Review of production status of heavy steel castings and key technologies for their manufacture in China

This paper expatiates on domestic status of heavy steel casting production, with a special focus on hydraulic turbine castings for Three Gorges Project. In China, there is magnificent demand for heavy castings with the rapid growth of the national economy in recent years and the expected high growth in the coming 10 to 20 years. Some heavy and large castings such as mill housing and hydraulic turbine runner crown, blade and band for Three Gorges Project have been successfully made. However, the domestic production capability is still far from meeting the gigantic requirements. The domestic capability still lags behind the world class level, and a lot of heavy castings still depend on import. The paper also gives a particular introduction of the key technologies in the manufacturing of heavy steel castings like metal melting, foundry technology, heat treatment technology and numerical simulation technique, etc. In addition, several case studies on the application of numerical simulation in the production of heavy steel castings are presented.     

国外超临界机组大型铸锻件材料及制造技术

本文重点介绍了国外超临界机组用大型铸锻件超纯钢汽轮机低压转子 ,新型 12 % Cr钢汽轮机高、中压转子和缸体材料的研究开发过程 ,以及日、美、德、英等国的超纯钢、12 % Cr钢的标准和材料的改进情况 ,叙述了各国超纯钢低压转子 ,12 % Cr钢高、中压转子的制造情况 ,制造水平以及性能     

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 利用拉伸、金相显微镜和扫描电镜等方法研究了不同热处理制度对奥氏体不锈钢022Cr17Ni12Mo2材料组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明：随着加热温度由950 ℃升高到1 250 ℃,材料022Cr17Ni12Mo2的晶粒越来越粗大,α相含量呈先降后升的趋势,在1 150 ℃达到最低点1.60%;试验材料的抗拉强度Rm、规定非比例强度Rp02和Rp10均发生了不同程度的下降,塑性明显提高。冷却方式对试验材料的晶粒大小、抗拉强度和伸长率几乎没有影响,但与空冷方式相比,采用水冷方式有利于组织中α相含量的降低,规定非比例强度Rp02和Rp10均提高了30 MPa到40 MPa。     

Ein nichtrostender Vergütungsstahl mit hohen Festigkeits- und Zähigkeitswerten für den Maschinen- und Apparatebau

A martensitic stainless steel with high strength and impact properties for chemical and mechanical engineering purposes Within the last few years the low carbon martensitic stainless steel X4CrNiMo 165, WNr. 1.4418, is increasingly used due to it's excellent technological properties. The steel can he offered with tensile strength up to 850 N/mm² and yield strength up to 1000 N/mm² together with superior impact properties at room temperature and sub-zero-temperature. So this steel has special significance concerning chemical engineering, where corrosion resistance as well as high tensile and impact values are demanded. There is no selective corrosion attack in boiling sulfuric acid (Strauß-Test), if the material is quenched and tempered correctly. Welding operations may be done without preheating the material.     

Anisotropy in Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 2Cr13 Alloy Produced byWire Arc Additive ManufacturingEI北大核心CSCD

2Cr13 martensite stainless steel has been widely used for the manufacturing of surgical tools and turbine blades. Contrary to the conventional fabrication technologies, there are several remarkable advantages in the fabrication of 2Cr13 parts by adopting wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technologies, such as excellent metallurgical bonding, high production efficiency, near-net-shape production, and limited environmental contamination. In this work, the effect of interlayer dwelling temperature (110-550 degrees C) on microstructural and mechanical properties has been revealed, providing a new approach for the active control of the performances of 2Cr13 buildups produced by wire-arc additive manufacturing. The part with a dwelling temperature of 550 degrees C was featured by elongated acicular martensite features, with a slightly enhanced fiber-like texture, along with minor fine irregular-reverse austenite structures, dispersed among martensite gaps. This special martensitic distribution was mainly caused by the grain-broken effect under the intensive thermal shock from liquid melting pool. Consequently, the enhanced tensile strength and microhardness were obtained due to grain refinement, although exhibiting an obvious anisotropy in tensile properties. The parts with dwelling temperatures of 110-180 degrees C were characterized by relatively coarsened martensite laths, with a random texture type, within block-shaped ferrite matrix. The average martensite size was gradually refined due to the increased cooling rate by lowering interlayer temperature. The isotropic mechanical properties of all three parts (110-180 degrees C) were similar because of the similar martensite laths.     

