316L不锈钢薄板焊缝成形及力学性能研究

目的 减少1 mm厚度316L不锈钢薄板在焊接生产过程中出现的缺陷等问题,并提高不锈钢薄板焊缝成形质量和焊接接头力学性能。方法 采用脉冲激光焊接技术实现对厚度1 mm的316L不锈钢薄板的精确焊接,并利用金相显微镜、维氏硬度计、万能拉伸试验机和扫描电镜对焊缝的表面形貌、微观结构、力学性能、断口形貌进行表征分析。结果 当激光功率为403 W、输出电流为150 A、焊接速度为150 mm/min、离焦量为−5.525 mm时,焊缝正反面的形貌规则无缺陷。焊缝区内的微观结构主要由δ-铁素体和奥氏体2种晶粒构成,相较于母材及热影响区,焊缝区晶粒尺寸更细小均匀,平均硬度为156HV,表现出更高的硬度特性。焊接接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度均值分别达到643.28 MPa和305.95 MPa,相对于母材的强度分别提高了7%和49%;平均断后伸长率为37.2%,达到原始母材伸长率的55%;断裂呈现韧性断裂的塑性变形和延展性特征。结论 优化调整焊接工艺参数后,1 mm厚度316L不锈钢薄板的焊缝成形质量提高,无缺陷且微观组织分布均匀,焊接接头强度显著提高。     

35SiMn钢等离子堆焊不锈钢粉的组织及性能研究

目的采用等离子弧作热源在35SiMn钢表面进行高硬度马氏体不锈钢粉末的堆焊,分析堆焊件组织梯度及性能分布规律。方法采用多木DML-V03BD等离子焊机及YASKAWA六轴机器人在35SiMn钢表面堆焊高硬度马氏体不锈钢。借助Nikon ECLIPSE MA200倒置显微镜观察堆焊件凝固组织形态,借助SU3500钨灯丝扫描电镜对元素分布进行表征,借助XRD-7000SSHIMADZU分析堆焊层的物相组成。采用INSTRON1195电子拉伸试验机检测堆焊件的结合强度,采用HXD-1000TMC维氏硬度计检测堆焊件沉积方向的硬度分布。结果在所选堆焊工艺下,沉积层主要由α-(Fe,Cr)相组成,晶粒内部为马氏体相。堆焊层的显微硬度在HV0.5500～HV0.5600之间波动,热影响区的硬度随着界面距离的变化而先增大后降低又增大,最低硬度降至HV0.5241。结论堆焊接头拉伸试样断裂位置在热影响区,抗拉强度为960MPa。当电流为130A、焊枪移动速度为20 cm/min、送粉速率为20 r/min时,堆焊件的抗拉强度可达基材的87%。     

316L不锈钢在表面机械滚压处理时的形变诱导马氏体相变和组织细化过程

采用表面机械滚压处理(SMRT)在316L不锈钢表面制备出梯度纳米结构(GNS)表层,研究了SMRT对GNS表层中的相组成和微观组织演变的影响机制。结果表明:经SMRT后316L不锈钢表层的奥氏体相发生形变诱导马氏体相变,且马氏体含量随着SMRT压下量的增大而增多;微观组织的细化过程先后经历了高密度位错生成和交互作用、形变孪生、形变诱导马氏体相变和马氏体晶粒细化过程,最终在最表层形成以马氏体相为主、晶粒尺寸~55 nm的纳米晶组织。     

