Determination of the streamers characteristics propagating in liquids using the electrical network computation

This work is devoted to the modeling of branching streamers propagating in transformer oil using an equivalent electrical network and the electrical network computation. The proposed model enables one to determine the different characteristics of the streamer (i.e., the associated current and the electrical charge, the power and the energy injected in the liquid, the local electric field at the streamer head, the streamer shape and its velocity, the mobility of the charge carriers within the streamer channels, the local viscosity and temperature). It's shown through the simulated values of the mobility of charge carriers, the local viscosity and temperature that both electronic and gaseous mechanisms are implicated in the streamer development. The gaseous nature of streamers and the role of the local electric field are evident. The influence of the conductivity and additives as well as the electrode gap on the propagation velocity of positive streamers is analyzed.     

PWM脉冲电压下电磁线绝缘老化机理分析

随着电力电子技术的发展，脉宽调制(PWM)电源得到了广泛应用。由于该电源输出电压是一系列脉冲电压，有可能导致变频电机绝缘过早破坏。目前，有关高压连续脉冲电压下绝缘材料失效机理各方观点尚未达成一致；过去的研究大多停留在宏观水平，主要是定性的实验研究，缺少微观定量分析的支持。针对上述问题，本文对变频电机定子绝缘的电磁线进行了老化实验。在此基础上，通过热刺激电流和脉冲下局部放电参数的关系，揭示了老化时间和陷阱参数(如峰值位置、陷阱能级)的联系。同时测量了局部放电参数(如起始放电电压、最大放电量、放电相位分布)随老化时间的变化。上述工作的开展，为更深入的脉冲电压下绝缘老化机理研究打下了坚实的基础。     

Evaluation of pulse voltage generators

In this paper, the electrical characteristics of the positive pulsed corona in a wire-cylinder type reactor are investigated. The injected energy and charge into the discharging volume per pulse and per unit length of corona emitting wire are adopted to evaluate the power source, electric circuits, and the corona wire. The discharging current lasts from several hundred nanoseconds to a few microseconds. The current, power peak values, and the injected energy and charge per pulse per unit length of emitting wire can reach up to 60 A/m, 5 MW/m, 480 mJ/m, and 8 μC/m, respectively. The energy conversion efficiency related to the output energy from the pulse forming capacitor and the energy delivered to the discharging volume can reach up to 90%. All results are obtained at room temperature and in air     

提升纳米复合电介质击穿强度的理论与方法

聚合物复合电介质材料在电工领域有着广泛的应用。在电力设备运行过程中,电介质材料在温度、电(磁)场、机械力以及环境的作用下会发生击穿现象,造成电力设备失效以及由此引起的损失。因此,提升复合电介质的击穿强度一直是电工领域的重要问题。纳米复合电介质代表未来电力设备绝缘的发展方向。该文首先简述聚合物电介质的基本击穿理论,并总结提升纳米复合电介质击穿强度的基本策略及原理。接着,聚焦纳米粒子对电荷产生、输运以及电场分布的作用,总结几种提高纳米复合电介质击穿强度的方法,包括纳米粒子的表面工程、调控纳米粒子的维度和排列、制备多层结构的复合电介质、制备核壳结构纳米粒子复合介质,以及利用金属纳米颗粒的纳米效应。最后,对提升纳米复合电介质击穿强度未来的研究方向进行展望。     

一种新颖的电压控制型逆变器并网控制方案

逆变器控制为电压源并网,其输出可直接供普通用户使用,相对于电流源并网,具有配置方便、无模式切换困扰等优点,但电流波形质量难以控制。针对这一缺陷,提出一种新颖的基于谐波电压重复控制的逆变器电压源型并网方案。通过快速谐波检测算法检测并网电抗两端的电压谐波,利用重复控制发出对应的谐波电压补偿电网谐波影响,减小并网电抗上的谐波电压差,达到降低并网电流总体谐波畸变率的目的。分析此方案的工作原理,设计控制器的关键参数和快速检测算法,并通过Matlab仿真和样机实验证明其有效性。     

Boost结构太阳能收集电路的MPPT控制方法研究

针对太阳能收集电路的收集效率和可实现性问题,提出一种Boost结构太阳能收集电路的MPPT控制方法。利用Boost电路PWM工作时的升压作用将光伏电池生成的电能强制性储存于大容量电容中,为光伏电池生成电能的最大化收集提供实现可能。通过实时检测光伏电池等效状态和收集电路等效负载确定Boost电路的MPPT控制脉冲最优占空比,迫使收集电路实时工作在光伏电池的MPPT工作点附近,尽可能达到提高太阳能电收集效率的目的。通过分析收集电路工作过程,给出了光伏电池等效状态和收集电路等效负载的实时检测方法以及MPPT控制脉冲最优占空比的确定方法。理论分析和实验结果表明,该控制方法下的Boost结构太阳能收集电路的收集效率高、实现容易。     

Cycling by means of functional electrical stimulation.

