纳米碳管/聚合物功能复合材料

纳米碳管(Carbonnanotubes,CNT)具有π π共轭电子结构,可与结构相似的聚合物(Polymer)通过范德华力结合形成复合材料。导电聚合物(Electricallyconductingpolymer,ECP)包覆多壁纳米碳管(Multi walledcarbonnanotubes,MWNT)后,可用于诸如超级电容器等电子器件。共轭发光聚合物修饰纳米碳管形成的CNT polymer复合材料,具有很强的发光性能,有望用于电子接收器和光电器件。通过连结氨基聚合物,可使多壁纳米碳管溶解和功能化,从而将纳米碳管引入生物学系统中。研究结果表明,CNT polymer复合物有许多潜在的应用,有待进一步发展。     

ZnO纳米棒/CNTs复合阴极的制备及其场发射性能的研究

采用水热法和喷涂法制备ZnO纳米棒/CNTs复合材料,并测试其场发射性能。首先采用水热法在ITO电极基面生长ZnO纳米棒阵列,随后通过喷涂技术在ZnO纳米棒阵列表面沉积碳纳米管(CNTs)。使用扫描电子显微镜和X-射线衍射分别表征样品的结构和形貌特征。结果表明,经喷涂沉积的CNT薄膜均匀地包裹在ZnO纳米棒尖端。对该复合材料采用二极结构测试其场发射性能,通过测试结果发现,ZnO纳米棒/CNTs复合材料可明显改善ZnO纳米棒阵列及CNT薄膜的场发射性能,该复合材料具有低开启电场强度(约0.96V/μm),高场增强因子(9881)。因此,ZnO纳米棒/CNTs复合材料是最有前景的场发射阴极材料之一。     

纳米碳管的孔结构、相关物性和应用

评述了纳米碳管（CNT）的纳米孔隙结构及其决定的特殊物化性质,以及潜在的应用。CNT孔径体系由多层次的孔隙组合而成,开口的一维中空管腔是最基本的孔隙结构,其纳米级的尺度和物理形态决定了它的超常吸附性质和其它物化特性,使CNT成为极具潜力的纳米级能量载体;提供了进行一维物理化学过程的极限反应空间,是真正意义上的纳米反应器;CNT的比表面积和孔径结构及其决定的吸附性质还决定或者影响着许多其它物化性质（如电磁性质）。发展纳米碳管中的物理化学研究,制备基于大表面积、可控孔结构CNT的纳米器件,是CNT领域的重要研究方向。     

无机纳米ZnO或蒙脱土颗粒掺杂对低密度聚乙烯介电性能的影响

选择在低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）中掺杂无机纳米ZnO和蒙脱土（MMT）颗粒,探讨不同形态无机纳米颗粒对LDPE介电性能的影响。利用熔融共混法配合不同冷却方式制备不同结晶形态的纳米ZnO/LDPE和MMT/LDPE复合材料。通过FTIR、偏光显微镜（PLM）、SEM、DSC和热刺激电流（TSC）对试样进行表征,并。研究了纳米ZnO/LDPE和MMT/LDPE复合材料的交流击穿特性,结果表明：掺杂适当质量分数并经表面修饰的无机纳米颗粒可有效的避免其团聚现象,提高纳米ZnO/LDPE和MMT/LDPE复合材料的结晶速率,使结晶结构更完善,同时无机纳米颗粒掺杂使LDPE的陷阱密度和深度均有所增加,载流子入陷在试样内部形成界面"局域态"。经油冷却方式制备的纳米ZnO/LDPE和MMT/LDPE复合材料击穿场强比空气自然冷却分别高13.6%和14.4%,当掺杂纳米粒子质量分数为3wt%时,复合材料击穿场强出现最大值,其中纳米ZnO/LDPE复合材料比MMT/LDPE复合材料的击穿场强值高0.68%;电导率试验结果表明：纳米ZnO/LDPE复合材料电导率比MMT/LDPE复合材料低。介电性能测试表明,在1~10⁵ Hz的测试频率范围内,纳米ZnO/LDPE复合材料和MMT/LDPE复合材料介电常数降低,介质损耗角正切值有所提高。     

ZnO/BaTiO3纳米复合材料的制备及其发光性质

采用溶胶-凝胶技术制备了ZnO/BaTiO3纳复合材料，用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）测定了不同温度处理后样品的组成、结构、形貌和尺寸。对复合材料室温下的光致发光谱分析发现，复合材料的发光强度比纯的纳米ZnO发光显著增强；纳米ZnO中氧空位引起的510nm发光带的峰位随着热处理温度的不同而分别出现蓝移和红移现象。其中蓝移主要是量子尺寸效应引起的，而红移则可能与致密化的BaTiO3所提供的高介电场有关。     

