基于表面形貌的裂纹萌生阶段滑移带表征

目的研究WaspaloyTM镍基高温合金在裂纹萌生阶段的表面形貌特征,找出最优表面形貌参数用以表征此阶段的滑移带特征。方法对WaspaloyTM镍基高温合金试样先机械抛光,然后采用标准金相技术分别进行电解抛光和化学蚀刻,得到两种不同的表面状态。对试样进行低周疲劳试验获得疲劳寿命,并采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和三维表面轮廓仪,观测分析WaspaloyTM镍基高温合金在电解抛光和化学蚀刻处理后的表面形貌以及裂纹萌生阶段的表面形貌和滑移带特征。对测得的表面形貌参数进行方差分析和自助抽样统计计算,找出最优参数。结果试样在经过电解抛光和化学蚀刻后,三维表面形貌S_a(表面算数平均偏差)分别是0.72 nm和13.3 nm,试样疲劳寿命分别为800和700。两种制备状态下的样品,算术平均高度增量(ΔS_a=S_a(N)-S_a(N0))的差异非常小,且ΔS_a随疲劳加载周期(N)的增加而增加,当N100后,ΔS_a随N增加的速率减小。结论电解抛光后的表面质量更好,且表面质量越好,疲劳寿命越高。ΔS_a与表面制备方法无关,ΔS_a越大,表面越粗糙。经方差分析和自助抽样法计算分析,表面最大峰值(Sp)是最优表面形貌参数,该参数可用于区分滑移带内的损伤晶粒和未损伤晶粒。     

基于Simufact强力旋压连杆衬套旋轮参数的研究

为得到高成形质量的连杆衬套,以锡青铜连杆衬套为研究对象,以成形质量中内径扩径量、外圆度误差、直线度误差为评价指标,以旋轮参数中工作角、圆弧半径、轴向错距为变量因素,通过响应曲面法设计了试验表,采用错距旋压成形方式,利用Simufact软件进行数值模拟,对旋轮参数对成形质量的影响进行分析,得出最优旋轮参数组合并进行试验验证。结果表明:工件成形质量最优时的旋轮参数组合为轴向错距为5 mm,工作角为20°,圆弧半径为4 mm。对成形质量内径扩径量影响程度顺序是圆弧半径工作角轴向错距;对外圆度误差的影响程度顺序是工作角圆弧半径轴向错距;对直线度误差影响程度顺序是圆弧半径工作角轴向错距。     

SLM零件的磨粒流动辅助电化学复合抛光方法研究

针对增材制造金属零件表面质量较差的问题，提出一种磨粒流动辅助电化学复合抛光方法，在电解液中混入微小磨粒，使混合液在一定压力下流经工件表面，通过磨粒磨削和电化学溶解的复合作用改善工件表面质量。通过试验对比了纯磨粒磨削、纯电解加工和复合抛光的加工效果，分析了不同工艺参数对工件表面粗糙度和材料去除量的影响。试验结果表明：复合抛光方法能有效去除增材制造零件表面缺陷，改善其表面质量。通过选取合适的电压进行分阶段抛光，SLM工件的表面粗糙度由Ra8.162μm降至Ra1.226μm。     

基于正交实验的机器人砂带磨削工艺分析及优化

针对工业机器人砂带磨削最优工艺参数组合的选择,通过机器人夹持工件进行砂带磨削,采用正交实验和极差、方差分析方法研究砂带线速度、工件进给量、横向进给速度、砂带目数对工件表面粗糙度Ra及材料去除深度MRD的影响,探究其最优工艺参数组合,并通过正交实验数据建立变量与实验结果的线性回归预测模型.结果表明:综合考虑表面粗糙度Ra...     

