基于卡尔曼滤波的Ⅴ形焊缝跟踪偏差修正

针对焊缝跟踪过程中存在多种噪声干扰、严重影响焊缝位置信息准确提取的现状,以碳钢平板对接为焊接试验对象,借助脉冲涡流无损检测提取焊缝位置峰值和过零时间;在此基础上,进一步采用卡尔曼滤波的系统状态最优估计方法,对焊接中心偏离状态进行修正。焊接试验结果表明:Kalman滤波算法能够有效消除多种噪声干扰,优化脉冲涡流提取信息,提高焊缝跟踪的稳定性。理论分析和实验结果相一致,验证了所采用方法的可行性。     

基于RBF神经网络优化卡尔曼滤波的焊缝路径修正研究

在焊缝跟踪过程中存在多种噪声干扰,严重影响焊缝位置信息的准确提取。以碳钢平板对接焊为试验对象,通过提取脉冲涡流检测信号波形的峰值和过零时间实现对焊缝位置参数的检测。为避免噪声特性的不确定性对卡尔曼滤波焊缝跟踪的影响,使用径向基(RBF)神经网络优化卡尔曼滤波算法,以卡尔曼滤波状态参量作为网络输入,滤波误差作为网络输出,建立RBF神经网络训练过程。利用训练好的RBF神经网络输出修正的卡尔曼滤波值,补偿焊缝中心滤波误差。试验结果表明,采用RBF神经网络优化的卡尔曼(Kalman)滤波焊缝修正方法能够减小噪声对测量数据的影响。通过修正脉冲涡流测量数据,获得更为精确的焊缝中心位置,提高了焊缝跟踪精度。     

磁光成像焊缝跟踪卡尔曼滤波算法

在激光对接焊过程中,精确控制激光束使其始终对正并跟踪焊缝是保证激光焊接的前提,为此首先须精确检测焊缝位置。针对小于0.05 mm的微间隙对接焊缝,通过对焊件施加感应磁场,利用法拉第磁旋光原理构成磁光传感器并获取焊缝磁光图像。通过图像处理提取焊缝中心位置并构成状态向量,建立基于焊缝中心位置的系统状态方程和测量方程。采用卡尔曼滤波算法对焊缝中心位置进行最优估计,得到焊缝中心位置最优预测值,消除过程噪声与测量的干扰影响。试验结果表明,卡尔曼滤波方法能够有效减少噪声干扰并提高焊缝跟踪精度。     

高斯核相关结合粒子滤波的对接焊缝跟踪方法

针对电弧焊自动焊接过程中焊缝轨迹定位精度不高的问题,提出一种高斯核相关与粒子滤波相结合的焊缝跟踪方法。利用图像处理技术提取焊缝图像初始特征区域,在焊接过程中利用高斯核相关算法跟踪焊缝特征区域,由跟踪的特征区域求解焊缝中心位置。为了降低焊接环境中的动态噪声和观测噪声对焊缝轨迹定位精度的影响,构建焊缝中心位置粒子滤波模型,对焊缝实际位置进行滤波估计。跟踪试验对象为标准对接焊缝,试验结果表明,高斯核相关结合粒子滤波算法能进一步提高焊接环境噪声干扰下的焊缝轨迹定位精度。     

色噪声下卡尔曼滤波磁光成像焊缝跟踪算法

焊缝跟踪是保证激光焊接质量的前提,在激光焊接过程中,精确地识别和跟踪焊缝非常重要。以紧密对接平板激光焊为试验对象,研究一种色噪声环境下应用卡尔曼滤波最优状态估计对焊缝偏差进行预测的方法。使用磁光传感器摄取焊缝磁光图像并提取焊缝位置参数,建立基于焊缝位置参数的系统测量方程和状态方程。应用扩展状态向量的方法建立色噪声环境下的卡尔曼滤波算法,对焊缝位置进行最优状态估计,得到均方差极小值情况下的焊缝偏差预测最优值,减小系统噪声对焊缝位置识别的影响。试验结果表明所提方法可以显著提高焊缝跟踪的准确性。     

基于视觉传感的焊缝中心检测技术研究

通过视觉传感器获取焊缝图像，采用多种去噪技术对焊缝图像中的噪声进行滤波试验。针对焯缝图像中的干扰噪声特性，对各种滤波方法进行了分析和比较，并对滤波效果较好的焊缝图像进行边缘检测计算。提出3种识别焊缝特征的组合图像处理方法，并研究提取焊缝中心特征信息的效果和精度。试验结果表明，对焊缝图像采用Wiener滤波与Robert边缘检测算法能较好地提取焊缝中心位置的特征信息。     

磁光成像自适应卡尔曼滤波焊缝跟踪算法

焊缝跟踪是保证焊接质量的前提.针对0~0.05 mm的微间隙焊缝,研究一种色噪声环境下应用卡尔曼滤波实现焊缝跟踪的方法.通过对焊件施加磁场,利用法拉第磁旋光原理构成磁光传感器并获取焊缝磁光图像,提取焊缝中心位置构成状态向量,建立基于焊缝中心位置的系统状态方程与测量方程.针对系统过程噪声为色噪声,使用Sage自适应卡尔曼滤波,采用新息序列估计过程噪声协方差矩阵,准确预测焊缝中心位置.结果表明,根据自适应卡尔曼滤波方法能够有效提高焊缝跟踪精度.     

一种基于图像质心的焊缝跟踪新方法

研究一种基于图像质心识别的电弧焊焊缝跟踪新方法。通过视觉传感器获取焊接区熔池图像，抽取图像质心坐标并构成状态向量，建立一种基于图像质心的状态方程和位置测量方程。在此基础上，应用卡尔曼滤波对图像质心位置进行状态估计，在时域中采取递推计算的方式得到最小均方差条件下的焊缝位置最佳预测值．从而消除过程噪声和测量噪声引起的焊缝位置测量偏差。计算机仿真和实际焊接试验结果显示该方法可有效地提高焊缝跟踪精度。     

计算机视觉焊缝识别技术研究

对焊缝识别技术进行了深入研究,包括对焊缝图像的中值滤波以降低噪声干扰、对图像的最佳阈值化以获取焊缝信息以及对图像的数学形态学处理以消除焊缝周围孤立点的干扰.在此基础上,提取到较为清晰的焊缝图像,进而采用最小二乘法建立焊缝的轨迹方程,为焊接控制提供依据,提高焊缝跟踪精度及焊接质量.     

管道焊接熔池图像处理与特征提取

提出了一种管道焊接熔池成像系统,能够有效克服弧光干扰,获取焊接熔池在焊缝坡口内图像.采用基于统计的鲁棒图像处理方法,对熔池图像进行预处理,抑制飞溅等噪声.在图像自适应分割和边缘提取基础上,根据熔池图像和焊缝坡口图形特点,分别提取熔池图像在焊缝内的灰度分布特征以及焊缝坡口图形特征,得到熔池相对焊缝坡口的动态偏移量,以及熔池振动幅度和频率,为焊缝跟踪和焊接质量控制提供了视觉信息反馈.进行了焊接过程实时图像处理和特征提取试验,试验结果验证了熔池成像系统和图像处理方法的有效性和可靠性.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。