陶瓷电主轴部件径向切削刚度改进

将陶瓷材料Si3N4应用于高速电主轴,利用APDL语言对其进行参数化设计程序开发。分析并计算了陶瓷电主轴的径向切削载荷及刚度,通过有限单元法分析了主轴部件的静力变形和应力分布。以弹簧-阻尼单元COMBIN14模拟轴承支撑,创建了以支撑跨距为变量的主轴参数化驱动模型。采用零阶算法实现了主轴部件静态性能优化,减小了径向载荷作用下的Von Mises应力,并计算出了更为合理的主轴支撑跨距。优化后陶瓷电主轴径向切削刚度提高了1229%,有效改进了主轴部件的加工精度和稳定性。     

基于可靠性分析的主轴优化设计

基于Workbench软件对加工中心主轴静刚度进行研究。在静力学分析基础上,以主轴质量为约束条件,对主轴进行了静刚度优化设计;在考虑主轴尺寸、载荷、材料性能以及轴承刚度等参数随机分布的情况下,利用概率统计的思想对优化后的主轴进行了six sigma可靠性分析。结果表明,优化后主轴刚度提升17.5%,满足使用要求;可靠性灵敏度分析表明外载荷、轴承刚度以及主轴外径的随机变化对主轴刚度影响较大;优化后的主轴可靠度达到100%,安全可靠。     

高速电主轴轴承温度影响因素研究

选取电主轴温升为研究对象,分别验证油气润滑系统与冷却系统的工作参数对高速电主轴工作性能的影响。采用单一因素实验法,通过电主轴实验平台对不同工况下电主轴后端轴承温升进行实验分析。结果表明：在冷却水流量为034 L/min、润滑压力为040 MPa、供油间隔为120 s时电主轴温升较小。     

基于ANSYS的电主轴结构优化

建立了某铣削用电主轴轴承-转子系统的参数化有限元模型,应用有限元分析软件ANSYS的优化设计功能,以提高电主轴的刚度为优化目标,对主轴的支承跨距和电机转子安装位置进行了优化计算,并对优化前后的主轴系统进行了模态分析,对比了其一阶自振频率的改变情况.结果表明:主轴结构优化后,其刚度和一阶自振频率均有一定程度的提高.     

基于ANSYS的高速角接触球轴承温度场分析

针对不同工况下热效应对高速角接触球轴承疲劳寿命研究的不足,首先对一般角接触球轴承进行了动力学分析;其次在ANSYS中建立了7008C轴承的有限元模型,并通过电主轴测温试验验证了模型的可靠性;最后综合分析了7种工况下载荷、转速对轴承温升的影响。得出随着转速升高或轴向载荷的增大,轴承的发热量增大,温度升高,润滑油的粘度降低,径向载荷对轴承的发热量及温升影响不明显。结果符合实际,为进一步轴承疲劳寿命的研究奠定了基础。     

机床电主轴动静压轴承性能的仿真和试验研究

先进制造方式需要机床具有高速高精密的电主轴功能部件,选用动静压轴承可以提高车削加工中心电主轴的刚度和回转精度,因此选择动静压轴承作为主轴的支撑形式。轴承周向有4个浅腔形式油腔,以小孔节流形式恒压供油。建立润滑分析模型,分析轴承的承载力、最小膜厚和温升等静态性能指标。在卧式试验台上测试轴承的动态性能,结果表明：刚度随着转速的增加主要呈增大趋势,转速在3 000~6 000 r/min时刚度值比较稳定;水平方向和垂直方向的最大振幅分别为4.5、3.9 μm。若要提高回转精度可对转子轴系进行优化,并做好动平衡及隔振。     

主动磁悬浮电主轴系统建模与控制参数分析

为实现磁悬浮电主轴的稳定悬浮运行并满足加工精度要求,通过对某型号主动磁悬浮电主轴的结构和控制原理进行研究,在忽略主轴转子磁化和磁漏等非线性因素影响的前提条件下,通过对主轴转子在磁悬浮轴承中的受力分析,建立了磁悬浮轴承的电磁支承力与轴承气隙偏移量及控制电流的表达式,对基于不完全微分PID控制的磁悬浮电主轴系统的临界转速与磁悬浮轴承的电磁刚度进行了定量研究,得到不同PID控制参数下,磁悬浮轴承支承刚度随涡动频率的变化曲线及固有频率随PID控制参数的变化曲线图。研究结果为磁悬浮电主轴控制系统进一步设计使用和分析优化提供了依据。     

基于响应面法的弹支轴承外圈的结构优化设计与实验验证

为提高弹支轴承外圈刚度设计的准确性,通过ANSYS Workbench对3种不同结构参数的外圈静刚度进行仿真分析,得到不同载荷作用下外圈最大变形量。采用最小二乘法分析载荷与变形量的线性关系,确定外圈刚度值,得到符合实际刚度需求的外圈有限元模型并进行响应面优化分析。以刚度值为优化目标,以外圈弹支梁宽度、长度和数量为设计变量,通过响应面优化对弹支轴承外圈进行分析,从而得到最优的设计参数。为确保优化结果的准确性,将最优模型重新进行有限元分析以及实验验证。将最优解的设计方案与初始设计方案对比,结果表明：在满足设计变量约束范围的前提下,最优设计解的刚度优化结果与目标误差值小于1%。由此可见,采用响应面优化提高了加工效率,缩短了设计周期,进一步提高了支承刚度的准确性。     

基于流固耦合的高速电主轴冷却系统分析北大核心

针对机床高速电主轴在高速运转中的冷却问题,以某型号卧式加工中心高速电主轴为研究对象,基于流固耦合法,对串并联、单螺旋及双螺旋三种冷却流道结构从流速、压力、温升三方面进行详细对比。另外,为了进一步优化提升流道对电主轴的冷却效率,通过理论计算分析流道内不同初始流速对主轴热平衡后温升影响,以及不同流道几何参数对换热能力和压力损失的影响,并运用Fluent分别对以上两种提升流道冷却效率的影响因素进行仿真分析。研究结果表明,双螺旋结构因其结构的独特性综合对比为最佳冷却结构;主轴散热随流道内初速流速的增加呈现先急后缓,可通过对比选取最佳冷却流速;流道几何参数对换热能力影响较小,但对压损影响较大,提出了综合考虑换热与压损的流道几何参数设计。研究结果为精密高速电主轴在冷却系统的设计提供了一定理论依据。     

高速磨削电主轴冷却系统的试验研究

高速磨削电主轴的温升对电主轴的加工精度和使用寿命有着重要的影响。以SPM170高速磨削电主轴为研究对象,采用理论分析和试验验证的方法对高速磨削电主轴的冷却系统进行了研究。通过分析可知电主轴电机部分的产热主要是由铁芯损耗产生的,水冷系统可以有效地带走电机部分的热量,使电主轴的温升降低。对SPM170高速磨削电主轴的冷却系统进行了改进,设计了一种新型螺旋水道,在电主轴最高工作转速时,分别测量电主轴前轴承壳体温度,并对比其温升。结果表明:采用改进之后的螺旋水冷装置电主轴的温升比改进前温升降低了10℃左右,温升得到了有效的控制。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。