桅杆结构风振疲劳及可靠性分析

运用Monte Carlo方法对桅杆结构的非线性风振响应进行了计算。应用雨流法统计了纤绳节点板焊缝在服役期间内的应力幅及对应的循环次数。基于Miner线性累积损伤准则,计算得到了结构的疲劳寿命。以桅杆结构纤绳节点板焊缝的极限疲劳循环次数作为随机变量,利用可靠度理论分析了焊缝在不同服役期的疲劳可靠度。     

Bewertung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Baustrukturen in Offshore‐Windenergie‐Anlagen

Fatigue assessment of support structures for offshore wind energy converters. The structure of wind energy converters secures a reliable energy production. Hence an adequate reliability of the structure and additionally permanent assessment and maintenance is required. Within this paper methods for the assessment of the important damage mechanism fatigue in combination with monitoring of the fatigue reliability utilizing damage indicators are proposed. These methods comprise structural system, material degradation and probabilistic models as well as monitoring data of an offshore wind energy converter prototype. The structural reliability of the structure as designed is calculated based on an overall dynamic analysis using a SN‐approach. Herewith fatigue sensitive components are identified. Damage indicators for monitoring the fatigue reliability based on damage equivalent strains are presented.     

影响不对称支撑圆形钢天线风致疲劳寿命的因素

在求得结构不同风向、风速下风致响应以及结构所在位置处的风速风向联合分布函数的基础上,基于经典的疲劳累积损伤理论,对一实际不对称支撑圆形截面钢结构进行风致疲劳寿命估计。通过实例分析的结果,讨论了风向、结构表面粗糙度、涡激共振以及平均风速等重要因素对结构风致疲劳寿命的影响。计算结果表明:1)风向对结构的风致疲劳累积损伤影响较大,在出现概率大的风向区间内造成的疲劳累积损伤较大;2)结构表面粗糙度对结构的风致疲劳寿命影响也较大,疲劳寿命随着表面粗糙度的增加而减小;3)涡激共振对结构的疲劳寿命有一定的影响,在计算结构的风致疲劳寿命时,不应该忽略涡激共振的影响;4)平均风荷载对结构的风致疲劳寿命影响较小。     

Wind-induced failure of wind turbines

Models of loading and structural behaviour for use in lifetime prediction of propeller type wind turbines are discussed. The emphasis is on wind-induced loads, which are separated into periodic dynamic loads due to rotation in the spatially nonuniform mean windfield, and stationary stochastic loads due to wind turbulence. Turbulence is represented by auto- and cross-spectra of the turbulent wind speed fluctuations. The spectra are derived, however, for the turbulence as seen from points of a rotating wind turbine blade, which significantly changes the shape of the spectra. Structural response is calculated in the frequency domain and the stress responses appear as a combined periodic and stochastic signal. A fatigue model and a simple approach to extreme response calculations have been derived, which take into account both the periodic and the stochastic parts of the stress response. Assuming that failure occurs either by a slow accumulation of damage or by a sudden exceedence of a critical value for the stresses, the models can be used in the design phase when predicting the lifetime and assessing the safety of a wind-turbine structure. Finally, results from applying the model are presented and compared with available measured data.     

风-冰联合作用下风电塔高强螺栓疲劳可靠度分析

针对风力机塔筒法兰联结螺栓结构特殊、受力复杂、易于失效等特点,对风-冰联合作用下高强螺栓节点的疲劳可靠度进行了研究。首先通过谐波叠加法生成风速时程,按照概化冰力函数求出作用于风电塔上的冰力时程; 然后应用ANSYS建立风电塔模型,施加生成的风荷载及动冰荷载,得到法兰中心处的应力时程曲线; 基于Schmidt-Neuper理论及有限元方法分别对法兰联结螺栓结构进行计算,得到法兰受载与螺栓应力之间的关系; 通过MATLAB多项式拟合得到外荷载作用下螺栓的应力时程曲线; 最后基于累积损伤理论,计算螺栓在不同荷载工况下的疲劳可靠度,并讨论预紧力、螺栓位置、冰速对其疲劳可靠度的影响。结果表明:考虑冰载后螺栓的疲劳可靠度均有所下降,冰载对螺栓疲劳可靠度的影响不容忽视; 预紧力的大小对风载作用下的螺栓疲劳可靠度影响较大,对冰载作用下的螺栓疲劳可靠度影响不大; 螺栓所在位置对各荷载工况下的螺栓疲劳可靠度均存在较大影响,且对冰载作用下的螺栓疲劳可靠度影响最为明显; 法兰所受外荷载大于使螺栓节点分开所需的荷载时,会增加螺栓的应力幅值,从而降低其疲劳可靠度; 冰载作用下影响螺栓疲劳可靠度的主要因素为冰激作用导致的塔架共振。     

