不均匀的,不同取向晶粒内激活的滑移系数目不同,微观组织也有差异.这种差异对随后的动(静)态再结晶或相变有不同的影响.本文利用取向成像确定了低碳钢单向压缩条件下浸蚀后在光学镜和扫描电镜下观察到的铁素体晶粒灰度与取向的关系.测出了压缩形变后的主要织构〈111〉和〈100〉取向晶粒内形变不均匀性的差异.同时讨论了形变造成被压碎的珠光体团周围铁素体亚晶转动较快、进而促进动态再结晶的现象.     

低碳钢超细晶铁素体的形成

将含碳量（质量分数）为0．057％和0．18％的低碳钢在不同过冷度、变形温度、变形速率和变形量的条件下进行热模拟实验,研究了含碳量和热变形条件对超细晶粒形成的影响．结果表明,变形前快速冷却（20℃／s）至Ar3以上附近温度并进行超过50％变形量的变形,能强烈促进过冷奥氏体形变诱发铁素体相变,铁素体在奥氏体晶内平行的变形带上形核,并发生动态回复和再结晶,从而使组织细化．形变诱发的相变过程由碳的扩散所控制,当钢的含碳量比较高时,小过冷度、大变形量和中等变形速率有利于铁素体相变,晶界碳化物的析出能够抑制铁素体晶粒的长大,因而高碳含量钢表现出更好的细化晶粒效果．     

高碳钢中珠光体在温楔横轧过程中的组织演变

采用温楔横轧方法制备出表层具有超微细复相组织的高碳珠光体钢棒件,研究了珠光体组织在温变形过程中的演变.结果表明,珠光体组织中的渗碳体片层主要以弯曲扭折的形式协调塑性变形,表现出较强的塑性变形能力;剧烈塑性变形促进了渗碳体片层的球化,表层球化完全的渗碳体颗粒粒径均小于0.2μm;温楔横轧后铁素体基体发生了动态连续再结晶,等轴铁素体平均晶粒尺寸为0.3～0.4 μm,0.5R处和心部的渗碳体球化不完全,铁素体再结晶也不完全;铁素体晶粒的超细化和渗碳体片层的球化明显改善高碳珠光体钢棒件的塑性,温变形过程中应变、应变速率及温度分布的不均匀是引起组织性能差异的根本原因.     

减锰增钒对Q345塔材用钢冲击韧性的影响

针对不同锰、钒含量的Q345塔材用钢进行了微观组织和冲击性能分析。结果表明:锰含量较高(1.49%(质量分数))时,钢中形成的珠光体团和铁素体晶粒尺寸较大;添加钒可以明显细化珠光体团和铁素体晶粒。在相当的情况下,增加较多的锰能提高钢的冲击性能,而增加少量的钒却能显著提升钢的冲击性能。钢样的断口都呈现韧窝状断口,而钒含量较高时,断口上韧窝尺寸相对细小和均匀。     

Microstructures and adiabatic shear bands formed by ballistic impact in steels and tungsten alloy

Projectiles of sintered tungsten alloy were fired directly at two kinds of steel target plates. The microstructures near the perforation of a medium, 0.45% carbon steel target plate can be identified along the radial direction as: melted and rapidly solidified layer, recrystallized fine‐grained layer, deformed fine‐grained layer, deformed layer and normal matrix. The adiabatic shear bands cannot be found in this intermediate strength steel. The microstructures along the radial direction of perforation of 30CrMnMo steel target plate are different from that of the medium carbon steel. There was a melted and rapidly solidified layer on the surface of the perforation, underneath there was a diffusing layer, and then fine‐grained layer appeared as streamlines. Several kinds of adiabatic shear bands were found in this higher strength steel; they had different directions and widths, which were relative to the shock waves, as well as the complex deformation process of penetration. The deformation of the projectiles was rather different when they impacted on target plates of medium carbon steel and 30CrMnMo steel. The projectile that impacted on the medium carbon steel target plate was tamped and its energy dissipated slowly, while that which impacted on the 30CrMnMo steel target plate was sheared and the energy dissipated quickly.     

Q460C钢组织特性对表面裂纹成因的影响分析

通过光学显微组织观察,测定显微组织硬度和能谱分析等方法对Q460C中厚板表面裂纹成因进行了分析研究,分析了热送热装工艺对裂纹形成的影响,分析了轧制过程中裂纹的形成机理.利用热膨胀法结合金相法在Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机上测定了实验钢连续冷却转变曲线,分析了材料组织转变与裂纹形成规律的联系.分析结果表明：热送热...     

EBSD study of micromechanisms involved in high deformation ability of DP steels

Notched and un-notched tensile specimens of fine grained commercial DP780 steel were deformed in uniaxial tension until fracture. Micro-texture analysis was performed by using an FE-SEM equipped with an EBSD detector and the data were analyzed to quantify orientation gradients within the microstructure of the deformed specimens in terms of Image Quality, Inverse Pole Figure and Taylor Factor map. High deformation ability of DP steels was found to be mostly due to such mechanisms as grain rotation, void creation and evolution, substructure formation within the ferrite grains and the highly plastic stretching of martensite during the deformation process. The true strain of martensite was measured up to 64% and 74% for the un-notched and notched specimens, respectively.     