生物质炭/ZnO复合材料的制备及其吸附-光催化性能

以纳米晶纤维素（NCC）为形貌诱导模板,醋酸锌（Zn（CH₃COO）₂·2H₂O）为Zn源,采用原位聚合法制备NCC/ZnO纳米杂化物,再经550℃高温碳化,得到生物质炭/ZnO复合材料。采用TEM、XRD、BET、UV-Vis测试研究生物质炭与ZnO固体质量比（0.03:1、0.17:1、0.67:1）对生物质炭/ZnO复合材料形貌、晶体结构、孔结构及光吸收性能的影响。并进一步以亚甲基蓝（MB）为模型污染物,研究生物质炭/ZnO复合材料的吸附-光催化性能,阐明其吸附-光催化机制。结果表明,经550℃高温碳化后,NCC转化为具有石墨微晶结构的生物质炭,其骨架结构得以保留,纳米ZnO均匀负载在生物质炭表面,形成生物质炭/ZnO复合材料。与纯纳米ZnO相比,生物质炭/ZnO复合材料比表面积显著提高,具备优异的吸附性能,同时,NCC转化得到的生物质炭有效提高了ZnO的光生电子-空穴对的分离率。生物质炭/ZnO复合材料通过吸附-光催化协同效应去除水体中的MB,去除率显著增加。当生物质炭与ZnO的固体质量比为0.17:1时,生物质炭/ZnO复合材料的平均孔径为188.99 nm,比表面积为33.51 m2/g,在室温条件下,避光吸附30 min后,再使用500 W紫外灯照射20 min,即对MB降解率达到99.8%。      

双模CNT/Al复合材料变形过程的代表性体积单元模拟

目的 研究双模CNT/Al复合材料在塑性加工过程中的微观结构演变行为。方法 通过ABAQUS/Python二次开发,对双模CNT/Al复合材料代表性体积单元(RVE)进行参数化建模,并基于显式动力学求解器和欧拉-拉格朗日耦合技术,对双模CNT/Al复合材料RVE模型的单向压缩过程和挤压过程进行数值模拟分析。结果 单向压缩模拟结果显示,结构心部异质区两侧的等效塑性应变较大,结构边缘基体区域的等效塑性应变相对较小;最大等效应力位于结构边角处的基体区域,而结构心部异质区的等效应力则相对较小。通过对异质区材料和形态的影响规律进行分析发现,当异质区为粗晶材料时,其变形后的形态更趋于扁平,而当异质区为细晶材料时,其变形后的形态更接近椭圆。通过挤压过程的模拟,实现了对变形过程中双模组织结构变化的分析,模拟结果显示,材料表面与模具贴合良好,异质区随变形的进行被不断拉长,部分异质区由于拉伸程度过大,甚至出现了分离的情况。结论 提出的模拟方法为双模CNT/Al复合材料的挤压变形工艺设计和变形后组织结构预测提供了有效手段。     

原位制备季铵盐聚合物/纳米ZnO复合抗菌剂

以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)、甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、烯丙基缩水甘油醚(AGE)、纳米ZnO为原料,通过原位法制备了聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-甲基丙烯酸-烯丙基缩水甘油醚/纳米ZnO(PDMDAAC-AGE-MAA/纳米ZnO)复合材料,考察了纳米ZnO用量对复合材料性能的影响,通过FT-IR、XRD和TEM对其结构进行了表征,将其应用于棉织物整理中.结果表明:当纳米ZnO为0.8％时,PDMDAAC-AGE-MAA/纳米ZnO复合材料的稳定性最佳;复合材料中存在环氧基团以及纳米氧化锌的特征吸收峰,纳米ZnO在复合材料中具有良好的分散性;将其整理织物后,与原布相比,经10次标准洗涤织物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌率高达80％以上,对白色念珠菌的抗菌性可达75％以上,具有良好的耐洗牢度;经过整理后的织物断裂强力无影响.     

微波辐照合成聚乳酸/氧化锌柱撑有机皂石纳米复合材料及其聚合动力学与结构表征

采用微波水解法制备氧化锌(ZnO)柱撑有机皂石,并以其为催化剂在微波辐照下通过D,L-丙交酯开环聚合制备聚乳酸(PLA)/ZnO柱撑有机皂石纳米复合材料。通过正交实验,获得最优聚合参数,PLA/ZnO柱撑有机皂石纳米复合材料的珨Mw为39322。聚合动力学研究表明该聚合反应为3级反应,表观速率常数为157.264mol-2·L2·s-1。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、差示扫描量热分析和热重分析对ZnO柱撑有机皂石、纳米ZnO和PLA/ZnO柱撑有机皂石纳米复合材料的结构进行了表征和分析,结果表明纳米ZnO柱撑有机皂石具有剥离型结构,能显著提高PLA复合材料的结晶性能和热稳定性。     

ZnO/BaTiO3纳米复合材料的制备及其发光性质

采用溶胶-凝胶技术制备了ZnO/BaTiO₃纳米复合材料,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)测定了不同温度处理后样品的组成、结构、形貌和尺寸.对复合材料室温下的光致发光谱分析发现,复合材料的发光强度比纯的纳米ZnO发光显著增强;纳米ZnO中氧空位引起的510nm发光带的峰位随着热处理温度的不同而分别出现蓝移和红移现象.其中蓝移主要是量子尺寸效应引起的,而红移则可能与致密化的BaTiO₃所提供的高介电场有关.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...