Wind-induced fatigue of structures under neutral and non-neutral atmospheric conditions

The authors of this paper have carried out a wide research project aimed at determining the wind-induced fatigue of structures, hypothesising the wind field as neutrally stratified, as it is typical of evaluations addressed to ultimate loading conditions. As wind-induced fatigue is sensitive to moderate wind velocities, for which stable or unstable atmospheric conditions can occur, this paper extends the procedures previously established to non-neutral thermal stratifications. The mean wind velocity profile and the cross-power spectral density functions of the atmospheric turbulence are expressed in terms of the Monin–Obukhov length. The occurrence of stable, unstable and neutral conditions is taken into account by means of the joint probability distribution of the mean wind velocity and direction and of the Monin–Obukhov length. The effects of non-neutral stratifications on the structural response and on the mean fatigue life are preliminary discussed with reference to an example concerning a steel chimney.     

Evaluation of crack growth in miter gate weldments using stochastic fracture mechanics

Many of the welded-steel miter gates found in the lock and dam system in the inland waterway system in the United States have been in service for decades and are experiencing varying degrees of degradation, primarily from fatigue and corrosion. This paper presents a finite element-based probabilistic method for assessing fatigue damage in existing miter gate structures, synthesizing several recent research developments in structural reliability for the analysis of a practical engineering problem. Analyses of miter gate structural performance revealed that the fatigue limit state often is more significant than is traditionally assumed by designers. The results of a comprehensive stochastic fatigue analysis of two gates emphasized the importance of fabrication and inspection quality control in minimizing fatigue damage in service. To support planning of inspection intervals, order statistics were used to predict the time to early fatigue failures in a structure with a number of similar weld details. This study demonstrates that stochastic fatigue analysis can be used as a practical tool for assessing the fatigue performance observed in some miter gates and for inspection and maintenance planning. It also was found that poor fatigue performance can be mitigated by modest improvements in detailing practices and inspection methods, rather than by costly changes in design practices.     

Fatigue damage analysis of reinforced concrete column considering low‐cycle behavior of HRB400 steel

In this study, a damage model‐based fatigue behavior is proposed. To consider the fatigue behavior of steel in the damage model, the experimental research on reinforcing steel bar grades HRB400 was presented. The monotonic tension test and low‐cycle fatigue test were carried out. The plastic strain amplitude–fatigue cycle (ε_p–2N_f) curve and plastic strain amplitude–strength loss factor (ε_p–?_SR) curve were obtained. The fatigue parameters (C_f, C_d, and α) were proposed by nonlinear fitting. The specimens were simulated using the “Reinforcing Steel” material in “OpenSees” program. These fatigue parameters were proved to accurately describe the fatigue behavior of HRB400 rebar. Moreover, to verify the application of fatigue damage model in RC column, fiber‐based element models were established based on the quasi‐static cyclic test on RC columns. The calculated results agreed well with those of the tests. The damage degree of RC column was calculated by the recorded stress–strain curves of material. The proposed fatigue parameters could be referred in damage model based on material fatigue behavior.     

焊接空间网架结构全寿命期风致疲劳分析

针对焊接空间网架结构在服役期内,随使用年限增加而导致结构刚度逐渐降低,加剧结构风致疲劳损伤,提出对结构进行全寿命期风致疲劳分析,以研究结构整个服役期风致抗疲劳性能,保证结构使用安全。通过分析焊接节点与杆件之间连接刚度随裂缝损伤变化的关系,建立网架结构连接刚度可变模型;通过高周疲劳试验,获得节点与杆件之间焊材的应力-寿命(S-N)曲线及疲劳参数;对结构进行风致响应分析,得到结构杆件连接处的应力时程,利用雨流计数法对应力时程进行循环计数,采用Basquin模型的疲劳寿命估算公式和Miner线性累加损伤理论,得到杆件连接处的累积疲劳损伤值和疲劳寿命。以武汉体育中心游泳馆屋顶网架结构为背景,分析了该结构在无焊接缺陷、有10%的焊接缺陷随机分布和最不利分布三种工况下的100年使用期内,随服役期增加、结构刚度不断降低时的所有杆件疲劳损伤程度。结果表明：网架结构在服役早期,杆件连接处就出现了疲劳损伤和连接刚度降低,随使用年限增加,结构连接刚度进一步降低,疲劳损伤程度也不断加剧,发生连接疲劳破坏的杆件数量大幅增加;特别是有焊接初始缺陷时,结构刚度降低更快,发生连接疲劳破坏的杆件数量更多;即使在良态风环境下,也有杆件连接处发生了疲劳破坏。     

