彩南油田多源混合原油油源(三)——油源的地质、地球化学分析

彩南油田原油属特殊类型，原油碳同位素和生物标志物分布研究以及地质分析表明它们属于二叠系、三叠系和侏罗系原油的混合原油。原油全油稳定碳同位素计算表明，无论是侏罗系原油与二叠系原油混合还是与三叠系原油混合，在彩南油田原油中侏罗系烃源岩的贡献均为50％～65％。生物标志物绝对含量拟合计算表明，侏罗系烃源岩的贡献平均为62％，三叠系为15％，二叠系为23％。与彩南油田原油类似的原油仅分布于阜康凹陷侏罗系三工河组以上地层中。因此，该类原油主要来源于阜康凹陷侏罗系烃源岩，其次为二叠系和三叠系烃源岩。图3表1参15     

准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷及周缘凸起区的原油成因与分布

为进一步厘清准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷及周缘凸起区原油成因及其分布规律,基于最新烃源岩、原油有机地球化学和油气勘探资料,评价了各套烃源岩的地球化学特征,划分出4种成因原油类型,明确了原油与相应烃源岩的亲缘关系,查明了不同成因原油的空间分布。研究结果表明,Ⅰ类原油源自中二叠统芦草沟组烃源岩,主要分布在沙南、北三台、三台等油田和阜康凹陷深层二叠系—三叠系;Ⅱ类原油源自阜康凹陷下侏罗统八道湾组烃源岩,分布于沙北油田、阜北斜坡、阜东斜坡及该凹陷内侏罗系;Ⅲ类原油来自二叠系与侏罗系烃源岩的混合,分布于彩南油田、彩南西区块、北三台凸起西斜坡侏罗系;Ⅳ类原油源自石炭系松喀尔苏组B段烃源岩,主要以出油点的形式分布于阜康凹陷与相邻凸起。阜康凹陷二叠系生成的油气聚集在自身及下三叠统相对优质储盖组合中,勘探潜力大。     

准噶尔盆地南缘油气生成与分布规律——典型油藏油源解剖与原油分布规律

准噶尔盆地南缘地区发育40多个背斜构造、5套有效烃源岩,大多数背斜构造发现了油气或存在油气苗,原油性质呈现多样性变化,长期以来对该地区不同构造原油的来源存在多种观点。在南缘地区典型原油地球化学特征与油源对比的基础上,选择了南缘地区具有代表性的典型背斜构造油藏,对其原油油源进行了深入细致的解剖研究。结果表明,南缘地区绝大多数背斜构造油藏原油为单一烃源来源,不同时代烃源岩生成原油混合现象并不普遍,只有少数油藏存在混源油。不同区域背斜构造原油油源存在较大差异,原油来源严格受控于有效烃源岩的分布:二叠系来源的原油主要分布于南缘中部以东的山前构造,侏罗系来源的原油主要分布于南缘西部及南缘东部构造,白垩系来源的原油仅分布于南缘中部构造,古近系来源的原油仅分布于南缘西部构造;齐古油田侏罗系油藏原油为二叠系与侏罗系原油的混合,各自的贡献约占50%。     

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系烃源岩差异性研究及勘探意义

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系烃源岩分为泥岩、炭质泥岩、煤和油页岩4种类型,不同类型烃源岩的生烃性能、生物标志物分布特征具有明显的差别,侏罗系沉积相分布对有效烃源岩有明显的控制作用。通过原油、烃源岩生物标志物地球化学特征对比,揭示出冷湖三号、南八仙部分原油和马北油田原油来源于母质类型较好的腐泥型烃源岩,这类优质烃源岩主要为中侏罗统上部泥岩和油页岩,主体分布在赛什腾凹陷和鱼卡凹陷,围绕这类优质烃源岩分布的有利勘探区,应主要分布在马仙断裂以北临近优质烃源岩的地区,以及冷湖六号、冷湖七号构造带。     

利用轻烃、碳同位素和生物标志物组成划分珠江口盆地深水区原油族群效果对比

珠江口盆地深水区油气资源丰富,深入研究该地区的原油地球化学特征及原油族群类型对该地区复杂油气来源、油气成藏过程及油气勘探具有重大意义。基于白云凹陷30件原油样品系统的地球化学实验分析结果,分别对原油族群进行了划分并对比了不同方法的划分效果,总结出不同方法在该地区的适用性。研究表明,白云凹陷原油轻烃组成特征、族组分碳同位素和正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素分布特征均相似,原油δ13C值介于-28.3‰～-27.2‰之间,指示其均来自于腐殖型烃源岩,似乎属于同一族群。但是据原油饱和烃GC-MS数据中检出的多种被子植物来源的生物标志物组成特征,可将其划分为2类：A类富含双杜松烷T、重排奥利烷,分布在白云北坡和西次洼北缘;B类含有高含量的奥利烷和蒲公英烷,分布在主洼东、白云东低凸起和东次洼北缘。恩平组三角洲煤系和陆源海相泥岩均被证实为白云凹陷的有效烃源岩,生物标志物参数所划分的2个原油族群的分布更符合目前的地质认识。因此在珠江口盆地深水区,专属性强的生物标志物凭借其能反映有机质输入的微小差异,对于具有相似母质类型的原油,有着更为精细的族群划分应用效果。     

