Wind-induced loading and dynamic responses of a row of tall buildings under strong interference

This paper studies wind-induced interference effects on a row of five square-plan tall buildings arranged in close proximity. Mean and fluctuating wind loads are measured on each building member and wind-induced dynamic responses of the building are estimated with the high-frequency force-balance technique. The modifications of building responses from interference over a practical range of reduced velocities are represented by an envelope interference factor. Wind tunnel experiments and response analysis are carried out under all possible angles of wind incidence, at four different building separation distances, and for two arrangement patterns of buildings in the row, that is the parallel and diamond patterns. It is found that building interference leads to amplified dynamic responses in many cases but reduction in responses also occurs at some wind incidence. For a building row of the parallel pattern, five distinct wind incidence sectors of different levels and mechanisms of interference effect can be identified. The largest values of envelope interference factors can reach 2.4 for the torsional responses. When the row of tall buildings is arranged in the diamond pattern, increase in wind excitation occurs at many wind angles due to a “wind catchment” effect. The interference factors have larger peak values, reaching 2.1 in the sway directions and above 4 in torsion. However, all large amplifications of building responses do not occur in the situations of peak resonant dynamic responses of the single isolated building. Thus, the design values of peak dynamic responses of a tall building are not significantly magnified when placed in a row.     

Interference excitation mechanisms on a 3DOF aeroelastic CAARC building model

A comprehensive wind tunnel test program was conducted to investigate interference excitation mechanisms on translational and torsional responses of an identical pair of tall buildings. Motion responses of a three-degree-of-freedom aeroelastic building model were measured. Both upstream and downstream interference effects were studied in this research. The experimental results showed that with an open terrain wind model, both dynamic translational and dynamic torsional responses generally increased under interference effects for an operating reduced wind velocity of 6. Measured response spectra indicated that amplified along-wind, cross-wind and torsional responses were largely induced by the wake of an upstream interfering building. The significance of interference effects and the dominant interference mechanisms depended upon the location of the aeroelastic model in the wake region. Furthermore, coupled translational–torsional motion of the aeroelastic building model tested was found to cause only small increases in the resultant motions at the building corner.     

The effect of plan ratios on wind interference of two tall buildings

Tall buildings are vulnerable to lateral loading. The facades of these buildings are susceptible to wind loads. It is very difficult to assess the wind condition around the tall building in the presence of other surrounding buildings due to the wind interference effect. An experiment is carried out in the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel at Tokyo Polytechnic University, Japan, to study the wind interference effect on tall buildings with varying plan ratios. The maximum and minimum local peak pressure coefficient contours on front face of the principal building are plotted. The interference effect is quantified in terms of interference zone charts. It is observed that interference zones extend over a larger area as the building plan ratios increases. The minimum interference factor depends on the plan ratios of the interfering building especially along the oblique direction. The results of this study may be useful for the preliminary design of cladding of tall buildings with interfering buildings.     

Interference effects on wind loading of a row of closely spaced tall buildings

Interference effects on a row of square-plan tall buildings arranged in close proximity are investigated with wind tunnel experiments. Wind forces and moments on each building in the row are measured with the base balance under different wind incidence angles and different separation distances between buildings. As a result of sheltering, inner buildings inside the row are found to experience much reduced wind load components acting along direction of the row (x) at most wind angles, as compared to the isolated building situation. However, these load components may exhibit phenomena of upwind-acting force and even negative drag force. Increase in x-direction wind loads is observed on the upwind edge building when wind blows at an oblique angle to the row. Other interference effects on y-direction wind loads and torsion are described. Pressure measurements on building walls and numerical computation of wind flow are carried out at some flow cases to explore the interference mechanisms. At wind angle around 30° to the row, wind is visualized to flow through the narrow building gaps at high speeds, resulting in highly negative pressure on associated building walls. This negative pressure and the single-wake behavior of flow over the row of buildings provide explanations for the observed interference effects. Interference on fluctuating wind loads is also investigated. Across-wind load fluctuations are much smaller than the isolated building case with the disappearance of vortex shedding peak in the load spectra. Buildings in a row thus do not exhibit resonant across-wind response at reduced velocities around 10 as an isolated square-plan tall building.     