插环式风机基础疲劳损伤机理研究

通过对国内多台问题风机基础进行现场勘查和基础环水平度,混凝土强度及基础环下法兰视频探测等,分析了插环式风机基础的风致疲劳损伤。结果表明插环式风机基础疲劳损伤形成及演变主要包括3个阶段,即主风向初始裂缝;裂缝扩展至下法兰,下法兰松动导致其周边混凝土经研磨形成空腔,上穿环孔内及周边混凝土压溃;随着下法兰周边空腔的加大,基础环因上下位移加大而导致上穿环钢筋与基础环接触而被疲劳剪断,风机筒身亦因倾斜过大以致于无法正常运行。根据风机基础荷载,对最不利穿环钢筋单元进行了基于极端荷载和疲劳强度工况下的承载力验算,认为穿环钢筋的存在难以满足风机基础受剪承载力要求,建议设计中应采取相应措施予以加强。     

Stochastic analysis of fatigue of concrete bridges

A novel method is proposed in this work for the assessment of the remaining fatigue life and fatigue reliability of concrete bridges subjected to random loads. The fatigue reliability of a bridge is a function of the fatigue damage accumulation; a stochastic fatigue damage model (SFDM) with physical mechanism is introduced for deriving the fatigue damage process. In order to implement the probabilistic analysis, based on the probability density evolution method (PDEM), the generalised density evolution equation (GDEE) for the remaining fatigue life is developed. Finally, a prestressed concrete continuous beam bridge located in China is illustrated. The random fatigue load acting on the bridge is modelled as the compound Poisson process, and the simulation of the random load uses the stochastic harmonic function (SHF) method. To simplify the reliability analysis, an equivalent constant-amplitude (ECA) load process is introduced based on energy equivalence. By employing SFDM, the finite element analysis of the bridge under the fatigue loading is performed. Then, the fatigue damage accumulation process of the bridge under the fatigue loading is obtained. Through solving the probability density evolution equation for the remaining fatigue life, the probability density functions (PDFs) of the remaining fatigue life evolving with time is obtained. The fatigue reliability is then calculated by integrating the PDF of the corresponding remaining life.     

武汉体育中心游泳馆屋顶网架结构风致疲劳性能分析

以武汉体育中心游泳馆屋顶网架结构为研究对象,分析其在随机风荷载作用下的疲劳损伤性能。先根据该结构风洞试验结果结合数值模拟得到作用在结构上的风荷载,再利用ANSYS对结构进行应变时程分析,通过雨流计数法进行应变循环历程统计,最后基于Miner损伤准则计算总累加损伤和估算疲劳寿命。据此编制了适用于网架结构疲劳分析的程序,可计算出所有杆件在不同工况下的风致疲劳损伤值和疲劳寿命。为了研究结构在损伤情况下的疲劳性能,分析获得了不同风向角下的易损杆件,假设这些杆件首先发生刚度降低,来分析结构完好、有损伤结构在设计风速和良态风速下的疲劳性能。结果表明:在设计风速下结构完好时,有杆件会发生疲劳损伤或破坏;随着结构刚度降低,发生疲劳损伤和破坏的杆件数量大幅增加;即使是在良态风速下,随着结构刚度降低,在100年建筑使用寿命内也出现了杆件疲劳损伤和破坏;对网架结构来说,特别是当结构有损伤服役时,风致疲劳是结构巨大安全隐患,应引起高度重视。     

既有高耸钢结构风致疲劳寿命时域分析方法及实例

以某港区高杆照明装置为例,探讨了既有高耸钢结构风致疲劳寿命的时域分析方法。该方法首先通过现场实测校正结构动力分析模型,而后采用谐波叠加法模拟脉动风场,计算脉动风动力作用下结构控制细节应力谱,最后基于现场风向风速监测资料统计得到的各风向概率及相应的风速分布,采用热点应力法估算各控制细节年疲劳损伤度及剩余疲劳耐久年数。实例计算结果与现场实际情况吻合较好,可供类似结构的风致疲劳分析参考。     

Fatigue assessment of a composite railway bridge for high speed trains. Part I: Modeling and fatigue critical details

Steel bridges for high speed trains may sustain excessive fatigue damage due to stronger dynamic effects induced by the increased train speed. Dynamic tests were carried out on a composite railway bridge for high speed trains. A detailed finite element (FE) model of the bridge was established and validated by the dynamic test results. Six types of structural details in the bridge were considered for fatigue evaluation. The stress history of each concerned detail during a single train passage was generated by the validated FE model. The stress spectrum, obtained through Rainflow cycle counting of stress history, was used to calculate the fatigue damage of each detail, based on the detail category specified S–N design curve and the Palmgren–Miner damage rule. Among various structural details, the load carrying fillet weld around the gusset plate of the diagonal bracing at the bridge bearing is predicted to be the most fatigue critical detail. In this paper, a general methodology for determination of fatigue critical details is presented, which can serve as a basis of enhanced fatigue evaluation by using local stress approaches. In “Part II: conditions for which a dynamic analysis is needed” as the continuation of this paper, fatigue assessment will be investigated based on the dynamic stresses predicted by different approaches, i.e. static analysis considering dynamic amplification factor, direct dynamic analysis with a moving load model or a train–bridge interaction model.     