运用吡咯类化合物分析彩南油田充注过程

运用原油中的吡咯类含氮化合物，示踪准噶尔盆地彩南油田主区块侏罗系三工河组油藏的源油运移充注过程。原油中吡咯类化合物以烷基咔唑为主，烷基苯并咔唑次之，几乎不含二苯并咔唑。根据1,8—二甲基咔唑/2,4—二甲基咔唑、C3—咔唑/C2—咔唑、G1/G3以及烷基咔唑与烷基苯并咔唑的相对含量等参数的平面分布规律可知，彩南油田东区块彩001-彩007井断层线两侧原油具有不同的充注过程，东侧有北和南两个充注方向，原油进入油藏后向彩1001井，彩006井附近运移。西侧只有来自南方的一个充注方向，原油以断层为通道进入断鼻隆起核部后继续向西充注至构造高点。     

春风油田稠油地球化学特征及油源分析

春风油田位于准噶尔盆地车排子地区,分布有轻质油和稠油两类原油,其中稠油分布比较广泛,石炭系、侏罗系、白垩系、古近系及新近系均有分布。根据稠油的地球化学特征,将春风油田的稠油划分为三大类,其中A类稠油遭受严重的生物降解,正构烷烃损失严重,原油的稳定碳同位素偏轻,一般都低于－30‰;B类稠油也遭受生物降解,存在低碳数的正构烷烃和25－降藿烷共存的现象,原油的稳定碳同位素一般都在－28‰～－30‰之间;C类稠油遭受中等生物降解,甾萜类化合物具有与轻质油相似的特征,原油中稳定碳同位素偏重。油源地球化学特征对比表明,研究区A类稠油主要来源于昌吉凹陷二叠系烃源岩,B类稠油为二叠系和侏罗系烃源岩的混源油,C类稠油主要来源于侏罗系烃源岩。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下寺湾油田原油地球化学特征及油源对比

根据饱和烃、同位素和甾萜类生物标志化合物的分析资料,全面剖析了下寺湾油田长3、长6油层原油的地球化学特征,并通过油源对比确定了其主力烃源层。研究结果表明,长3、长6油层原油为同一类型原油,饱和烃含量高,成熟度生物标志物参数达到平衡状态,表征原油未遭受明显生物降解作用,中等成熟度。原油碳同位素主要分布在-32.72‰^-32.05‰之间,族组分碳同位素分布规律:非烃>芳烃>原油≥饱和烃,各样品原油及其族组成碳同位素值相近,表现出一致的同源性。原油Pr/Ph值分布1.07-32.05‰之间,族组分碳同位素分布规律:非烃>芳烃>原油≥饱和烃,各样品原油及其族组成碳同位素值相近,表现出一致的同源性。原油Pr/Ph值分布1.07¹.21,C27-C29甾烷呈"V"型分布,伽马蜡烷含量较低,表征为淡水湖相沉积环境。通过油源对比并结合生储盖配套关系,揭示长3、长6原油为同一油源,并且为混源,长7烃源岩为主力油源。     

准噶尔盆地永1井油气来源及成藏模式分析

准噶尔盆地永1井侏罗系地层中存在几套地化特征完全不同的原油,油源分析认为其侏罗系西山窑组原油主要来自二叠系烃源岩、三工河组下部原油主要来自侏罗系烃源岩,而上部油砂的抽提物则具有上下2套原油的混合特征。侏罗系和二叠系是准噶尔盆地昌吉凹陷最主要的烃源岩,下二叠系烃源岩的主要生烃期在二叠纪末至侏罗纪早期,中二叠统烃源岩主要生烃期在三叠纪末期至早白垩纪,而侏罗系烃源岩的主要生烃期在第三纪以后。根据分析昌吉凹陷的构造演化后认为,西山窑组中的降解原油为侏罗纪末抬升剥蚀前形成的油藏,其正常原油油藏则在白垩系沉积后形成,而三工河组侏罗系原油则相对更晚形成。      

