Modeling phase noise in frequency dividers

A theory for modeling noise in frequency dividers and the measurements to support the theory are presented. The most complete measurements were made on ECL (emitter-coupled logic) dividers for which the primary noise contributions were from additive output noise and sampled additive input noise. Output phase power spectral density due to the latter varies as the square of the input frequency and is inversely proportion to the output frequency. The third most significant contributor was sampled output noise. A summary of available noise data is also given.     

Surface-related phase noise in SAW resonators

With the advent of nanotechnologies, electronic devices are shrinking in thickness and width to reduce mass and, thereby, increase frequency and speed. Lithographic approaches are capable of creating metal connections with thickness and lateral dimensions down to about 20 nm, approaching the molecular scale. As a result, the dimensions of outer particles are comparable with, or even larger than, those of active or passive regions in electronics devices. Therefore, directing our attention toward the effect of surface fluctuations is of practical significance. In fact, electronic device surface-related phenomena have already received more and more attention as device size decreases. In connection with surface phase noise, selection of a suitable device with high surface sensitivity is important. In this paper, high Q-value surface acoustic wave resonators were employed because of their strong sensitivity to surface perturbation. Phase noise in SAW resonators related to surface particle motion has been examined both theoretically and experimentally. This kind of noise has been studied from the point of view of a stochastic process resulting from particle molecular adsorption and desorption. Experimental results suggest that some volatile vapors can change flicker noise 1/f and random walk noise 1/f ². An analysis has been made indicating that these effects are not associated with Q value variation, but are generated by the change in the dynamic rate of adsorption and desorption of surface particles. Research on particle motion above the device substrate might explain the differences observed from the model based only on the substrate itself. Results might lead to a better understanding of the phase noise mechanism in micro-electronic devices and help us to build oscillators with improved performance     

Predicting phase noise in crystal oscillators

In order to predict the phase noise in crystal oscillators an enhanced phase-noise model has been built. With this model, the power spectral densities of phase fluctuations can be computed in different points of the oscillator loop. They are calculated from their correlation functions. The resonator-caused noise as well as the amplifier-caused noise are taken into account and distinguished. To validate this enhanced model, the behavior of a batch of 10 MHz quartz crystal oscillators is observed and analyzed. The tested batch has been chosen in a facility production. Their associated resonators have been selected according to the value of their resonant frequency and their motional resistance. Open-loop and closed-loop measurements are given. The phase noise of the overall oscillator working in closed loop is provided by the usual active method. Theoretical and experimental results are compared and discussed.     

相位噪声标准的研制

为解决相位噪声测量系统校准无法溯源的问题,设计一套相位噪声标准系统,把相位噪声溯源到可调高斯白噪声源上.该系统可用来测试相位噪声测量系统的准确度及其本底噪声,解决传统比对方法各相位噪声测量系统之间精度较低的问题.利用不同频点的带通滤波器对相位噪声测试系统PN9000在5,10,100 MHz频点下的相位噪声测量结果进行校准,验证方案和整套系统的准确性.     

AM noise impact on low level phase noise measurements

The influence of the source AM noise in microwave residual phase noise experiments is investigated. The noise floor degradation problem, caused by the parasitic detection of this type of noise by an imperfectly balanced mixer, is solved thanks to a refinement of the quadrature condition. The parasitic noise contribution attributable to the AM to PM (phase modulation) conversion occurring in the device under test is minimized through the development of a dedicated microwave source featuring an AM noise level as low as -170 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset from a 3.5 GHz carrier     

相位噪声标准的研制

为解决相位噪声测量系统校准无法溯源的问题,设计一套相位噪声标准系统,把相位噪声溯源到可调高斯白噪声源上。该系统可用来测试相位噪声测量系统的准确度及其本底噪声,解决传统比对方法各相位噪声测量系统之间精度较低的问题。利用不同频点的带通滤波器对相位噪声测试系统PN9000在5,10,100 MHz频点下的相位噪声测量结果进行校准,验证方案和整套系统的准确性。     

Additive noise effect in digital phase detection

The characteristic polynomials associated with the algorithms used in digital phase detection are used to investigate the effects of additive noise on phase measurements. First, it is shown that a loss factor eta can be associated with any algorithm. This parameter describes the influence of the algorithm on the global signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Second, the variance of the phase error is shown to depend mainly on the global SNR. The amplitude of a modulation of this variance at twice the signal frequency depends on a single parameter beta. The material presented here extends previously published results, and as many as 19 algorithms are analyzed.     