The goal of this paper was the development of an optimized stimulation pattern of leg muscles that would allow paraplegic subjects to perform the movement of pedaling and thereby to drive a tricycle by means of functional electrical stimulation (FES). To obtain maximum average power output with minimum muscle force, the start, duration and amplitude of the stimulation signal applied to the individual muscles had to be optimized depending on the pedaling frequency. For the basic theoretical investigations the rider-tricycle system was modeled as a rigid body system on which the muscle forces are applied as joint moments. The muscles gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, vastii, and hamstrings were stimulated and the passive forces of some other muscles were considered. The modeling and simulation approach was then used to produce maximum power pedaling and steady-state pedaling at 35 rpm. Hamstrings (41.9%) and vastii (35.8%) were the primary contributors to the optimization cost function of maximum power with minimum muscle loading. Based on these theoretical investigations an efficient stimulation pattern could be provided, taking into account the realistic possibilities of today's practical applications.     

阻抗在线测量方法及其在电力设备检测中的应用

阐述了基于端口信号能量测量的电网络阻抗的在线测量方法,讨论了该方法在电力设备等值阻抗测量中的应用。用电能计量仪表同时测量电力设备接口处电压信号和电流信号的能量,可以计算出设备的等值阻抗。这种测量方法既不中断设备运行,又能反映实际工作环境对设备阻抗的影响,具有较高的实用价值。最后举例说明了该方法在电力设备监测中的应用。     

矩阵变换器的一种安全换流策略

矩阵变换器由于换流困难始终无法在大功率环境中得到推广应用,该文在传统的电压型两步换流法的基础上,提出一种过渡区间采用四步换流的安全换流策略,在电压接近的换流两相之间插入3个安全续流状态来实现换流,避免了电流型换流法小电流检测困难的问题,解决了原来换流法换区间时容易短路的现象,完善了电压型换流策略。该策略不仅对输入输出波形影响较小,而且实现较为简单,系统开关损耗也不会增长很多。全压380 V输入和5 kW功率输出实验结果表明,该换流策略是可行的。提出的新型换流策略可在大功率交-交电力变换中得到进一步推广和应用。     

Transmission charges of power contracts based on relative electrical distances in open access

Transmission charge allocation is one of the major issues in transmission open access faced by the electric power industry. This paper introduces a new method of transmission charge allocation based on relative electrical distance (RED) concept. The method estimates the relative locations of load nodes with respect to the generator nodes. Transmission charges are allocated based on the relative electrical distance and the power contracts. The proposed method has been tested on typical sample systems and also on a practical 24-bus equivalent EHV power system, and results are presented for illustrative purpose. The proposed method provides better transmission tariff for maintaining system stability margins, minimum transmission loss and relieving congestion on lines.     

PWM方式串联谐振CCPS研究

PWM方式串联谐振是串联谐振电容器充电电源(CCPS)电路的3种工作模式之一。这种软开关技术是近年来研究的一大热点。为了研究PWM方式串联谐振CCPS电路的工作过程,给出了其电路原理图及各阶段的等效电路,建立了该电路的数学模型。结合数学表达式,通过数学仿真的方法,给出了输出电压变化情况下谐振电路的工作状态,并给出了该电路主要波形。实验结果验证了所采用控制方案的正确性和充电系统的有效性。     

Effects of Neural Refractoriness on Spatio–Temporal Variability in Spike Initiations With Electrical Stimulation

