基于SINUMERIK ONE的展成磨齿面扭曲修形模块开发

为了实现对齿向修形齿轮磨削时齿面扭曲的补偿,在研究SINUMERIK ONE数字化原生数控系统及其3GL开发软件基础上,以新型蜗杆砂轮磨齿机为研究对象,利用QT设计人机界面UI,用VS C++完成前端与后端设计,开发了蜗杆砂轮磨齿机扭曲修形模块。在人机界面上通过输入齿面修形参数和齿廓倾斜偏差,实现齿轮扭曲齿面补偿的自动化修形加工,极大地提高了磨齿机的开发效率与加工效率。     

考虑啮合错位的斜齿轮复合修形优化研究

为了减少斜齿轮传动因啮合错位导致的齿面偏载、传递误差增大、啮合冲击增大,研究考虑啮合错位的斜齿轮复合修形方法,讨论修形前后不同错位量下齿面啮合性能的变化规律。该方法考虑了啮合错位对齿轮啮合性能的影响,基于斜齿轮啮合接触计算模型,以齿面载荷分布、传递误差、啮合冲击等性能指标为评价依据,进行了“螺旋角修形+齿廓鼓形修形”的复合修形。结果表明：基于多目标的“螺旋角修形+齿廓鼓形修形”复合修形能有效改善因啮合错位造成的齿向偏载,且在降低传动误差峰峰值和改善啮合冲击方面显著优于单一的螺旋角修形,能较全面地改善斜齿轮的啮合质量。     

基于KISSsoft的电动汽车变速箱齿轮修形优化设计

以某电动汽车变速箱二挡斜齿轮副为研究对象,基于KISSsoft对斜齿轮进行修形优化研究,通过选用合适的修形方案,对修形前、后的齿轮进行接触分析,对比修形前、后的传递误差、闪温、齿面载荷分布,结果证明,采用合适的修形方案能减小齿轮传递误差,降低轮齿在啮合时的瞬时接触温度,避免了齿顶、齿根受载过大以及载荷突变等现象产生,改善了齿轮啮合传动性能,降低了齿轮传动产生的振动和噪音,使传动更加平稳。     

基于ROMAX的斜齿轮齿面修形优化设计

针对建筑用施工升降机减速器输出轴齿轮出现齿面偏载而导致振动噪声过大的现象,以某建筑用施工升降机为研究对象,考虑综合因素对输出轴斜齿轮副偏载现象的影响,通过理论计算确定修形量范围,然后基于ROAMX用全因子法以齿向修形量、螺旋线修形量及齿顶修缘量为设计变量,以齿面接触载荷分布系数和齿根弯曲载荷分布系数为优化目标进行参数优化设计,经计算得到最佳修形量组合结果。对修形后的齿轮进行动力学仿真分析,结果表明：经过修形的齿轮齿面接触载荷和齿根弯曲载荷分布更均匀,齿面最大单位长度载荷降低了58.2%。对修形后的齿轮动力学性能进行评估,结果表明：修形后的齿轮传动误差激励减小了75.5%,箱体表面的加速度响应最大降低了47.8%。     

高接触比螺旋锥齿面修形方法及动态特性研究

为抑制高接触比螺旋锥齿轮传动的振动,提出一种新的高阶齿面修形方法。根据高接触比螺旋锥齿轮的啮合特点,提出一种新的修形曲线,采用辅助齿面修形方法生成高阶修形螺旋锥齿轮。在考虑齿变形的情况下,计算了高阶修正弧齿锥齿轮传动的载荷传递误差和啮合冲击,在此基础上建立了降低高接触比螺旋锥齿轮传动的载荷传递误差和啮合冲击的优化模型。仿真结果表明：与二阶修形弧齿锥齿轮相比,高阶齿面修形方法不仅可以有效降低高接触比螺旋锥齿的载荷传递误差、啮合冲击和动态负载系数,而且可以提高其在全速范围内的动态性能。     

剃齿加工中径向剃齿刀齿面拓扑修形量计算及分析

剃齿加工中存在的主要问题是加工齿轮时被剃齿轮齿形在节圆附近会出现中凹现象,即产生齿形畸变。为分析剃齿过程中剃齿刀与被剃齿轮的几何关系,以便能表述剃齿刀的全齿面齿廓,通过标准渐开线齿面与法向修形曲面叠加的方式来表示剃齿刀的修形齿面,提出了径向剃齿刀拓扑齿面齿形的计算方法。首先,根据齿轮啮合原理设计并计算出径向剃齿刀的修形齿面方程;再次,通过反算法向修形曲面,计算出加工修形圆柱齿轮的径向剃齿刀齿面修形量;最后,通过算例对比分析剃齿刀齿数及安装轴交角、中心距误差对剃齿齿面修形量的影响,为设计制造同类径向剃齿刀提供了一定的理论依据。     

盾构机主轴承内啮合齿轮修形优化设计

齿轮修形是降低轮齿啮入、啮出时冲击,降低齿轮副齿面应力峰值,缓解应力沿齿宽分布不均现象,使得传动平稳性提高的重要手段。结合盾构机实际工作载荷,基于KISSsoft对盾构机主轴承齿轮进行齿廓、齿向修形优化研究,针对单因素齿廓修形、单因素齿向修形、综合修形方案进行横向对比,通过对齿轮进行接触性能分析,对比修形前、后的传动误差幅值、赫兹接触应力在齿宽方向分布情况以及最大齿根弯曲应力。通过Ansys Workbench软件对未修形和确定的最优修形方案进行有限元仿真,验证其振动加速度和动态啮合应力优化程度。结果证明,采用适当的修形方案可以减小齿轮传动误差幅值,避免了轮齿啮入时出现载荷突变的情况,并且优化了齿面偏载的情况,进而使得齿轮啮合传动性能得到了提高,传动更加稳定。     

加工渐开线螺旋齿轮的砂轮廓形研究

根据盘状刀具加工螺旋齿面的加工原理,结合渐开线螺旋面的形成原理,利用坐标变换,通过求解接触条件式得到了砂轮齿廓上离散点,通过点拟合得到了砂轮的成形齿廓,解决了砂轮磨损的误差补偿问题,为渐开线螺旋齿轮的成形磨削提供了一种新方法。     

加工渐开线螺旋齿轮的砂轮廓形研究

跟据盘状刀具加工螺旋齿面的加工原理,结合渐开线螺旋面的形成原理,利用坐标变换,通过求解接触条件式得到了砂轮齿廓上离散点,通过点拟合得到了砂轮的成形齿廓,解决了砂轮磨损的误差补偿问题,为渐开线螺旋齿轮的成形磨削提供了一种新方法。     

一种新的修形策略的动态分析

线外啮合,特别是齿顶尖角接触,会引起齿轮的啮合冲击。因此,先前的研究常采用齿廓修形来避免齿顶尖角接触,但是线外啮合可能依然存在。为了进一步减小线外啮合带来的啮合冲击,提出了一种新的修形策略:首先,在理论啮入点或者理论啮出点,沿配对齿的齿廓切线方向去除另外一个轮齿的齿顶部分;然后用一段角域中的正弦曲线将被切形成的直线与原齿廓曲线光滑连接起来。并用6自由度的直齿轮动力学模型仿真计算了修形前后的动态啮合力,仿真结果显示:由线外啮合造成的啮合冲击较线性修形进一步减小了。因此,为了进一步减小啮合冲击,提出了一种计算修形量和构造修形曲线的行之有效的方法。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。