The phase space of non-stationary noise

Abstract

We present a general approach to study the statistical properties of the output of a system governed by differential equations which are driven by a random force. With the method presented one can study non-stationary inputs and outputs. We apply the method to the Wiener process and obtain the explicit solution that describes the spectrum of both the stationary part and the transient part.     

Effect of losses on phase noise

Abstract

We study the effect of losses on the phase noise of single-mode field states. The losses are described by the standard loss master equation, and it is used to find an upper bound for the increase in the phase noise as a function of time. We compare the time dependence of the phase noise of an initial coherent state to that of a state that initially has very small phase noise. Both states have the same initial mean photon number. While the small-phase noise state is more susceptible to losses, the difference between its behaviour and that of the coherent state is not great.     

A model for phase noise generation in amplifiers

In this paper, a model is presented for predicting the phase modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation (AM) noise in bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifiers. The model correctly predicts the dependence of phase noise on the signal frequency (at a particular carrier offset frequency), explains the noise shaping of the phase noise about the signal frequency, and shows the functional dependence on the transistor parameters and the circuit parameters. Experimental studies on common emitter (CE) amplifiers have been used to validate the PM noise model at carrier frequencies between 10 and 100 MHz     

Experimental study of phase noise in FBAR resonators

Phase noise of micromachined bulk acoustic wave resonators is investigated. A measurement bench, able to characterize the phase noise of a single resonator on-wafer, is set up. The experimental data demonstrate the existence of a 1/f phase noise component, the amplitude of which is strongly dependent on the resonator geometry. Particularly, the apodized resonators have shown the best phase noise performance, with no degradation of the Q factor.     

Blind turbo-detection in the presence of phase noise

Blind coherent detection of convolutional turbo codes is a hard problem in the presence of strong phase noise. Since the operating signal-to-noise ratio is usually very low, phase synchronisation algorithms suffer from phase ambiguities and cycle slips. A possible remedy is to perform joint phase estimation and decoding on a combined state-space model for the time-varying phase and the component convolutional codes. We demonstrate that joint phase estimation and decoding is in fact mandatory only for one component code, while ordinary BCJR decoding can be used for the second component code. Monte Carlo simulations for the turbo code used in the DVB-RCS standard show that the performances of the proposed scheme are close to decoding with perfect knowledge of the phase.     

拆卸序列规划中子装配体的识别与生成

子装配体识别是解决大规模拆卸序列规划"组合爆炸"问题的有效方法之一.为了准确有效地识别与生成子装配体,在装配体零部件间接触关系、联接关系和向位妨碍关系及其相应图模型、矩阵的基础上,提出了一种基于图模型和判断矩阵的拆卸序列规划子装配体的识别算法.该算法利用图模型对子装配体集合做加法,利用判断矩阵对子装配体集合做减法,首先依据子装配体识别准则对图模型检索生成潜在子装配体集合,然后依据矩阵判断公式从集合中排除不符合连续性原则、稳定性原则和可行性原则的子装配体,并筛选理想个数的符合重量标准、同质标准和价值标准的最终子装配体集合.以减速器实例验证方法的可行性和有效性.     

Modeling and estimation of signal-dependent noise in hyperspectral imagery

The majority of hyperspectral data exploitation algorithms are developed using statistical models for the data that include sensor noise. Hyperspectral data collected using charge-coupled devices or other photon detectors have sensor noise that is directly dependent on the amplitude of the signal collected. However, this signal dependence is often ignored. Additionally, the statistics of the noise can vary spatially and spectrally as a result of camera characteristics and the calibration process applied to the data. Here, we examine the expected noise characteristics of both raw and calibrated visible/near-infrared hyperspectral data and provide a method for estimating the noise statistics using calibration data or directly from the imagery if calibration data is unavailable.     