选区激光熔化24CrNiMoY合金钢组织演化与力学性能

目的 为了获取具有高抗拉强度与高伸长率的24CrNiMoY合金钢,用选区激光沉积(SLM)方法进行打印。方法 以24CrNiMoY合金钢粉末为材料,当搭接宽度为0.09 mm、扫描角度为67°、扫描线长度为10 mm、扫描速度为1 000 mm/s时,在能量密度分别为102、116、129、142 J/mm³条件下打印合金钢样品,采用金相、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜及拉伸试验等分析手段,对制备样品的微观组织和力学性能进行研究。结果 在所采用的能量密度范围内,SLM制备24CrNiMoY合金钢的显微组织主要是板条马氏体组织,随着能量密度的增加,样品内部的气孔缺陷先减少后增加,硬度和拉伸性能以及冲击韧性呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在能量密度为116 J/mm³时,打印合金钢样品具有最优的综合力学性能,致密度为99.53%,硬度为(388±5.9)HV0.2,抗拉强度为(1 210±11) MPa,屈服强度为(1 124±10) MPa,断后伸长率为(6.2±0.4)%,冲击韧性为80 J/cm²。结论 在SLM打印24CrNIMoY合金钢样品中,较高的致密度及精细的板条马氏体是合金钢样品具有良好力学性能的关键要素,该研究可为SLM打印高抗拉强度与高伸长率的24CrNiMoY合金钢制动盘零件提供重要参考。     

奥氏体不锈钢离子渗碳后的腐蚀行为

为了提高奥氏体不锈钢零件的使用寿命,利用低温离子渗碳技术对AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢进行了表面渗碳处理.用X射线衍射仪和光学显微镜分析了渗碳层的微观组织结构,用显微硬度计测试了渗碳层的硬度分布,通过电化学极化曲线测试技术和化学腐蚀试验研究了离子渗碳AISI 316L不锈钢的腐蚀行为.渗碳层为单相碳过饱和奥氏体固溶体,由此明显提高了AISI 316L不锈钢的抗腐蚀性能,渗碳层硬度梯度平缓,表面显微硬度高达900 HV.结果表明,奥氏体不锈钢低温离子渗碳处理不仅提高了其表面硬度,而且提高了不锈钢表面的耐腐蚀性能,从而提高了其使用寿命.     

超低温轧制304奥氏体不锈钢马氏体逆相变及组织表征

目的 研究超低温轧制（Cryogenic Rolling,CR）亚稳态奥氏体不锈钢在不同退火温度下马氏体逆相变、组织演变及力学性能的变化规律。方法 首先,对实验原料304奥氏体不锈钢进行1 050℃保温30 min的固溶处理;其次,对实验钢进行总压下量为65%的超低温轧制,并在600～750℃下进行5 min退火处理;最后,对退火处理后的实验钢进行组织表征和力学性能测试,研究退火过程中组织演变及力学性能变化规律。结果 经总压下量65%超低温轧制后,实验钢组织中的奥氏体可全部转变为马氏体。随退火温度的升高,发生逆相变的奥氏体含量增加,组织由回复组织逐渐向再结晶组织演变。当退火温度为750℃时,晶粒尺寸约为420 nm。经退火处理后,实验钢硬度由超低温轧制态的566.2HV10降至750℃时的378.1HV10,屈服强度较固溶态的大幅度提高。经750℃退火处理5min后,实验钢可获得抗拉强度896.5MPa、延伸率52.7%、强塑积47.2 GPa·%的优异综合力学性能。结论 经超低温轧制及退火处理后,304奥氏体不锈钢可获得晶粒尺寸<500 nm的亚微米/纳米组织,经700℃以上退...     

316L-Q345R不锈钢复合板性能评价

从微观组织和显微硬度两方面对真空热轧316L-Q345R不锈钢复合板试样性能进行评价。采用电子显微和能谱分析技术,对试样进行微观组织特征观察和成分含量测定,研究相结构及成分变化规律。通过硬度测试仪对复合板界面附近硬度进行测量,研究微观组织与硬度关系。结果表明:热轧后复合板Q345R侧显微组织以铁素体和珠光体为主,316L侧显微组织为单一奥氏体,一部分晶粒呈孪晶状态,Q345R低合金钢和316L不锈钢经过热轧可良好复合,复合界面平直;界面两侧元素存在扩散现象,不锈钢中Cr,Ni元素向低合金钢侧扩散,在界面形成富Cr,Ni薄层,低合金钢中C向不锈钢侧产生少量迁移;在复合界面处的硬度值较大,低合金钢侧远离界面位置复合板硬度与Q345R本身硬度值接近,而从界面到不锈钢侧硬度呈现先下降后上升至稳定的趋势。     