In this paper, the effects of neural refractoriness on action potential (spike) initiations with electrical stimulation are investigated using computer modeling and simulation techniques. The computational model was composed of a myelinated nerve fiber with 50 nodes of Ranvier, each consisting of stochastic sodium and potassium channels, making it possible to represent the fluctuations of spike initiation. A series of two-pulse stimuli was presented by a stimulating electrode above the central (26th) node of Ranvier. The amplitude of the first (masker) pulse stimulus was set such that the masker pulse stimulus evoked spikes on each trial, while that of the second (probe) pulse stimulus was set such that the probe pulse stimulus evoked spikes on a half of trials, threshold values. Then the transmembrane potentials in response to the probe pulse stimulus were recorded at each node (i.e., 1–50 nodes) in order to determine the spike initiation node and time. From the observation of the spike initiation node and time, a spatio–temporal histogram as well as a spatial variability and a temporal variability of spike initiations was generated which allowed us to interpret fluctuations in spike initiation node and time. It was shown that the distribution of spike initiations tended to become greater spatially and longer temporally as the masker-probe intervals (MPIs) of the two-pulse stimuli shortened. It was also shown that the number of activated sodium channels as functions of space and time tended to become smaller due to inactivation of sodium channels and varied spatially and temporally as MPIs shortened. These findings may imply that the stochastic sodium channels during a relative refractory period may contribute to enhancing the fluctuations in spike initiations, and give us an insight into encoding information with electric stimuli to improve the performance of the prosthetic devices, especially cochlear implants.     

Effects of neural refractoriness on spatio-temporal variability in spike initiations with Electrical stimulation.

In this paper, the effects of neural refractoriness on action potential (spike) initiations with electrical stimulation are investigated using computer modeling and simulation techniques. The computational model was composed of a myelinated nerve fiber with 50 nodes of Ranvier, each consisting of stochastic sodium and potassium channels, making it possible to represent the fluctuations of spike initiation. A series of two-pulse stimuli was presented by a stimulating electrode above the central (26th) node of Ranvier. The amplitude of the first (masker) pulse stimulus was set such that the masker pulse stimulus evoked spikes on each trial, while that of the second (probe) pulse stimulus was set such that the probe pulse stimulus evoked spikes on a half of trials, threshold values. Then the transmembrane potentials in response to the probe pulse stimulus were recorded at each node (i.e., 1-50 nodes) in order to determine the spike initiation node and time. From the observation of the spike initiation node and time, a spatio-temporal histogram as well as a spatial variability and a temporal variability of spike initiations was generated which allowed us to interpret fluctuations in spike initiation node and time. It was shown that the distribution of spike initiations tended to become greater spatially and longer temporally as the masker-probe intervals (MPIs) of the two-pulse stimuli shortened. It was also shown that the number of activated sodium channels as functions of space and time tended to become smaller due to inactivation of sodium channels and varied spatially and temporally as MPIs shortened. These findings may imply that the stochastic sodium channels during a relative refractory period may contribute to enhancing the fluctuations in spike initiations, and give us an insight into encoding information with electric stimuli to improve the performance of the prosthetic devices, especially cochlear implants.     

Piecewise-linear modeling of I-V characteristics with SPICE

This paper presents a technique for piecewise-linear modeling of arbitrary nonlinear I-V characteristics with SPICE. In particular, I-V characteristics (including those exhibiting negative resistance) that lend themselves to piecewise-linear approximation are easily modeled using six elemental building blocks; three for voltage-controlled I-V characteristics and three for current-controlled I-V characteristics. The elemental building blocks are implemented with resistor, diode, independent voltage source, and independent current source SPICE primitives. Two of the elemental building blocks use the ability of SPICE to accept negative values for the resistance and diode saturation current parameters. The technique is applied to model a unijunction transistor and a tunnel diode. Two negative resistance oscillator examples which use these models are included; a current-controlled negative resistance sinusoidal oscillator (unijunction transistor) and a voltage-controlled negative resistance relaxation oscillator (tunnel diode). These examples have been used to teach the fundamentals of negative resistance oscillators and nonlinear effects to sophomores and juniors     

Development and testing of an energy saving tool – Suitability analysis with case study

The increasing demand for electrical energy, the depletion of fossil fuel based resources and environmental constraints have made it mandatory for the efficient use of electrical energy, energy saving applications and implementing an energy management program. In this paper, a user-friendly tool for tracking and analyzing the electric bills, suggesting the best electricity tariff, controlling the active and reactive power rates, increasing energy efficiency, allowing the consumer to compare the alternatives and avoiding any penalties is presented step by step. The proposed energy saving tool will also help the electrical and more particularly power engineers and consumers in industrial sector to reduce electricity consumption while maintaining the quality of service. The developed tool is applied and tested to determine the optimal design of electrical power system in a university hospital. Test results reveal the performance of the developed tool for an optimization of commercial and industrial plants under different scenarios of power consumption and load demand. The program is written in the Delphi programming environment XE3 to provide enhanced flexibility and runs on Windows.     