准噶尔盆地南缘西部山前断褶带油源分析

为了探讨准噶尔盆地南缘西部山前断褶带原油的油源问题，根据原油地球化学特征，将该区原油分为3类。第1类原油的全油碳同位素组成一般重于-27‰，Pr／Ph值大于2，规则甾烷中C29甾烷含量较高，具反“L”字型分布特征，伽马蜡烷／C30藿烷值通常小于0.1；第2类原油的全油碳同位素组成为-28‰～27‰，Pr／Ph值为1～2，规则甾烷呈“V”字型分布，伽马蜡烷／C30藿烷值为0．2～0．3；第3类原油的全油碳同位素组成为-30‰～-29‰，Pr／Ph值小于1，规则甾烷呈“V”字型分布，伽马蜡烷／C30藿烷值在0．5左右。油源对比分析认为，第1、第3类原油分别与侏罗系八道湾组煤系烃源岩和湖相烃源岩具有较好亲缘关系，而第2类原油可能主要来源于侏罗系三工河组或（和）西山窑组湖相烃源岩。图7表1参15     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF JURASSIC SOURCE ROCKS IN THE JUNGGAR BASIN, NW CHINA

Jurassic source rocks in the Junggar Basin (NW China) include coal swamp and freshwater lacustrine deposits. Hydrocarbon-generating macerals in the coal swamp deposits are dominated by desmocollinite and exinite of higher-plant origin. In lacustrine facies, macerals consists of bacterially-altered amorphinite, algal- amorphinite, alginite, exinite and vitrinite. Coals and coaly mudstones in the Lower Jurassic Badaowan Formation generate oil at the Qigu oilfield on the southern margin of the basin. Lacustrine source rocks generate oil at the Cainan oilfield in the centre of the basin.
The vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of coal swamp deposits ranges from 0.5% to 0.9%, and that of lacustrine source rocks from 0.4% to 1.2%. Biomarker compositions likewise indicate that thermal maturities are variable. These variations cause those with lighter compositions to have matured earlier. Our data indicate that oil and gas generation has occurred at different stages of source-rock maturation, an "early" stage and a "mature" stage. Ro values are 0.4%–0.7% in the former and 0.8%–1.2% in the latter.     

四川盆地川西坳陷成都大气田致密砂岩气地球化学特征

川西坳陷是中国石化在四川盆地的重要探区之一,该区陆相致密砂岩气勘探近年来取得重要突破,发现了以上侏罗统致密砂岩为主力储层的成都大气田,但对其天然气来源及与邻区天然气特征差异的认识缺乏地球化学证据。天然气地球化学特征研究表明,成都大气田侏罗系致密砂岩气干燥系数（C₁/C_1?5）介于0.939~0.982之间,δ¹³C₁、δ¹³C₂和δD₁值分别介于-33.7‰~-30.7‰之间、-25.4‰~-22.3‰之间和-162‰~-153‰之间,烷烃气碳、氢同位素系列均表现出正序特征。碳氢同位素组成揭示了侏罗系致密气为典型煤成气。根据煤成气二阶段分馏模式计算所得R_O值与成都气田须家河组五段烃源岩实测R_O值一致,反映了侏罗系致密砂岩气主体来自须五段烃源岩。研究区下侏罗统白田坝组基本不发育有效烃源岩,对侏罗系气藏没有显著贡献。受气源及成藏过程的差异影响,川西坳陷不同气田侏罗系天然气具有不同的地球化学特征。     

The source of gas and oil in Cainan oilfield Jurassic layers of Junggar Basin

The aim of this paper is to analyze natural gas, light hydrocarbons, and biomarkers by the whole hydrocarbon geochemistry to figure out controversial source of Cainan oilfield. Dry gas and oil reservoirs in Baijiahai suggest multi-stage accumulation of mature and high-over mature gas from widely distributed methane carbon isotope and humic, which are products of heavy ethane carbon isotope. The natural gas in Fubei slope area is typical mature wet gas. According to regional structural and evolution features, high-over mature gas in Baijiahai originates from Carboniferous source rocks of Dongdaohaizi sag, while mature crude oil is a mixture of Jurassic and Pingdiquan formation of Permian.     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

