五自由度小型示教机械臂设计

设计了一种五自由度的机械臂,为了解决运动学分析结果不易验证以及在实际本体上实验成本较高的问题,制作了一套简易五自由度小型示教机械臂模型。通过D-H法对机械臂运动学进行分析,然后在MATLAB上执行运动学仿真,运用蒙特卡罗法对示教机械臂的工作空间进行求解,仿真结果验证了预期设计目标。此外,对机械臂轨迹规划、运动仿真进行实验验证,实际结果与运动学分析的结果保持一致。     

基于改进PSO算法的时间最优机械臂轨迹规划北大核心

针对传统机械臂轨迹规划存在效率低、智能算法易早熟和运行不稳定等问题,提出了一种以时间最优为目标,采用改进粒子群算法(PSO)对6自由度机械臂轨迹进行优化的方法。首先,在关节空间下利用机械臂正逆运动学原理获取其轨迹插值点;其次,为了使机械臂能够快速平稳地到达目标位置,采用3-5-3多项式对其轨迹进行插值;最后,使用改进PSO算法对分段多项式插值构造的轨迹进行优化,实现6自由度机械臂时间最优的轨迹规划。通过MATLAB仿真实验可以得到机械臂各个关节的加速度、速度和位置的轨迹信息,在满足机械臂运动学约束的前提下,机械臂完成整段轨迹所用的时间从3 s减少到2.1 s,整体运行时间相对于PSO算法优化前缩短了近30%,由此表明改进PSO算法可以有效地实现6自由度机械臂时间最优的轨迹规划。     

6R工业机器人几何求逆优化算法及仿真分析

为提高机器人工作性能,满足实际复杂工况需求,研究了SNR3-C30型6R工业机器人的运动状态和轨迹规划。首先,根据D-H法建立机械臂连杆坐标系以及运动学方程;其次,基于其末端执行器的位姿矩阵特性,提出一种结合位姿分离思想的几何求逆优化算法,该算法利用机器人各关节相对腕部的几何位置关系来求解前三个关节角θ_1,θ_2,θ_3,然后在此基础上通过旋转子矩阵求解剩余的关节角θ_4,θ_5,θ_6;最后,在MATLAB Robotics仿真模块中对改进算法进行验证,并采用多项式插值法对机械臂进行关节空间轨迹规划。研究结果表明,改进算法具有优越性和有效性,并且当采用五次多项式插值法进行轨迹规划时机器人运行更平稳。     

基于运动学的机器人轨迹规划研究

针对6自由度关节机器人轨迹规划问题,建立机器人的运动学方程,采用虚拟样机仿真的方法计算机器人各关节角速度和角加速度随时间变化的数据,同时采用拟合算法对数据进行轨迹化处理。建立了关节机器人实验平台,将关节空间轨迹规划参数运用到机器人上,使用激光跟踪仪测量机器人末端轨迹数据,通过机器人末端位置稳定时间和位置超调量来评估轨迹规划的有效性,实验结果表明:该方法所得轨迹平滑可控,可实现机器人按规划运行要求。     

三移一转并联机构运动学分析

为满足钢铁搬运行业的应用需求,提出了一种新型三移一转并联机构。该机构的每条分支包含驱动支链RPR和执行支链RPaPaR,其执行支链中的平行四边形铰链Pa具有封闭环结构特性,使机构有较大的刚度。借助螺旋理论分析了该并联机构的自由度。采用机构杆件之间的几何条件以及坐标变换求出机构的位置逆解,得到驱动杆件与动平台位姿的关系。根据钢铁搬运任务需求,使用五次多项式计算出动平台分段驱动函数,在仿真软件ADAMS中实现机构末端由初始到目标位置的轨迹规划,并由驱动杆的仿真数据与计算数据一致,验证了机构位置逆解数学模型的正确性。利用PID控制器搭建机构的位置控制模型,实现动平台的实际位置与理论位置轨迹的一致性。使用CAD变量几何法得到了机构的可达位置工作空间,并对其进行了分析,得出工作空间分布特点。     