节约型高强韧不锈钢及其薄带连铸制备技术

双辊薄带连铸技术自上世纪80年代至今已有近40年,但在常规不锈钢的工业化生产方面一直未取得成功。究其原因,主要归因于生产消耗、产品利润与产能之间的不匹配。近年来,国际国内开始将薄带连铸应用于制备节约型高强韧不锈钢,从而简化了热轧生产工艺,解决了因热塑性差而造成的钢板边裂和中裂等缺陷,大大提高了成材率。韩国浦项制铁采用薄带连铸技术生产出节约型双相不锈钢,耐腐蚀性能与SUS304奥氏体不锈钢相当,而抗拉强度可提高1倍,产品主要用于取代材料成本过高的奥氏体不锈钢。我国东北大学开发出高强韧节约型不锈钢的成分体系及其薄带连铸技术,制备出0.30~15 mm厚薄带,其强塑积高达62 000 MPa·%且其耐腐蚀性能较SUS304高出10%~15%,可以应用于核电、石化、铁路交通及汽车结构等领域。本文就薄带连铸高强韧不锈钢的现状、应用及未来发展趋势进行了综述和分析。     

冷轧工艺对301L不锈钢组织及性能的影响

对1.5 mm厚的301L不锈钢板材进行多道次冷轧试验,得到压下率分别为20%,30%,40%的板材;通过对冷轧板材的拉伸试验、金相分析、SEM分析、XRD衍射分析及硬度测试,研究冷轧压下率对301L不锈钢组织及性能的影响规律。研究表明,随着冷轧压下率的增大,301L不锈钢中的应变诱发马氏体会逐渐增多,材料的屈服强度由789 MPa提高至1260 MPa,抗拉强度由977 MPa提高至1317 MPa,显微硬度则提高了120 HV;材料出现晶粒碎化现象,产生细晶强化;同时,由于301L不锈钢中的马氏体相变,20%压下率的301L不锈钢拉伸应变硬化指数要高于30%压下率的301L不锈钢。     

ESRC guide vanes of hydraulic turbine for Three Gorges project

1. IntroductionESRC is a special working method gathering refiningand casting of molten metal together. With its specialprocess, ESRC can counteract the weakness of commonsand castings, thus get high grade castings with goodinternal quality. In this project, a lot of research has beendone about key technologies of material, process andequipment, which are involved in making guide vane ofhydraulic turbine by ESRC, and the achievements havebeen used in practice.2. Material research2.1 Trial…     

秦山核电站320MW汽轮机静叶片裂纹的焊接修复

对秦山核电站320 MW汽轮机静叶裂纹产生的原因进行了分析,从母材的材质性能、裂纹倾向、焊接拘束及应力状态等方面,对静叶焊接修复的可行性进行了分析,针对马氏体不锈钢的焊接修复特点,分析了不同的焊接修复方案,制定了合理的修复焊接工艺,着重阐述了裂纹挖补、焊前预热、母材小热输入焊接、焊后热处理及焊后PT检查等一系列修复措施。     

高温时效对00Cr13Ni6Mo2不锈钢组织及性能的影响

采用拉伸试验、X射线衍射、光学显微镜和透射电镜等研究了一种13Cr超级马氏体不锈钢(00Cr13Ni6Mo2)的高温力学性能和高温时效后的力学性能、物相组成及显微组织。结果表明:00Cr13Ni6Mo2钢在高温下可保持较高的屈服强度,但当超过Af(奥氏体转变完成点)温度后,屈服强度迅速下降;600℃时效后,马氏体基体中的位错密度明显降低,同时产生了一定量的逆变奥氏体,导致时效100 h后其屈服强度从824 MPa降至682 MPa(下降17.2%),而抗拉强度和伸长率变化不大;800℃时效过程中,试验钢的组织完全奥氏体化,在降温过程中组织转变为淬火马氏体,故其具有典型的淬火马氏体性能特征,时效100 h后抗拉强度从858 MPa升至1031 MPa(提高20.2%),同时伸长率从22.5%降至15.0%。     

