IRB4400喷涂机器人运动学分析研究

喷涂机器人的运动学分析是动力学控制和轨迹规划的理论基础,为提高运动学求解效率,以ABB IRB4400喷涂机器人为研究对象,在Robotics Toolbox中对其建立了D-H模型,进行了正运动学分析。并针对机器人一般逆运动学求解方法复杂低效的问题,研究了BP神经网络智能算法在该型机器人逆运动学求解中的应用。运用正运动学分析结果,在Matlab中利用蒙特卡洛法编程实现了机器人的工作空间仿真,利用神经网络算法求解得到的逆解进行了轨迹规划仿真,得到了机器人工作空间仿真图,连续光滑的关节角、角速度和角加速度曲线图。从而验证了机器人建模的正确性、正运动学分析的合理性和逆运动学算法的有效性,为实际编程作业效率的提高提供了参考。     

大型喷浆机器人的运动学正解研究

机器人的运动学正解是求解机器人末端位姿、进行轨迹规划的重要依据。对现有机器人运动学正解求解方法进行研究,结合大型喷浆机器人具体特点,使用齐次变换法得到了机器人的运动学正解。使用蒙特卡洛法对机器人的运动学正解进行仿真分析,仿真结果与实际工作空间非常吻合,证明了计算结果的正确性。     

空间六自由度多关节机器人连续工作容积仿真的研究

文章以瑞典ABB公司生产的IRB140型小型工业机器人为例，对空间六自由度多关节机器人进行了运动学分析，建立了该类型机器人的运动学模型，提出了空间六自由度多关节机器人连续工作容积的仿真算法，并根据此算法生成了该机器人的连续工作容积图，这对机器人动力学、机器人避障、微机控制和机器人教学等方面的研究有重要的参考价值。     

7自由度串联机器人运动学分析

为了保证机器人运动角度精确,以此研究7自由度串联机器人的运动学特性,对其进行正向运动学和逆向运动学的分析。首先,通过旋量理论方法建立该7自由度串联机器人的正向运动学方程。其次,在应用旋量理论得到正向运动学方程的基础上,通过将几何法和位姿分离法两种方法结合用来求解机器人的逆解。最后,将结果在Adams/MATLAB联合仿真进行验证,求解逆解方法的正确性,经过仿真得到运动学角度函数变化曲线以及关节角度变化值,与理论所得到的角度值进行比较分析,结果验证了该方法的有效性和正确性,表明该方法具有精度高、运算量小的特点。     

基于RBF神经网络的MOTOMAN-UPJ型机器人运动学逆解

利用D—H参数对MOTOMAN—UPJ型机器人建立坐标系,推导出正运动学公式。将由此得到的运动学正解作为训练样本,利用RBF神经网络的局部逼近的优点,将求解机器人运动学逆解转化为对神经网络的权值进行训练。实现了机器人从工作空间到关节空间的非线性映射。使用12输入,单输出的RBF网络,对6自由度的MOTOMAN—UPJ机器人进行了计算仿真,验证了该方法的可行性。与传统解析法相比,大大减少了求解运动方程的计算量。与BP神经网络相比,加快了收敛速度,解决了实时性差的问题。     

基于MATLAB的MH24机器人3D建模仿真研究

在机器人的建模仿真研究中,多关节机器人因其结构复杂易导致建模不准确,机器人在仿真运动过程中难以体现实际的运动情况。为提高多关节机器人仿真运动时的模型逼真效果,提出了一种结合机器人工具箱和三维绘图软件构建机器人3D仿真模型的方法。以安川的MH24通用机器人作为研究对象,对各关节结构和连杆参数进行建模分析,求解该机器人的正逆运动学方程。使用Solid Works绘图软件建立机器人各关节的3D模型,通过机器人工具箱对各关节3D模型和D-H参数模型进行整合,构建了逼真的MH24机器人3D仿真模型,完成了机器人各连杆的动态仿真驱动和末端执行器的轨迹规划仿真分析。通过正运动学方程和求解的机器人末端执行器的位姿矩阵值验证了3D建模的精确性。     

捡拾机器人机械手运动学分析与仿真

为解决训练场高尔夫球、网球、乒乓球等小球类物体捡拾问题,设计一种五自由度捡拾机器人机械手结构。采用D-H法建立机械手坐标系和参数表,推导出末端坐标系位姿模型,并求解出运动学逆解。运用正运动学分析求解机械手工作空间,证实其空间满足小球类物体目标工作区域。在ADAMS环境中完成虚拟样机的建立,选定目标捡拾点和放置点,根据逆运动学求解结果,对各关节设置相应驱动函数,进行实例仿真验证。结果表明:机械手活动范围在工作空间内,运动规律合理,逆运动学求解正确,能够完成小球类物体捡拾任务。     

移动机器人机械臂运动分析及轨迹规划

以自行研制的移动双臂机器人为对象,采用D-H参数建模法建立双臂机器人数学模型,利用MATLAB的Robotics toolbox工具箱建立机器人手臂关节的运动学模型,分析机器人的运动学问题和基于关节空间的轨迹规划问题。通过SolidWorks建立双臂机器人的三维模型并导入Adams仿真软件,对虚拟样机模型进行动力学仿真分析。通过仿真验证了双臂机器人的设计可以满足工作性能的要求,为评价其力学指标和后续的驱动系统的硬件选型提供了重要的理论依据。     

三自由度Delta机器人的奇异性分析及空间研究

在工作过程中,为了得到Delta机器人的最优运动轨迹,需要对其奇异性和工作空间进行深入研究。为此,建立Delta机器人的正向运动学数学模型,基于机器人的正向运动学数学模型采用偏微分的方法建立了机器人的雅可比矩阵,以雅可比矩阵为依据分析了Delta机器人存在的运动学奇异位形。同时分析了影响Delta机器人工作空间的约束条件如电机的转动范围、球关节的旋转范围等,利用Matlab软件并基于机器人的正向运动学数学模型,求解出机器人在定平台上执行器的工作空间三维图。机器人的奇异性和空间分析结果,将为设计出无奇异性的轨迹提供理论依据。     

基于旋量理论的6R工业机器人运动学建模与分析

针对六自由度工业机器人,基于旋量理论,运用旋量指数积方法对机器人进行运动学建模,基于此模型对机器人逆运动学进行求解。根据机器人的构型,提出一类子问题,即两关节相互平行且与第三关节垂直,运用旋量理论及已知的Paden-Kahan子问题对该类子问题的求解进行推导。基于旋量法对速度雅可比矩阵进行推导,在此基础上对机器人的奇异性进行分析,求出奇异形位各关节的角度值,为机器人的轨迹规划和实时控制提供理论基础和重要数据。运用MATLAB对运动学求解及奇异性分析进行仿真,仿真结果显示:所建立的运动学模型正确,求解算法精度高,奇异性分析结果正确。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.