基于导纳的机械臂实时柔顺轨迹规划

针对传统机械臂的离线式笛卡尔空间轨迹规划无法解决与环境发生接触的情况，提出了一种基于导纳的机械臂实时柔顺轨迹规划方法。将机械臂笛卡尔空间轨迹规划分为了位置规划与姿态轨迹，并通过时间标度参数s(t)将二者归一化，其中以最为常见的直线运动和圆弧运动为例进行了轨迹规划说明；构建导纳控制器，并将末端六维力传感器获取到的信息代入控制器中，计算出末端位姿的调整量；在轨迹规划的基础上引入导纳控制，解决了轨迹规划无法实时感知外界环境作用力的问题；最后，搭建了机械臂实物验证实验，进行了直线运动和和圆弧运动实验。实验表明，基于导纳的实时柔顺轨迹规划方法既可以实现机械臂轨迹高精度运动，也可以主动顺从外界环境接触力，提高了系统的稳定性和安全性。     

基于改进粒子群算法的六自由度机械臂时间最优轨迹规划

针对六自由度机械臂时间最优轨迹规划问题,提出一种基于改进粒子群算法的4-3-4混合多项式插值轨迹规划算法。算法采用自适应惯性权重,它能根据搜索过程的各个阶段采用相应大小的权重,有利于跳出局部最优陷阱,保持粒子群多样性;以非线性学习因子代替传统粒子群算法中固定的学习因子,有效提高算法的收敛速度和求解精度。通过MATLAB进行仿真验证,结果表明改进粒子群算法收敛速度提高46%,寻优精度提高38%,同时机械臂轨迹规划时间缩短了大约36%,充分地证明了该轨迹规划算法的可靠性和优越性。     

基于RBF神经网络的六自由度机械臂轨迹优化

为了降低机械臂运动轨迹偏差、提高精确度,设计了六自由度机械臂模型并对末端执行器进行运动轨迹规划。从运动学出发建立机械臂的连杆坐标系并获得D-H参数,通过机械臂运动学公式求解得末端执行器位置和姿态;借助MATLAB中的神经网络工具箱设计RBF神经网络,利用轨迹离散转化得到的离散点训练RBF神经网络。仿真结果表明,采用RBF神经网络优划后得到的运动轨迹为平滑曲线、且在各坐标轴的趋近误差均低于±0.4 mm,降低了趋近误差,实现了机械臂在笛卡尔空间的轨迹优划。实验结果达到了预期效果,表明此次轨迹优化的合理性。对机械臂应用于生产中具有一定的指导意义。     

基于GA算法的柔性抛光工业机器人最优轨迹规划

为使柔性抛光工业机器人的作业时间达到最优,文章在自行研制的柔性抛光工业机器人第一代样机的基础上,提出一种新的最优轨迹规划方法。从手表的表壳表耳部分的复杂曲面中提取出一组机械臂工作位置点,通过逆运动学求解出与其对应的关节位置序列,采用5次B样条曲线拟合方法得到各关节的角度轨迹曲线。将机械臂的运动学约束转化为5次B样条轨迹曲线的控制顶点约束,采用GA算法求解出最优的时间节点,进而规划出满足非线性运动学约束的时间最优连续轨迹曲线。仿真结果表明,提出的轨迹规划方法为柔性抛光工业机器人提供了理想的轨迹曲线,使柔性抛光工业机器人的作业时间达到最优。     

机械手臂正运动学及其末端机械手工作空间研究

机械手臂作为机器人实现抓取任务的主要执行机构,其合理化结构设计、运动学模型构建及可达空间问题一直是研究热点。基于机械手臂构型特点,采用改进的D-H法创建了机械手臂正运动学模型,通过齐次坐标变换推导出末端机械手的位置矩阵,并通过理论计算与仿真结果对比验证了所建模型的准确性;利用蒙特卡洛法对末端机械手工作空间进行模拟,得到末端机械手工作空间点云图及工作边界;利用convhull凸包函数处理边界点云,生成一个较为准确的包络空间进而计算该工作空间体积大小;在此基础上,进一步分析得到机械手臂结构参数对其工作空间体积的影响规律,为后续机械手臂结构参数优化、运动控制和轨迹规划等提供了参考。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.