轴类零件电弧熔丝轧制复合增材修复工艺研究

目的 针对电弧熔丝增材修复轴类零件时修复层出现柱状晶粒、修复质量不佳等问题,进行电弧熔丝和轧制复合的增材修复工艺研究。方法 研究了电弧熔丝和轧制复合的轴类零件修复工艺,即在焊枪后紧邻一个轧辊,对沉积层进行轧制,使材料在高温下发生塑性变形。开发、制造和测试了一种新型设备,并在316L不锈钢轴上进行了修复实验。研究了轧制对修复件拉伸性能、硬度和微观结构的影响,并对沉积层和结合界面进行了电子背散射衍射(EBSD)表征。结果 轧制导致了动态再结晶(DRX)形核从而细化了微观组织。与基体金属相比,修复层的硬度提高了20%~30%,屈服强度从220 MPa提高到432 MPa,极限抗拉强度从540 MPa提高到595 MPa。结论 采用电弧熔丝和轧制复合的修复工艺可以细化修复层微观组织,提高修复层的力学性能,该工艺可以有效解决轴类零件的修复问题。     

轧制温度对Al−4.5Cu−1.5Mg−0.5Zr合金显微组织及性能影响

目的 优化加工工艺,改善合金的组织,提高合金的力学性能。方法 采用金相(OM)观察、拉伸试验和X射线衍射,分析在大应变轧制下冷轧结合T6态处理后板材的成形性能,引入Williamson-Hall模型和Taylor函数,分析合金内部位错密度的变化规律及其对力学性能的影响。结果 随着前期轧制温度从350 ℃升高到400 ℃,合金晶粒得到明显细化,再结晶充分,晶粒尺寸细小,晶界处第二相粗大;冷轧后晶粒破碎严重,晶粒的碎化方向与轧制方向垂直;在350 ℃时,合金内部的位错密度为1.62×10¹⁵ m^?2,位错密度对强度的贡献值为219.5 MPa,其抗拉强度最大为602 MPa、屈服强度为512 MPa、伸长率为12.6%。结论 Al?4.5Cu?1.5Mg?0.5Zr合金的晶粒组织明显细化,其力学性能得到提升。     

脉冲电沉积纳米晶镍沉积层的力学性能研究

为了提高镍沉积层的显微硬度和抗拉强度,采用传统的Watt镀液通过脉冲电沉积制得纳米镍沉积层.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)方法分析了沉积层的表面形貌、织构和晶粒大小与脉冲参数的关系.分析表明,微观形貌为胞状结构,平均晶粒尺寸为10.3 nm;随着占空比减小,晶粒得以细化.研究了脉冲参数对纳米镍镀层显微硬度、抗拉强度的影响,最大显微硬度达到591 HV,最大拉伸强度达900MPa,分别为直流镍镀层的4.0和1.4倍;热处理试验表明,200℃热处理有利于提高镍镀层的显微硬度.     

Formation of ultrafine grained microstructure in the austenitic stainless steel and its impact on tensile properties

Commercial grade AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel was heavily cold rolled to 90% of thickness reduction. The cold rolled material was subjected to repetitive annealing treatment for short duration of 45-60 s at various temperatures. The microstructure of the cold rolled and after annealing was studied by optical as well as transmission electron microscope. The microstructural examination of the specimens after repetitive annealing process revealed the formation of ultrafine grain size microstructure. It was also noted that depending on the processing condition the grain size distribution varied widely. The tensile testing of the annealed specimen showed that the yield strength increased by 4-5 times that of the coarse grained material. However, a loss in the strain hardening ability was observed in these specimens. A good combination of yield strength and ductility for ultrafine grained stainless steel as compared to the coarse grained material could be obtained by the optimization of the microstructure.     