On the heterogeneous microstructure development in the welded joint of 12MnNiVR pressure vessel steel subjected to high heat input electrogas welding

Microstructure features of 12MnNiVR pressure vessel steel welded joint deposited by the high heat input electrogas welding have been systematically investigated. It is revealed that the welded joint is featured by a heterogeneous juxtaposition. The coarse grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) primarily consists of lath bainites and minor granular bainites. The fine grained heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) is dominated by polygonal ferrites, pearlites, and fine cementite particles. Moreover, electron backscatter diffraction results further demonstrate that the CGHAZ is populated by coarse prior austenite grains (PAGs) with high frequency (61.3%) of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). On the other hand, the FGHAZ is filled with fine PAGs with a lower frequency (19.6%) of LAGBs. Such microstructural differences may likely contribute to differed mechanical properties for samples tested at designed positions.     

激光快速熔凝Fe基、Ni基合金的细化形态

采用脉冲激光对纯 Fe、纯 Ni、20钢和 Ni 基合金进行了快速熔凝处理。结果表明,在纯 Fe和纯 Ni 熔凝区内,生成了一种外延生长的晶粒组织;在20钢和 Ni 基合金熔凝区内,生成了外延生长晶粒和极细的枝晶组织。在金属与合金的熔区中均形成了精细的的亚晶粒。激光快速熔凝大大地细化了校晶和亚晶,却没有得到明显细化的晶粒。     

Influence of Ultrafine‐Grained Layer on Gaseous Nitriding of Large‐Sized Titanium Plate

In this paper, mechanical shot blasting on a large sized titanium plate is conducted to induce severe plastic deformation, which generates an ultrafine‐grained surface layer. The effect of an ultrafine‐grained layer on nitriding is evaluated at nitriding temperatures from 600 to 850 °C. The structural phases and mechanical property improvements are investigated and compared to those of a coarse‐grained specimen by using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and mechanical property measurements. The results indicate that an ultrafine‐grained layer enhances the nitriding kinetics and produces a thicker nitrided layer than that of a coarse‐grained plate at the same gaseous nitriding temperatures. The improved kinetics are attributed to a greater number of grain boundaries and defects introduced into the titanium plate surface by the mechanical shot blasting treatment. Meanwhile, the surface and cross‐sectional hardness values improve compared to the coarse‐grained plate due to the thicker nitrided layer resulting from deeper nitrogen diffusion.     

Formation of ultrafine grained microstructures in steel through strain induced transformation during single pass hot rolling

Abstract

In the present study, wedge-shape sa mples were used to study the effect of strain induced transformation on the formation of ultrafine grained structures in steel by single pass rolling. The results showed two different transition strains for bainite formation and ultrafine ferrite (UFF) formation in the surface layer of strip at reductions of 40% and 70%, respectively, in a plain carbon steel. The bainitic microstructure formed by strain induced bainitic transformation during single pass rolling was also very fine. The evolution of UFF formation in the surface layer showed that ferrite coarsening is significantly reduced through strain induced transformation combined with rapid cooling in comparison with the centre of the strip. In the surface, the ferrite coarsening mostly occurred for intragranular nucleated grains (IG) rather than grain boundary (GB) ferrite grains. The results suggest that normal grain growth occurred during overall transformation in the GB ferrite grains. In the centre of the strip, there was significantly more coarsening of ferrite grains nucleated on the prior austenite grain boundaries.     

Enhanced Grain Refinement Through Deformation Induced α Precipitation in Hot Working of α + β Titanium Alloy

This study reports a novel forging process to fabricate bulk fine‐grained (grain size ≈ 1 µm) Ti–6Al–4V alloy, in which temperatures near the β transus (T_β) and strain rates around 0.15 s^?1 are used for the deformation. The formation of fine‐grained microstructure is mainly result from the deformation‐induced precipitation of α grains from the β matrix.     

Direct observation of microscopic plastic deformation of stainless steel using lattice drawn by focused ion beam of Ga+

Abstract

Visualisation of the microscopic deformation of a stainless steel was attempted. A mirror polished, flat surface specimen was subjected to a simple tension test, and the deformation of a fine lattice drawn by a focused ion beam (FIB) of Ga⁺ was observed. The depth of the lattice was of the order of a few tens of nanometres. The penetration depth of Ga⁺ was estimated using SRIM software, and the result indicated that the use of a FIB might not cause serious detriment to the mechanical properties of the lattice surface. After testing, lattices were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results showed that displacement was continuous in the grain as well as across the grain boundary, and the microscopic deformation was categorised into three patterns: (a) a clear thin layer of shear deformation which was discontinuous across the grain boundary, (b) an area of uniform deformation inside this thin layer and (c) microscopic shear bands appearing sporadically in the grains.     

穿甲靶板弹孔微观结构观察及侵彻过程分析

为研究穿甲侵彻机理,使用海37弹道炮,发射93W次口径穿甲弹,侵彻45靶板,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜研究弹孔周围微观结构特点.研究结果表明,绝大部分弹孔表面被溶化快凝物覆盖,其厚度约为10μm,其内未发现腐蚀组织.熔化物中含有钨的成分,说明在侵彻过程中产生的高压下,钨颗粒可以熔化.高速碰撞动能在侵彻瞬间可能使弹靶部分作用区域的温度超过钨的熔点.靶板材料在局部区域熔化和再结晶,破坏形式为延性扩孔破坏,观察弹孔周围未发现绝热剪切带.