油页岩循环流化床燃烧室密相区物料颗粒与燃烧特性

在 65t/h油页岩循环流化床锅炉上进行了燃烧室密相区物料特性与燃烧特性的工业试验。得到了极具片状结构特点的油页岩颗粒特性 ,经燃烧破碎磨损后的密相区床料和循环物料的颗粒特性与燃烧特性及相应的锅炉运行参数。试验结果对油页岩循环流化床锅炉的放大设计与运行调节具有一定的参考价值。同时为进一步建立油页岩循环流化床燃烧室密相区的流动、燃烧、传热、磨损、扬析与夹带模型奠定了基础。     

循环床锅炉燃烧份额分布的实验研究和理论分析

在循环流化床锅炉小型实验台上,研究了床温、过量空气系数、一二次风比例和煤种等因素对燃烧份额分布的影响,证实了循环流化床锅炉密相区处于欠氧燃烧状态,并且密相区产生的一氧化碳和部分挥发分被带到了稀相区进行燃烧。从流动和燃烧角度对实验结果进行了分析,并从密相区气固两相流行为出发,解释了循环流化床锅炉不同于鼓泡床的一些技术特点。     

循环流化床燃烧数学模型及试验研究

利用循环流化床内气－固两相流动基础方面的研究成果, 提出床内气固浓－淡流动模型, 建立适用不同结构参数的循环流化床燃烧模型, 考虑了床内气体、固体颗粒的返混、循环过程以及煤燃烧、污染气体的生成和分解、颗粒磨损等过程． 在循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行实验研究, 模型仿真结果和实验数据吻合良好, 表明气固两相浓－淡流动模型所建立的循环流动床燃烧系统模型可以正确地模拟循环流化床的燃烧过程．     

循环流化床锅炉炉膛横向温度非均匀性模型研究

随着循环流化床锅炉不断向大型化高参数发展,炉膛截面在尺度上已远超过化工领域的循环流化床反应装置,炉膛内运行参数的横向非均匀性问题愈发突出,尤其是横向温度偏差问题,严重影响锅炉汽水系统安全和高效运行。针对300 MW亚临界三分离器循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统建立二维整体小室模型,模型以分离器为回路单元将截面划分为3个并联的小室,包括炉内气固流动模型、密相区气固横向扩散模型、稀相区气固横向扩散模型、燃烧模型及传热模型等子模型。模型计算和实炉测试结果显示,炉膛宽度方向的温度分布存在明显的不均匀性,炉膛中间小室温度高于炉膛两侧小室,并且温度偏差沿床高方向一直存在。稀相区扩散系数的取值对温度横向分布有明显影响,根据模型计算和测试数据结果比较分析,稀相区的扩散系数取值应在0. 006～0. 010 m~2/s。密相区颗粒横向混合扩散作用强烈,改变各个给煤点给煤量分配时,局部浓度变化很快被强烈的横向混合扩散作用消除,因此炉膛横向温度分布受给煤量分布变化的影响较小,与测试结果一致。导致炉膛温度偏差的主要原因是两侧小室内水冷壁面积比中间小室多,使两侧小室温度偏低,通过调整炉内屏式受热面的布置位置,可有效改善温度分布不均的问题。     

流化床密相区颗粒扩散系数的CFD数值预测

应用离散颗粒模型直观获得颗粒运动情况,并从单个颗粒和气泡作用的角度分析颗粒运动和混合,证实气泡在床层中上升、在床层表面爆破以及气泡上升引起的乳化相下沉运动对颗粒混合起关键作用。应用基于颗粒动理学的双流体模型系统地对床宽分别为0.2、0.4、0.8 m的二维流化床在鼓泡区和湍动区的气固两相流动行为进行数值模拟。受离散颗粒模型启发,在双流体模型计算结果基础上,引入理想示踪粒子技术计算床内平均颗粒扩散系数。计算结果表明,颗粒横向扩散系数(D_x)总体上随流化风速增大而增大,但受床体尺寸影响较大;颗粒轴向扩散系数随流化风速增大而增大,受床体尺寸影响较弱。文献报道的密相区颗粒横向扩散系数分布在10^-4～10^-1 m²·s^-1数量级。本文提出的计算方法在数量级上与文献实验结果吻合,表明在大尺寸流化床且高流化风速下,颗粒横向扩散系数远大于小尺寸鼓泡流化床,为不同研究者实验结果的分歧提供了理论依据,也为预测大型流化床内颗粒扩散速率提供了放大策略。     

石油焦燃烧器环流混合段内床层的轴向密度分布

采用气-固环流反应器与输送床烧焦管相结合的结构形式,建立了一套适应石油焦或气化余焦燃烧要求的大型冷态实验装置. 在不同操作条件下,采用差压变送器测定了环流混合段内环区及外环区内床层轴向压力梯度及密度的分布规律. 结果表明,内环床层密度分布可分为底部密相区和上部湍流扩散区;内环颗粒循环强度对底部密相区的密度分布影响较小,只对导流筒上部湍流扩散区有影响;随着内环表观气速的增大,整个内环床层密度均降低. 外环床层密度分布与内环的表观气速、颗粒循环强度和外环床层密相料位高度有关. 利用实验数据回归出了内环和外环轴向颗粒密度分布的经验模型,其计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