交直流一体电动汽车充电站模拟试验平台设计

基于对现有电动汽车充电站拓扑结构以及慢充、快充、电池快速更换三种电能补给方式的分析,本文设计了一种交流与直流母线供电系统共存,兼顾三种电能补给方式的电动汽车充换电站试验平台,包括谐波治理、直流母线供电、交流母线供电、锂离子蓄电池等部分。平台可以对交、直流供电系统的电能利用效率进行比较,并且能够作为一个储能系统展开相关研究。     

Negative resistance devices

Two-terminal devices which exhibit a type-S (current-controlled) or type-N (voltage-controlled) negative differential resistance can be built using only two bipolar transistors and linear positive resistors without any internal biasing power supply. Two general algorithms are presented in this paper for systematically generating all such devices. Hundreds of negative resistance devices have been derived to date using these algorithms and a selection of these circuits is presented in this paper along with their computer-simulated v-i curves. Laboratory measurements of a few sample circuits agree remarkably well with the computer-simulated results.     

Power Systems in Close Proximity to Pipelines

In recent years, a trend has developed toward building energy corridors which better utilize land resources. Due to the adverse environmental impacts of building electrical power lines by utility companies and the installation of pipelines by the petrochemical industry, many governmental entities are requiring that electric power lines and underground pipelines use the same transmission (energy) corridor. The energy corridor, by design, is used to minimize the land requirements for transmitting energy?whether by electrical transmission lines or through pipelines. The energy corridor does not necessarily minimize the lengths of transmission lines but, conversely, may require longer lines to utilize the land resources better by paralleling transmission systems. The electric power companies have utilized this practice in the past with electrical corridors and are being pressured to make every effort to parallel electric lines in the future on these same corridors. The effect of paralleling electric circuits has been long understood by the electrical engineer. Induced currents and voltages occur between the electrical circuits and may cause relaying, communications, and safety problems. Proper engineering has led to solutions to most of these problems. A problem has developed with the addition of pipelines to the electrical corridors or, conversely, electrical lines to the pipeline corridors. The problem is that the pipeline has become part of the electrical circuit due to electrostatic and electromagnetic coupling. This coupling may cause induced currents and voltages to exist on the pipeline. The pipeline is addressed as an electrical circuit.     

山东电网新一代电能量计量系统研究与应用

为了满足电网商业化运行中电能量统计、结算和考核要求,山东电力调度中心建设了新一代电能量计量系统。该系统全面支持IEC61970标准,采用了计量点和统计模型全生命周期管理等先进技术,实现了电能量数据与电网实时运行数据的分析比对,提高了电能量数据的准确性和实用性,大大减少了维护工作量。该系统的有效性、实用性和可靠性已经得到了实际应用的验证。完全能够替代国外系统,可以完成电能量数据采集、处理、存储、统计结算与信息交换的任务。     

Modification of electrical properties and performance of EVA and PP insulation through nanostructure by organophilic silicates

Nanostructured materials are attracting increased interest and applications. Exciting perspectives may be offered by electrical insulation. Polymeric nanofilled materials may find new and/or upgraded applications in the electrical and electronic industry, replacing conventional insulation to provide improved performances in electrical apparatus, as regards, e.g., reliability, environmental compatibility and power rating. This paper shows that electrical properties of nanocomposite insulating materials for DC applications, specifically space charge, conductivity and breakdown voltage, can improve significantly with respect to the basis, unfilled materials. Reference is made to two polymeric materials, i.e. poly(ethylene-covinylacetate) (EVA) and polypropylene (PP), that are widely used as electrical insulation, e.g. for cables and capacitors. The nanofiller consists of an organophilic layered silicate, specifically an extra-pure synthetic fluorohectorite modified by means of interlayer exchange of sodium cations for protonated octadecylamine NH/sub 3//sup +/ (ODA), in a weight concentration of maximum 6%. In both materials the space charge accumulation rate as a function of applied electric field is significantly reduced, while the electrical conductivity is raised. The breakdown voltage can increase for the nanofilled materials.