在役钢结构吊车梁上部区域破损原因分析及其疲劳可靠度研究

通过有限元计算和按现行《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ 17- 88)计算结果的对比分析 ,对在役钢结构吊车梁上部区域破损原因进行分析 ,探讨了按“规范”(GBJ 17- 88)设计与实际受力情况的差别 ,提出了设计、施工与使用中存在的问题。然后研究了在役钢结构吊车梁的疲劳可靠度 ,并指出新的《钢结构设计规范》(GB5 0 0 17)中有关疲劳设计应注意的问题     

海上风机部分埋入群桩水平-摇摆振动与结构共振分析

对于海上风机部分埋入群桩基础,风机结构的高度将导致基础承受较大的倾覆力矩,因而在风机振动分析中需要考虑到基础的摇摆特性。为避免发生共振,风机结构第一阶自振频率应避开风轮转动频率（1P频率）和叶片通过频率（3P或2P频率）。目前关于风机结构动力特性的研究常常以底部刚性固定为假定,忽略了地基基础的影响,因而可能带来误差。结合既有研究成果,推导简化解析方法研究了部分埋入群桩基础的水平-摇摆耦合振动特性以及基础阻抗对风机结构共振特性的影响。首先,推导了采用动力Winkler地基模型的部分埋入群桩基础水平-摇摆动力阻抗,与精确解进行对比,验证了方法的正确性;其次,考虑基础阻抗的作用,推导了风机结构水平-摇摆振动方程;最后,通过简化方法和频域有限元方法对不同地基条件下某风机结构的共振特性及基础阻抗进行了计算和对比,研究了基础阻抗对结构共振特性的影响,并验证了简化方法的正确性。     

碳纤维布加固钢结构疲劳试验研究

钢构件疲劳损坏是钢结构破坏的主要形式之一 ,通过对拉 -拉应力状态下碳纤维布加固钢结构K形焊缝疲劳性能的试验研究与分析 ,认为在钢构件焊缝部位粘贴碳纤维能够有效降低焊趾处的应力集中 ,明显改善钢构件的疲劳性能 ,从而延长钢结构疲劳构件的使用寿命 ,具有很高的应用价值。     

腐蚀环境下钢筋混凝土结构疲劳可靠度的分析方法

疲劳分析与验算是承受反复荷载作用结构设计的重要内容之一,相应的可靠度为疲劳可靠度.当结构处于腐蚀环境时,由于腐蚀介质的侵蚀,结构疲劳性能的降低要比静态性能的降低明显.本文研究了腐蚀环境下钢筋混凝土结构的疲劳可靠度问题,提出了相应的计算方法.计算表明,依赖于钢筋的锈蚀程度,钢筋混凝土结构的疲劳可靠度有不同程度的下降.     

Flutter and buffeting performances of Third Nanjing Bridge over Yangtze River under yaw wind via aeroelastic model test

Third Nanjing Bridge over Yangtze River in China is a long-span steel cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 648 m and a closed streamline cross-section of single box. The flutter and buffeting performances of the bridge under yaw winds were investigated via a wind tunnel test of full bridge aeroelastic model at a geometric scale of 1:120. The service state and three key construction states including the longest single-cantilever state, the longest double-cantilever state with a temporary pier, and the longest double-cantilever state without any temporary pier, were considered in the test. The test was conducted in both smooth and simulated boundary layer wind fields with various combinations of wind yaw angle and inclination angle. The model was elaborately designed and manufactured, and the modal properties of the service-state model were checked before the test. The natural frequencies and mode shapes were identified automatically using a self-developed special software from the acceleration signals recorded in an ambient vibration test, where an “artificial” turbulent wind with lower mean speed of 1 m/s was used as a major ambient excitation addition to the “natural” one from the slight ground trembling. The modal damping ratios were checked using free-decay vibration approach. The testing results show that the bridge has enough aerodynamic stability for all structural states and wind directions concerned, and the most unfavorable buffeting responses often occur in yaw wind case with a yaw angle between 5° and 30°.     

格构式桅杆顺风向风振疲劳可靠性分析

本文首先研究了桅杆风振疲劳分析的风荷载、风振响应和疲劳损伤计算 ,并根据风洞试验结果得到了带宽修正系数 ,采用等效窄带法计算桅杆的疲劳寿命。通过引入三个对数正态分布随机变量来考虑桅杆疲劳分析过程中的不确定性 ,用Wirsching模型计算了一个格构式桅杆的疲劳可靠性 ,算例表明用可靠度指标对应桅杆疲劳寿命的表达形式更有参考意义