L80 pipe steel microstructure assessment using ultrasonic testing

The potential exists to use ultrasonic shear velocity for real-time microstructure assessment of the quenching step in the heat treatment of L80 steel pipe. L80 steel samples were austenitised and subsequently cooled in different quench mediums (water, oil, heated oil, air and furnace) to produce microstructures ranging from primarily martensite to coarse ferrite/pearlite mixed structures. Following heat treatment, the samples were ultrasonically tested, tensile and hardness tested and metallographically examined. The shear wave velocity was observed to increase as the underlying microstructure of each sample changed from primarily martensite, to primarily bainite and finally to coarse ferrite + pearlite. The measured shear wave velocity exhibited an inverse linear dependence on both yield strength and microhardness.     

On the origin of the high tensile strength and ductility of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel: Multiscale investigation

We report that 316L austenitic stainless steel fabricated by direct laser deposition(DLD), an additive manufacturing(AM) process, have a higher yield strength than that of conventional 316L while keeping high ductility. More interestingly, no clear anisotropy in tensile properties was observed between the building and the scanning direction of the 3D printed steel. Metallographic examination of the as-built parts shows a heterogeneous solidification cellular microstructure. Transmission electron microscopy observations coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry(EDS) reveal the presence of chemical micro-segregation correlated with high dislocation density at cell boundaries as well as the in-situ formation of well-dispersed oxides and transition-metal-rich precipitates. The hierarchical heterogeneous microstructure in the AM parts induces excellent strength of the 316L stainless steel while the low staking fault energy of the as-built 316L promotes the occurrence of abundant deformation twinning, in the origin of the high ductility of the AM steel. Without additional post-process treatments, the AM 316L proves that it can be used as a structural material or component for repair in mechanical construction.     

热成形淬火对QP1180/22MnB5激光拼焊板组织与性能的影响

目的 对QP1180和22MnB5激光拼焊板进行热成形试验,以解决超高强钢板材焊后的软化问题。方法 选择QP1180和22MnB5异种高强钢作为母材进行激光自熔焊,对焊后的激光拼焊板进行热成形试验,通过体式显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、液压拉伸试验机和维氏硬度计等手段,分析热成形前后激光拼焊板微观组织和力学性能的变化。结果 与焊态拉伸试样相比,热成形试样抗拉强度提高了135%,断后伸长率降低了55%,拉伸试样都在22MnB5母材处断裂,均为塑性断裂。在热成形后,对焊接接头进行组织分析,发现QP1180母材区马氏体含量增加,22MnB5母材区和临界热影响区组织由珠光体和铁素体转变为马氏体,焊接接头热影响区各亚区的组织均转变为大小不同的板条马氏体。硬度测试结果表明,焊态试样焊接接头的QP1180临界区存在软化现象,硬度值最低为335HV,22MnB5侧硬度值由母材处向焊缝升高,母材硬度最低为170HV;而在热成形后,QP1180临界区软化现象消失,硬度值趋于平缓,22MnB5母材处硬度比焊态试样硬度高了2倍。结论 与焊态试样相比,经热成形后激光拼焊板的焊后软化问题得到了解决。     

Effect of surface nanocrystallization induced by fast multiple rotation rolling on mechanical properties of a low carbon steel

Fast multiple rotation rolling (FMRR), a novel and efficient surface nanocrystallization technique, was used to fabricate a nanostructured layer in the surface of low carbon steel. The microstructure of the surface layer was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties were investigated by microhardness measurements, tensile measurements and friction and wear tests. In addition, the fracture and wear scars morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results indicated that a deformation layer with thickness about 200 μm is clearly observed in the FMRR sample surface. A nanostructured layer of 30 μm thick is obtained, with grain size ranging from 8 to 18 nm and average grain size about 14 nm in the top surface layer. The microhardness of the FMRR sample change gradiently along the depth from about 316 HV in the top surface layer to about 160 HV in the matrix, which is nearly twice harder than that of the original sample. The ultimate tensile strength has also been markedly improved. And the friction and wear experiments show that tribological properties of the low carbon steel have been enhanced by FMRR treatment.     