Friction stir welding of multilayered steel

Abstract

This study investigates the mechanical properties and microstructure of friction stir butt welded high strength/ductility multilayered steel consisting of 15 alternating layers of SUS 301 austenitic stainless steel (eight layers) and SUS 420J2 martensitic stainless steel (seven layers) with a total thickness of 1·2 mm. With optimised welding parameters, defect free welds with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1240 MPa and a fracture elongation of 13% were accomplished. This corresponds to a joint efficiency of 90%. In this case, fracture occurred in the heat affected zone as a result of a very pronounced hardness drop in the martensitic layers resulting from the formation of a large amount of grain boundary precipitates, which were formed at temperatures ～750°C slightly below A_c1. By applying post-weld heat treatment, the hardness drop in the martensitic layers was removed and the tensile properties were enhanced to UTS of 1310 MPa (95% joint efficiency) and a fracture elongation of 22%.     

马氏体不锈钢的中高温力学性能

利用电子万能试验机及热膨胀仪等测试分析手段对不同热处理后的马氏体不锈钢FV520B进行中高温度段的拉伸试验、蠕变试验、线膨胀系数试验,并对试样断口进行扫描电镜观察。结果表明,FV520B钢的中高温拉伸性能较室温出现下降,当测试温度由300 ℃升高至500 ℃时,强度整体呈下降趋势,塑韧性基本保持稳定;FV520B钢经480 ℃时效后,在300 ℃测试温度及屈服强度载荷下具有很好的抗蠕变性能;测试温度在300~500 ℃区间内,FV520B钢的线膨胀速率呈现平缓增长趋势。     

Nondestructive assessment of tensile properties of cold worked AISI type 304 stainless steel using nonlinear ultrasonic technique

A new approach based on nonlinear ultrasonic (NLU) technique is presented for nondestructive evaluation of yield strength and tensile strength of cold worked AISI type 304 stainless steel (SS). In this approach, the ultrasonic harmonics generated in cold worked stainless steel, as a result of interaction of ultrasonic wave with dislocations and substructural changes, are measured precisely and the nonlinear ultrasonic parameter, β is determined. A quadratic relationship, with a correlation coefficient better than 0.99, is found between the yield strength and the β parameter as well as between the tensile strength and β parameter of the cold worked specimens. The observed behavior is explained based on microscopy, variations in martensite volume fraction and dislocation density determined from X-ray diffraction profile analysis. The proposed approach can be effectively used for nondestructively ensuring the uniformity of tensile properties of steel components on shop-floor during various stages of manufacturing and also as feedback module in intelligent processing of materials concept.     

铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层的研究进展

激光熔覆技术作为推动国家制造业升级的重要绿色制造和再制造技术,在航空航天、海工交通、冶金机械等重点领域具有广阔的应用前景。激光制造用粉末材料是影响该技术应用和发展的关键因素之一,其中铁基合金材料具有成本低、力学性能好、应用范围广等优势,特别是不锈钢体系的铁基合金因其良好的力学性能和优异的耐蚀性能而逐渐成为研究关注的焦点。全面综述了国内外在铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层的相关研究进展。根据显微组织的不同,目前采用激光熔覆技术制备的不锈钢涂层的类型主要有:奥氏体型不锈钢、马氏体型不锈钢、铁素体型不锈钢以及双相型不锈钢。重点综述了激光工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度、熔覆方式等)、合金元素(Al、Ni、B、Mo等)、添加物(SiC、WC、VC、Cr3C2、Al2O3等陶瓷相)以及热处理(固溶处理、低温回火等)等因素对激光熔覆不锈钢涂层组织和性能的影响,主要包括对熔覆层的相组成、截面几何尺寸、稀释率、残余应力、力学性能、耐蚀性能等的影响规律及微观机制。同时,指出了目前在铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层领域中存在的主要问题及今后的发展方向。     