循环流化床颗粒浓度波动信号多重分形测度分析

由于循环流化床气－固两相流动规律相当复杂，使得至今对其流动规律的认知仍不足以直接用于循环流床的工业设计与放大。近十多年来，确定性混沌理论已被用于循环流化床动力学特性的研究，与其密切相关的分形理论也被用于流化床流动特性的研究。然而，这些研究所用均是采用单分形理论，而单分形理论对解释循环流化床复杂的非线性气－固流动行为显得能力不足。为了探讨循环流化床内颗粒流体系统非线性、非均匀性和混沌特性机理。本文引入不同测试多重分形分析的方法，用小波变换模极大值与多重分形测度分析方法相结合，检测循环流化床颗粒浓度波动信号奇异性并得出多重分形奇异谱。结果表明循环流化床颗粒浓度波动信号具有明显的多重分形特性。小波变换多重分形方法可以用来描述床内颗粒流动特性，为探讨循环流化床颗粒流体系统非均匀机制提出了一种新的方法。     

气-固循环流化床底部密相区研究进展

循环流态化技术在过程工业中广泛应用。循环流化床底部密相区对整个流化床的流体动力学特性、传热、化学反应及污染物脱除意义重大。本文总结了底部密相区固含率轴向分布和径向分布,概述了底部密相区颗粒速度的径向分布,并详细介绍了底部密相区的流动形态,包括鼓泡流态化、湍动流态化及最新研究结果,同时也描述了循环流化床底部密相区的固体混合及传热。最后,展望了今后的研究方向。     

提升管内气粒流动行为的数值模拟

采用描述密相湍流气粒流动规律的k-ε-kp-εp-Θ双流体模型对不同尺度和操作条件下的提升管内的定常流动进行了计算流体力学数值模拟，获取了各种工况下有关颗粒速度、体积分率和质量流率分布等宏观流动行为的大量信息，并与相应条件下的实验数据取得了较好的吻合。此外还通过对大量模拟数据的分析获得了提升管内宏观流动规律的综合图像。该模型描述了密相湍流气粒流动规律，预测出了描述单颗粒脉动能大小的颗粒拟温度田和表征颗粒在介观尺度上脉动大小的颗粒湍动能江在床内的分布。分析表明：不同流动参数对颗粒在微观和介观尺度上的脉动有不同程度的影响；固含率对颗粒相的脉动行为和颗粒的质量扩散行为有重要的影响。     

喷动床内气固两相流动纵向涡流效应数值模拟

为了深入了解纵向涡流对喷动床内气固两相流动特性的影响规律,采用计算流体力学方法对喷动床内气固两相流动的纵向涡流效应进行三维数值模拟。采用RUC曳力系数模型描述气、固相间作用力,通过欧拉-欧拉双流体模型和颗粒动力学理论对气固两相流动进行模型处理。分别对无扰流件、加入一对小球扰流件及加入一对纵向涡流发生器喷动床结构进行了模拟分析及对比。研究表明:加入球体扰流件及纵向涡流发生器之后,喷泉区的喷动高度明显下降,并在球形扰流件及纵向涡流发生器附近产生了二次漩涡。纵向涡流的存在显著地增加了喷动床内环隙区颗粒相的径向速度,增加了喷射区及喷泉区内颗粒体积分数及其密集度,有效增强了喷动床内气体、颗粒沿径向与轴向的湍动能及拟温度值,进而强化了环隙区与喷射区内颗粒、流体两相的横向混合效果及颗粒间的动量交换过程。     

循环流化床密相区内颗粒的横向扩散的研究

Lateral solid mixing was investigated experimentally in the dense zone of a 900mm×100mm×5.2m rectangular circulating fluidized bed riser. Using heated tracer injection, the lateral solid dispersion was determined by measuring the temperature response at different lateral positions. Furthermore, a one-dimensional dispersion model, which describes the solid mixing in the dense zone, is presented. The experimental results were used to determine the lateral particle dispersion coefficient under various operating conditions. A correlation of dispersion coefficient with bed height, gas velocity, and particle size is also proposed.     

CFB密相区大颗粒横向扩散系数的CPFD模拟

运用一种离散单元法（DEM）计算颗粒流体力学（CPFD）对尺寸为900 mm×100 mm×1200 mm的准三维流化床的密相区大颗粒扩散行为进行研究。模拟之前,依照前人实验研究对CPFD方法进行验证,模拟结果与实验结果符合较好,证明了CPFD方法模拟的有效性。模拟中通过注入示踪粒子的方法来研究大颗粒在密相区中的横向扩散系数,研究了流化风速、颗粒直径对颗粒横向扩散系数的影响。模拟结果显示,气泡是引起密相区内颗粒混合的主要因素;随着流化风速增加,颗粒横向扩散系数变大;随着颗粒直径增大,颗粒横向扩散系数减小。     

A two-dimensional model for gas mixing in the upper dilute zone of a circulating fluidized bed

Based on measurements in a circulating fluidized test unit with a riser of 0.4 m i.d., a two-dimensional two-phase model for gas mixing has been developed. Radial gas dispersion and gas backmixing caused by dense clusters falling countercurrently to the main flow of a lean gas/solid suspension are considered. The model has successfully been compared with experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions. The model accounts for the main mixing phenomena and may be applied to calculations of chemical reactions in CFB risers.     