Study on dislocation density,microstructure, and mechanical properties of P92 steel for different heat treatment conditions

The impact of various heat treatment procedures on microstructure, dislocation density, hardness, tensile characteristics, and impact toughness of P92 steel was examined in the current experiment. The martensitic microstructure and average microhardness of 463 HV 0.2±8 HV 0.2 of the normalized steel were prevalent. A tempering procedure was carried out at 760 °C for a range of 2 hours to 6 hours. Additionally, an X-ray diffraction examination was carried out, and the results were used to determine the dislocation density. The normalized sample was characterized by a high dislocation density. The dislocation density was decreased by tempering of normalized samples. With an increase in tempering time, the effect of the treatment coarsened the grains, precipitates, and decreased the area fraction of precipitates. After tempering, MX, M₂₃C₆, and M₇C₃ types precipitates were found to have precipitated, according to energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction research. The ideal tempering period was determined to be 4 hours at a tempering temperature of 760 °C based on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics. Steel that was tempered at 760 °C for 4 hours had a yield strength of 472 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 668.02 MPa, and an elongation of 26.05 %, respectively.     

Effect of calcium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of brazed joint using Ag–Cu–Zn brazing filler metal

The induction brazing of 316LN stainless steel using Ag–Cu–Zn filler metal containing various content of Ca was carried out to investigate the influence of impurity element Ca on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the brazed joint. The results showed that Ca additions caused the coarser of the grains and their irregular distribution. Increase of the Ca content resulted in the formations of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) CaCu which perhaps lead to the formations of voids. All of the calcium-containing brazed joints performed better in microhardness than calcium-free ones and brazed joints containing 0.003 wt.% Ca showed the highest microhardness of 203HV. While the tensile strength decreased with the increment of Ca, from 460 MPa to 400 MPa. The combination effects of coarser grains, brittle IMCs and voids conduced to the reduction of tensile strength and microhardness of the brazed joints.     

Enhanced tensile properties of 316L steel via grain refinement and low-strain rolling

Excellent strength–ductility synergy of metallic materials is significant for their industrial applications. This study presents a fine-grained 316L stainless sheet (average grain size of ～5?µm) with a good combination of strength and ductility achieved via low-strain cold rolling (rolling strain of 30%). The fabricated steel sheet exhibits maximum yield strength and ultimate tensile strength values of 1045 and 1080?MPa, respectively, with a uniform elongation of 7%. Experimental results confirm that the high density of dislocations, strain-induced martensitic phase, and deformation twins together contribute to the high strength of the rolled stainless steel. Moreover, its good ductility is attributable to the strain-induced martensitic transformation and deformation twins.     

Surface treatment of a 316L type stainless steel by explosive: microstructural characterization and monotonic tensile behaviour

A new surface-treatment process using a thin layer of primary explosive was applied to a 316L type stainless steel. The induced microstructural modifications and the residual mechanical properties of the treated material have been evaluated. The surface roughness quality and the microhardness increase are higher than after usual shot-peening treatments. The near-surface microstructure, observed by transmission electron microscopy, is composed of numerous mechanical twins the density of which decreases with increasing depth. The yield strength (0.2% offset) of the treated layer has been evaluated and related to the mean value of the microhardness in this layer.     

Weldability,microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded selective laser melted 304 stainless steel joints

Laser welding is a promising process for joining small components produced by selective laser melting (SLM) to fabricate the large-scale and complex-shaped parts. In the work, the morphology, microstructure, microhardness, tensile properties and corrosion resistance of the laser welded stress-relieved SLMed 304 stainless steel joints are investigated, as the different sections of stress-relieved SLMed 304 stainless steel are joined. Results show that the SLMed 304 stainless steel plates have a good laser weldability. The microstructure of laser-welded joints consists of the cellular dendrites in austenite matrix within columnar grains, exhibiting a coarser dendrite structure, lower microhardness (∼220 HV) and tensile properties (tensile strength of ∼750 MPa, and area reduction of ∼27.6%), but superior corrosion resistance to those of SLMed plates. The dendrite arm spacing of the joints varies from ∼3.7 μm in center zone, to ∼5.0 μm in fusion zone, to ∼2.5 μm in epitaxial zone. The SLMed anisotropy shows a negligible effect on the microstructure and performance of the laser-welded joints. The laser welding along the building directions of the SLMed base plates can induce a slightly finer dendritic structure and higher tensile properties.