The Permain to Holocene sediments of the United Arab Emirates consist mainly of epeiric shelf carbonates, associated with minor clastics and evaporites, reflecting major cycles of transgression and regression. These were deposited on the eastern margin of the Arabian Sheild, which lay along the southern margin of the Tethys Ocean during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic eras. Sedimentation patterns were controlled by prominent regional structural features, epeirogenic movements and/or sea-level fluctuations.
The tectonic history of the UAE in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic is connected with the opening (Triassic) and closure (Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene) of the southern Neo-Tethys Ocean.
The distinctive structural style, together with the tripartite development of source-reservoir-seal, has produced in the UAE one of the world's richest Jurassic - Cretaceous oil habitats. Significant oil discoveries have also been made in the Permian; Middle and Upper Jurassic; Lower-Middle-Upper Cretaceous and Oligo-Miocene carbonates.
Two main source rocks have been identified. One is the Upper Jurassic Diyab/Dukhan Formation, which supplies the most prolific reservoirs in the Upper Jurassic (Arab Formation) and Lower Cretaceous (Thamama Group). The other is the Middle Cretaceous Shilaif/Khatiyah Formation, which feeds both Mishrif and Simsima reservoirs. Other minor potential source rocks have also been identified in the study area.
There are two principal sealing formations - the Hith Anhydrite and the Nahr Umr shale; these are the main seals for the oil and gas accumulations in the underlying Arab Formation and Thamama Group, respectively. Secondary seals and barriers also exist in the stratigraphic sequence.     

四川盆地中侏罗统沙溪庙组天然气地球化学特征及成因

四川盆地中侏罗统沙溪庙组是低油价形势下四川盆地天然气勘探的重要领域,但盆地内不同地区天然气来源尚不明确,影响下一步勘探部署决策,为此开展侏罗系沙溪庙组天然气地球化学特征及成因研究。结果表明：①沙溪庙组天然气属于干酪根降解气,甲烷含量>84%,含少量乙烷、丙烷等烃类气体及少量的氮气、二氧化碳等非烃气体,不含硫化氢,不同区域的天然气成熟度存在差别;②天然气δ¹³C₁值为-39.2‰~-31.2‰、δ¹³C₂值为-32.8‰~-22.3‰、δ¹³C₃值为 -28.7‰~-19.5‰,天然气碳同位素未发生倒转,川西地区为煤成气,川中地区为油型气,川东地区为煤成气和油型气混合气,以油型气为主;③不同区域天然气δ¹³C₁值、δ¹³C₂值的差异,与其来源于不同类型烃源岩贡献比例大小有关。川西、川西南地区主力烃源岩为须五段煤系烃源岩,川中地区为下侏罗统湖相烃源岩,川东地区天然气来源于须五段和下侏罗统烃源岩。研究结果对四川盆地侏罗系沙溪庙组下一步天然气勘探部署决策具有重要的指导意义。     

GEOCHEMISTRY AND ORIGIN OF CRUDE OILS AND CONDENSATES FROM THE CENTRAL PERSIAN GULF,OFFSHORE IRAN

Biomarker‐ and compound‐specific carbon isotope analyses were used to compare oil samples recovered from Late Jurassic and Early to Middle Cretaceous reservoirs at South Pars and nearby fields in the Iranian portion of the Persian Gulf, and condensate samples associated with the super‐giant gas accumulation in Permo‐Triassic reservoirs at South Pars. The results indicate that all of the oil samples, including heavy oil from South Pars and oil from the Salman, Reshadat, Resalat and Balal fields, are genetically related. The most probable source rocks for these oils are Jurassic marine limestones or marls deposited under anoxic conditions. Based on the methyl phenanthrene index, source rock maturity was inferred to be equivalent to vitrinite reflectance values of about 0.8% Rc. The distribution and maturity pattern of the source rocks suggest migration from a depocentre located to the south, with inferred migration distances of up to 250 km. There is no genetic relationship between the heavy oil which has accumulated in Mesozoic reservoirs at South Pars and condensates which are associated with the super‐giant gas accumulation in Permo‐Triassic reservoirs there. Based on biomarker compositions, the condensates at South Pars appear to be derived from shaly marine or lacustrine source rocks deposited under dysoxic conditions. The δ¹³C values of short‐chain n‐alkanes and isoprenoids in condensate samples suggest a common source and an equal maturity for the source rocks. Pristane/n‐C₁₇ versus phytane/n‐C₁₈ characteristics are in agreement with published data for Silurian‐sourced condensates. High thermal maturities equivalent to 1.7% Rc are also consistent with a Palaeozoic (Silurian) source rock.     

基于人工神经网络的岩石含油气性评价方法

神经网络计算法是模拟人体经络系统活动的机理来研究事物的新方法。本文运用T.Kohonen提出的SOM自组织人工神经网络模型,以准噶尔盆地的彩南油田一主力油层为例,建立起岩石含油气性评价的人工神经网络模型。实例研究表明,人工神经网络法性能良好,是一种岩石含油气性评价的有效方法。