我国大型铸钢件生产的现状与关键技术

介绍了我国大型铸钢件行业的现状及与国外先进企业的差距,以水电、冶金等重点工程为例分析了未来5～10年中我国大型铸钢件的市场需求情况。详细介绍了大型铸钢件生产中材料冶炼、铸造工艺、热处理工艺及计算机数值模拟技术等关键技术及其在大型铸钢件生产中的应用情况。     

电弧功率对MIG电弧增材制造316L奥氏体不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响

采用大功率MIG电弧热源熔化沉积316L奥氏体不锈钢金属焊丝制备试样，研究电弧功率对成形试样组织、力学性能以及断裂行为的影响并分析其机理，为高效、低成本电弧增材制造大型金属构件提供技术基础和理论依据. 结果表明，大功率MIG电弧增材制造316L奥氏体不锈钢内部形成柱状晶并生成δ相和σ相呈蠕虫状分布在γ基体中. δ相分布在晶内和晶界起强化作用. 随着电弧功率从3 763 W增加8 400 W，316L试样晶粒尺寸变大，δ相含量减少而σ相含量增加，使得材料抗拉强度从578 MPa降低到533 MPa，屈服强度从310 MPa降低到235 MPa，断后伸长率从53%降低到44%，断面收缩率从67%下降到60%. 当电弧功率增加到8 400 W时，在晶界上形成较多的σ相，试样断裂模式由较低功率时的穿晶韧窝断裂转变为沿晶韧窝断裂.     

大型铸件成形过程数值模拟及工艺优化

用工程湍流模式计算大型铸件充型凝固过程三维速度场、温度场时,对提高模拟计算精度和效率进行了探讨。应用新的计算方法对大型不锈钢和合金铸铁件进行数值模拟,优化其铸造工艺。     

水电站Rm≥800MPa高强钢岔管焊接工艺

随着我国水电建设步伐的加快,特别是大容量抽水蓄能电站的兴建,高水头、大直径、高HD值压力钢管不断涌现。目前压力钢管水头已达1300 m,HD值超过5000 m2。这些高参数、大型化压力钢管特别是其岔管对钢材提出了新的要求,为Rm≥800 MPa高强钢的应用开辟了广阔前景。从焊接试验、焊材选用、焊接顺序、质量保证措施及焊接检验、缺欠修复、调整与消除残余应力等方面对Rm≥800MPa高强钢岔管的焊接工艺进行了分析与探讨,可为下一步工程施工提供了借鉴和指导。     

冷却工艺对抗大变形管线钢X70HD热涂敷性能的影响

抗大变形管线钢加热并保温一段时间后,钢管力学性能将发生变化,通常屈服强度、屈强比升高,均匀延伸率降低,应力-应变曲线形状改变等,这些性能变化将降低钢管的抵抗变形的能力。利用扫描电镜等设备研究了冷却工艺对21 mm X70HD抗大变形管线钢组织、性能和应变时效硬化的影响。结果表明,随开始冷却温度的降低,先共析铁素体含量逐渐增加,贝氏体含量逐渐降低,贝氏体由粒状逐渐向板条状转变,当开始冷却温度在700℃时,钢板具有最佳的综合力学性能,试验钢板通过制成1016 mm钢管,钢管在200℃时效保温5 min下,纵向屈服强度Rt0.5为509 MPa,抗拉强度Rm为692 MPa,延伸率为42%,屈强比Rt0.5/Rm为0.73,Rt1.5/Rt0.5为1.19、Rt2.0/Rt1.0为1.10,均匀变形伸长率达到9.5%。     

不锈钢复合板生产方法和制备技术的探讨

介绍各种不锈钢复合板的生产方法和制备技术,着重分析了各种方法的优缺点和技术特点。同时介绍了几种正研究、开发中的新制备技术,展望了不锈钢复合方法的发展。