基于灰色关联度的深切口椭圆柔性铰链稳健性优化设计

针对深切口椭圆柔性铰链设计结构参数存在不稳定的问题,建立了深切口椭圆柔性铰链的柔度运动模型,基于该模型提出了一种基于灰色关联度的稳健设计新方法。该方法是通过描述深切口椭圆柔性铰链柔度的一个关联度序列,分析铰链的柔度线性关系,利用灰色关联度评估铰链的柔度的关联程度,然后根据方差分析表中的方差波动百分比对每个因子的进行排序,得到一个关联度最大的稳健性因子水平组合。结果表明该方法可以为柔性铰链在可靠性稳健设计方面提供一种新的解决途径。     

3-RPC分布柔度式柔顺机构结构设计

针对传统柔性并联定位机构定位精度低,无法满足高精度定位要求的问题,提出分布柔度式柔顺机构。基于传统并联机构为设计原型,采用拓扑优化理论对空间定位机构进行拓扑优化设计,以得到空间分布柔度式柔顺机构,首先,以3-RPC传统并联机构为研究对象,建立微运动矢量映射关系。然后,建立3-RPC分布柔度式柔顺机构的材料插值模型,运用曲线拟合方法对拓扑后的构型轮廓进行拟合修正,并建立其拟合修正后的三维模型。最后,通过Hyper Works有限元软件对机构进行静力学分析,并对3-RPC分布柔度式柔顺机构实体模型进行试验研究。结果表明:与同构型的柔性并联机构相比,空间分布柔度式柔顺机构具有相同的微动特性,定位精度高,误差在允许范围内,进而验证了空间分布柔度式柔顺机构的拓扑优化设计方法的有效性,为空间分布柔度式柔顺机构优化设计提供了新思路。     

基于正交试验与层次分析法的柔顺平行四杆机构稳健优化设计

为了提高柔顺平行四杆机构设计结构稳健性,建立了柔顺平行四杆机构的柔度运动模型,针对该模型提出了一种基于正交试验与层次分析法的综合权重计算方法,以柔顺平行四杆机构柔度稳健设计为响应目标,柔性梁和刚性梁的长度、柔性铰链宽度、机构厚度为设计变量,结果表明综合权重分析方法能够准确判断的影响因素主次顺序,确定最佳参数组合,实现了柔顺平行四杆机构稳健优化设计。     

基于聚类分析法和粒子群算法的柔顺定位平台优化设计

3-RRR柔顺并联微动平台多响应优化设计中存在各种因子影响和交互影响的情况,导致柔度不稳定。为解决此难题,将聚类分析法和响应曲面法相结合,提出一种优化该机构柔度稳健性的新的设计方法。通过建立微动平台多方向的铰链柔度运动模型,进行试验设计和聚类分析;引入响应曲面法构建响应曲面模型并且利用粒子群算法寻优求解;通过信噪比指标评判结果,得到满足约束条件的稳健优化设计方案。实例表明：引入的聚类分析方法可以为柔性铰链多目标稳健优化设计提供一种新的解决方法且效果良好。     

差动驱动并联机器人设计与运动学分析

基于Stewart并联机器人构型和偏置柔性虎克铰链,利用双螺旋副差动传动的方案设计了一款低成本高精度6-RR-RP-RR构型的6-DOF并联机器人。首先,基于双螺旋副差动传动原理,分别提出了串联和并联两种差动驱动方案,并对柔性虎克铰链进行了设计,确定了最终的整机结构设计方案;其次,对柔性铰链的柔度进行了理论建模,并仿真验证了其柔度和强度设计的合理性;此外,对该并联机器人开展了逆运动学分析,建立了其运动学模型,并采用牛顿-拉普拉森数值迭代方法进行了求解;最后,分别利用多体动力学和Ansys仿真软件验证了整机运动学模型和求解的准确性。     

基于遗传算法的超声电火花微小孔加工用柔性铰链的数值分析与优化

超声电火花(EDM)复合加工是一种加工微小深孔的先进方法,但是电极在高频振动中会产生扰动,即横向振动,增加所加工孔的圆度误差。基于此,设计了一种双直圆柔性铰链结构,在提升轴向振动幅值的同时,有效抑制了横向振动的幅值,进而提升加工精度。首先,建立了柔性铰链的受力模型,并确定了影响其工作效果的主要参数。然后通过遗传算法对其结构进行优化,确定最佳的柔性铰链结构参数。最后,利用有限元分析对柔性铰链与电极组成的系统进行模态分析,通过对比特征频率、横向振动幅值与轴向振动幅值,验证了经过遗传算法优化后的柔性铰链的固有频率更接近工作频率,并且具有最佳的提高轴向振动、抑制横向振动的作用。     

精密导向膜片设计与优化

针对微振动模拟器中精密导向机构行程小、精度高的要求,提出了一种具有精密导向作用的柔性膜片。首先,基于柔度矩阵法对柔性膜片的轴向与径向柔度进行建模;其次,基于柔性膜片的结构参数对其轴向和径向柔度进行参数化分析;接着,以高轴向柔度、高轴向/径向柔度比和低应力为目标,建立了优化设计模型,并对其进行优化,优化结果表明轴向柔度优化率为233%,轴向/径向柔度比优化率为172%,最大应力优化率为32%。优化后柔性膜片的各目标性能都得到较大提升;最后,通过有限元分析与实验进行验证。有限元分析与实验结果相对于理论分析的相对误差分别为6.7%和7.8%。理论分析与优化方法为柔性膜片提供了一个简单有效的设计思路。     

基于复合直梁型柔性铰链的导轨直线度测量研究

刚度是影响柔性铰链机械性能的重要参数指标,建立复合型柔性铰链拉伸刚度模型,在不同参数、不同尺寸条件下计算其解析解,通过ANSYS Workbench对其进行静力学仿真,分析各个结构参数对其刚度的影响,同时得出该种复合柔性铰链在同等尺寸及力的作用下比传统双边平行铰链有较大的输出位移。在解析解与仿真结果误差较小的情况下,设计出一种参数最优化的复合柔性铰链并搭建了测量平台,对滚珠丝杆驱动的导轨进行了直线度误差测量,将其结果和激光干涉仪测量结果对比,验证了基于该柔性铰链搭建的测量平台满足直线度的测量需求。     

GMM微泵柔性铰链输出薄膜的结构设计与优化

由于超磁致伸缩高频微泵的普通输出杆与泵腔内壁频繁摩擦产生的损耗,影响泵腔的密封性,从而导致油液泄漏。为解决这一问题,提出一种复合型柔性铰链薄膜取代普通输出杆,并对各种柔性铰链薄膜进行有限元建模及分析,由仿真结果和理论分析得出:该复合型柔性铰链薄膜转动能力强,回转精度高,结构尺寸小,运动灵敏度高,从而减小柔性铰链薄膜与泵腔内壁的摩擦,为以后GMM微泵的设计提供理论基础。     

柔顺平行四杆机构多目标稳健优化设计

为了提高柔顺平行四杆机构的稳健性,柔顺平行四杆机构应具备良好的结构尺寸。建立柔顺平行四杆机构有限元模型,对柔顺平行四杆机构的柔度和模态进行分析,以柔顺平行四杆机构的柔度和一阶固有频率为响应目标,柔性梁和刚性梁的长度、宽度、高度为设计变量,利用田口方法和灰色关联法进行多目标稳健优化设计,确定最佳组合参数。优化后的柔顺平行四杆机构具有更高的可靠性,并有效减小其波动性。分析结果表明,田口方法结合灰色关联法能有效应用于柔顺机构多响应目标稳健优化设计。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。