Modeling Study on Non-Uniform Lateral Distribution in Large-Scale Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers

With the development of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion technology, the cross-sectional area of the boiler furnace increases gradually, making the lateral non-uniform distribution in the furnace more prominent. To investigate the flow field inhomogeneity in the furnace, a two-dimensional mass balance model was established in this work, and the lateral solid concentration deviation was adopted to evaluate the degree of the flow field inhomogeneity. Afterwards, the effect of four factors on the lateral non-uniform distribution was examined. It turned out that the lateral profile of the primary air flow rate had a much greater influence than that of the coal feeding rate.     

Two-dimensional biomass combustion modeling of CFB

In this study, a 2D model for a CFB biomass combustor has been developed which integrates and simultaneously predicts the hydrodynamics, heat transfer and combustion aspects. Combustor hydrodynamic is modeled taking into account previous work. Simulation model calculates the axial and radial distribution of voidage, velocity, particle size distribution, pressure drop, gas emissions and temperature at each time interval for gas and solid phase both for bottom and upper zones. The model results are compared with and validated against experimental data both for small-size and industrial-size biomass combustors which uses different types of biomass fuels given in the literature. As a result of sensitivity analysis, it is observed that: major portion of the combustion will take place in the upper zone, the air staging could improve combustion, for industrial-size CFB biomass combustors and the decrease of NO_x adversely results in high CO emissions as air ratio decreases. Unexpected results concerning the emissions is caused by using data of different sized CFBs and is clearly an indicator of the necessity to compare the model results with various sized CFBs as far as possible.     

Model of combustion and dispersion of carbon deposited on porous bed material during bubbling fluidized bed combustion

Porous bed materials capture volatile matter as carbon deposits during fluidized bed combustion of high-volatile fuels such as biomass and wastes. Carbon deposits burn in a dense bed mixed with bed materials; thereby enhancing horizontal dispersion of carbonaceous materials. Commercial scaling-up requires a model that simultaneously assesses carbon deposit combustion and horizontal solid dispersion. This study measured the carbon deposit combustion rate using a fluidized bed. A one-dimensional model of carbon deposit combustion in a fluidized bed is based on the carbon deposit burning rate. A two-dimensional model incorporates reactions and solid dispersion to predict the horizontal concentration profile. Experiments using a bubbling fluidized bed validated that model.     

大型循环流化床锅炉整体动态模型的构成及其求解方法

介绍了构成大型商用循环流化床锅炉整体模型的燃烧系统、汽水系统以及烟风系统模型的建立及综合方法 ,并提出了一种求解整体模型的“双桢速”算法 .采用这种整体模型的构成及综合方法能够有效地求解具有复杂物理化学特性和结构的大型复杂系统模型     

气固并流系统中弥散颗粒混合行为的研究

采用磷光瞩拉瞬态点源注入示踪技术，研究了气固并流系统中弥散颗粒的轴、径向混合行为，并引入二维扩散模型加以描述，收到了良好的效果。对在气固并流上行和下行系统中的研究进行对比表明：在两种系统中弥散颗粒的轴、径向混合行为类似．研究还给出了在实验条件下气固并流上行系统弥散颗粒的轴、径向Peclet数的关联式．     

高浓度化工废液流化床焚烧炉的研制与应用

介绍了高浓度废液流化床焚烧炉的工作原理和结构,对流化床焚烧炉的设计以及为提高废液焚烧效率和辅助燃料利用率、防止二次污染所采用的关键技术进行了探讨和分析。该流化床焚烧炉具有废液焚烧彻底、环保性能优良、运行费用低廉等显著优点。     

Experimental validation of the gas-solid flow in the CFB riser

In this paper, an experimental study is performed to investigate the flow structure in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The typical core-annulus structure and small amount of back-mixing of particles near the wall of the riser were observed. The axial solid concentration distributions contain a dilute region towards the up-middle zone and a dense region near the bottom and the top exit zones. Furthermore, the solid concentration decreases with the increase of the superficial gas velocity, and increases with the increment of the circulation rate at the same height position. The total pressure drop of the main bed represents a linear relationship with the solid flux rate. In the dense phase zone, the solid concentration increases linearly with the augmentation of the solid flux, however, the change of the solid concentration is slight, even unchangeable at the up zones. In addition, based on the Energy-Minimization Multi-Scale (EMMS) method, a revised drag force model is proposed, which is coupled in the Eulerian two-fluid model for simulating the flow structure in the riser. Numerical results are consistent with the experimental data, which indicate the revised drag force model is very successful in simulating flow structure of the dense gas-solid two-phase flow.