抛光工艺参数优化的正交试验研究

以45钢为抛光工艺研究对象,针对抛光中抛光头压力、转速、移动速度、轨迹间距和抛光介质等相关因素进行正交试验,通过对抛光表面粗糙度值的测量和工艺参数分析以及显微形貌观测,以获得适用于机器人模具型腔面抛光工艺参数的主次关系和最优组合。     

锆基非晶合金电解质等离子体抛光工艺及废液处理

电解质等离子体抛光技术在非晶合金结构件的应用仍处于探索阶段,而且会产生含较高浓度的重金属和氟离子废液。为了提高锆基非晶合金结构件的表面质量以满足其使役性能,研究抛光时间、工作电压、硫酸铵浓度、初始温度、工件入水深度、阳极挂具材料等电解质等离子体抛光工艺参数对锆基非晶合金表面粗糙度、晶化情况的影响,并利用正交试验进行参数组合优化,对比不同参数对于表面粗糙度的影响显著程度。最后针对抛光后废液污染的问题,探究并配套合适的废液处理方案。结果表明：影响抛光后材料表面质量因素的显著程度为抛光时间>工作电压>初始温度>硫酸铵浓度,最优抛光工艺参数组合为抛光时间8 min,工作电压220 V,初始温度88℃,硫酸铵浓度为5%,此时表面粗糙度为0.103μm。经化学混凝沉淀法和离子交换树脂法组合工艺处理后,出水废液中的重金属和氟离子浓度均能达国家电镀污染物排放标准。研究成果可为电解质等离子体抛光在锆基非晶合金的实际生产提供工艺指导,有助于推广锆基非晶合金结构件的产业化应用,促进锆基非晶合金的大规模工业生产。     

微细铣刀几何参数对TC4合金加工影响的仿真分析

在微细铣削过程中,刀具前角、刀尖圆弧半径等几何参数的选择与铣削力有着密切的关系,不仅会影响刀具的使用寿命,还会影响铣削过程的稳定性以及工件已加工表面质量。文章针对直径为0.1mm的双刃微细立铣刀展开研究,利用AdvantEdge有限元软件分析不同刀具结构参数铣削钛合金TC4对铣削力、铣削温度的影响规律,并设计正交试验求得三种因素的最优组合,并基于响应曲面法求得微细铣刀几何参数交互影响规律。结果表明:对铣削力造成影响的因素主次顺序为刀尖圆弧半径、径向前角、螺旋角;最小铣削力出现在"小径向前角+小刀尖圆弧半径+大螺旋角"区域。     

基于神经网络和遗传算法的工业机器人不均匀表面抛光

传统抛光过程中,抛光参数通常是根据工件表面设置为恒定值。但如果工件表面不均匀,恒定的抛光参数对于材料去除量大的区域会发生欠抛光现象,进而降低抛光效率,影响加工表面质量。为此,基于神经网络(NNW)和遗传算法(GA)提出一种工业机器人不均匀工件表面抛光算法,解决不均匀表面抛光过程中出现的问题。应用神经网络预测某一确定的抛光参数对应的抛光性能,利用训练的神经网络模型输出包括最佳材料去除率和改善表面粗糙度的目标函数;将遗传算法用于优化模型抛光参数。通过对不均匀表面的抛光实验,验证了该算法的有效性。     

自由曲面铣削表面形貌仿真方法研究

鉴于表面形貌仿真对于自由曲面零件表面质量控制和工艺参数优化的重要意义,文章从运动学角度出发分别建立自由曲面工件和刀刃扫掠点的数学模型,然后运用Z-map法对上述模型进行逻辑求交以获取表面形貌特征点,并基于特征点完成自由曲面铣削表面形貌仿真。此外,文章提出一种用于求解切削时刻与其对应刀位点位置之间映射关系的新型矢量检索算法,该算法无需建立描述刀具轨迹的三向运动方程,具有编程简单、易于实现的优点。通过仿真实例可以证明,基于新型检索算法的表面形貌仿真模型是合理有效的,可广泛用于自由曲面零件铣削加工表面质量的预测。     

基于单磨粒划擦仿真的钛合金抛光机理研究

自由磨粒抛光被认为是最常用和最重要的抛光方法之一，抛光垫、自由磨粒和工件之间的相互作用形成了接触区域的材料去除，材料去除机理的研究对于抛光过程控制和工艺参数优化具有重要意义。建立了单磨粒划擦热-力耦合有限元模型，研究了钛合金抛光过程中的材料去除机理，发现了单个磨粒高速划擦过程中的“水漂效应”现象，且随着划擦速度的增加，这种效应越加明显。当在相同的划擦速度下减小划擦力时，材料去除方式由连续去除变为不连续去除。因此，当单个磨粒高速划擦时，会产生类似于轴向超声抛光的轨迹。该研究为钛合金抛光高速划擦过程中的微观材料去除机理提供了理论参考。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。