Phase noise and phase modulation in optical coherence tomography

The signal in optical coherence tomography is often modulated either in phase or by use of the Doppler modulation generated by a depth-scanning mechanism. The effect of each type of modulation on the signal's amplitude is evaluated. The advantages of each type of modulation in terms of immunity to phase noise and penetration depth are discussed in relation to two envelope detection schemes, i.e., lock-in detection and rms-to-dc conversion. Phase noise due to drifts and demodulation instabilities causes distortion of the signal envelope and can be responsible in part for the speckle appearance of the image.     

A novel phase noise measurement of phase modulation microwave photonic links

Abstract

Microwave photonic links can provide many advantages over traditional coaxial due to its low loss, small size, lightweight, large bandwidth and immunity to external interference. In this paper, a novel phase noise measurement system is built, since the input signal and the power supply noise can be effectively cancelled by a two-arm configuration without the phase locking. Using this approach, the phase noise performance of the 10-GHz phase modulation photonic link has been measured for the first time, evaluated the values of ?124 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset and ?132 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset is obtained. Theoretical analysis on the phase noise measurement system calibration is also discussed.     

Spatial versus temporal phase shifting in electronic speckle-pattern interferometry: noise comparison in phase maps

Temporal and spatial phase shifting in electronic speckle-pattern interferometry are compared quantitatively with respect to the quality of the resultant deformation phase maps. On the basis of an analysis of the noise in sawtooth fringes a figure of merit is defined and measured for various in-plane and out-of-plane sensitive electronic speckle-pattern interferometry configurations. Varying quantities like the object-illuminating intensity, the beam ratio, the speckle size and shape, and the fringe density allows characteristic behaviors of both phase-shifting methods to be explored.     

Modeling the noise figure of an acousto-optic receiver

By defining the processing gain of an acousto-optic receiver as the ratio of the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the detector to the signal-to-noise ratio of the intermediate-frequency input, one can model a noise figure for the acousto-optic receiver. The noise figure has a minimum of 0 dB and depends on the ratio of the noise power (internal to the acousto-optic cell) to the intermediate-frequency input noise power multiplied by the frequency and the spatially dependent exponential factor.     

A digital signal-processing approach for phase noise measurement

A digital signal-processing method for phase noise measurement is presented. By properly over-sampling the input signal and adopting an optimized quadrature demodulation scheme, the method grants acceptable performance in analyzing sinusoidal carriers, the frequencies of which range from fractions of hertz up to hundreds of megahertz. Moreover, the method shows itself a valid alternative both to analog measurement systems, especially for the evaluation of close-to-the-carrier phase noise and time interval analyzers, particularly for carrier frequencies greater than a few units of megahertz. At first, the fundamental stages of the proposed method are described in detail. Its theoretical performance is then derived and compared to that offered by other measurement solutions already available on the market. Finally, the results of experiments carried out on actual signal sources are presented     

Low phase noise operation of microwave oscillator circuits

In this paper, we describe a theoretical basis, leading to new results, on the general conditions to be fulfilled by oscillator circuits to achieve a very low phase noise. Three main conditions must be fulfilled by a transistor oscillator circuit to reach the minimum phase noise. The energy stored in the resonator must be maximum. Its transfer to the controlling voltage port of the transistor current source must be first maximized. A possible conversion noise at the transistor output port will be also minimized by maximizing the energy transferred to that port. The proposed method has been applied to an experimental oscillator set up with a PHEMT transistor. A state-of-the-art phase noise of -80 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz offset from carrier with a 1/f(3) slope has been measured at room temperature with a 9.2 GHz, oscillator. The application of these new results to free-running oscillator circuits with one-stage then multistage transistor amplifiers demonstrate clearly the validity of the design method. The efficiency of this design method and its ease of use represent a real breakthrough in the field of low noise transistor oscillator circuit design.