高层建筑风荷载研究成果的述评

高层建筑风荷载研究,是结构风工程最重要的研究内容之一。深入开展建筑物表面风荷载研究、建筑物风致响应研究、建筑物风荷载干扰和舒适性研究,对于正确分析高层建筑风荷载的力学响应,保证结构的安全性与适应性,具有重要的指导意义。本文论述了高层建筑风荷载研究领域的主要成就和最新进展,并对其研究发展思路提出了一些看法。     

不同断面宽度群体高层建筑的动力干扰效应(第1部分 顺风向响应)

基于高频底座力天平技术,研究了不同宽度比的两个和三个建筑物间的顺风向动力干扰效应。文中采用了神经网络、统计和谱分析等方法对干扰特性和机理进行了分析。结果显示,当受扰建筑位于上游施扰建筑物的尾流边界时,会产生较大的动力响应;并且两个施扰建筑物的联合干扰作用会比单个施扰建筑物的干扰作用强,在B类地貌下两个施扰建筑物测出的干扰因子(IF)会比单个施扰建筑的增加79%。位于上游的施扰建筑所脱落的旋涡会使受扰建筑产生涡激共振响应并且产生数倍于非共振情况的IF值,尤其对于小宽度的施扰建筑,在较小的折算风速时就会产生涡激共振问题。粗糙化地貌的高湍流度会对上游施扰建筑尾流的旋涡形成产生一定的抑制作用,在D类地貌下的IF值要远小于B类地貌情况,但在D类地貌下观察到IF值仍有2.2。     

高层建筑风致扭转荷载的干扰效应研究

在相邻建筑物的干扰下,受扰高层建筑的风荷载与其在孤立状态下相比会有较大的变化。本文采用动态测力天平技术,通过模型风洞试验研究了方形截面高层建筑在周边另一个同样建筑的气动干扰下,其平均、脉动和峰值扭转风荷载的干扰效应,分析了建筑物间距、风场和风向角等参数的影响。研究表明,高层建筑扭转荷载的干扰效应很显著,B类风场0°风向角下,峰值扭矩干扰因子IFp可达2.1,45°风向角下更可高达3.5。最后通过分析受扰模型的基底扭矩谱讨论了上游建筑旋涡脱落的影响。     

错列布置超高层建筑群的干扰效应研究

对实际超高层建筑群进行群体和单体塔楼两次同步测压风洞试验。通过两次试验测量结果,考察风向及塔楼位置对顺风向、横风向和扭转方向的主体结构承受风荷载以及围护结构的极值风压的影响,并结合风压试验结果及CFD流场计算结果对干扰机理进行说明。研究结果表明,处于中间位置的2号塔楼的扭转干扰放大作用非常显著,较为不利的风向为110°风向,该风向下扭转方向的静力干扰因子达到1.53;沿弱轴Y方向和扭转方向的动力放大因子达到1.32和1.37。     

Across-wind loads of typical tall buildings

Previous studies have indicated that the across-wind dynamic responses of super-tall buildings are usually larger than the along-wind ones. With the increase of heights, the across-wind dynamic response of super-tall buildings has been a problem of great concern. In this paper, 15 typical tall building models are tested with high-frequency force balance technique in a wind tunnel to obtain the first-mode generalized across-wind dynamic forces. New formulas for the power spectra of the across-wind dynamic forces, the coefficients of base moment and shear force are then derived. Parametric analyses of the effects of factors on the across-wind loads of the buildings are performed. Besides, a SDOF aeroelastic model of a square tall building with an aspect ratio of 6 is selected from the above buildings and is tested to investigate its across-wind dynamic response and aerodynamic damping characteristics. The power spectrum of the across-wind force of the square building is employed to compute its across-wind dynamic responses with and without considering the effect of the aerodynamic damping. The computed responses are then compared with the corresponding responses from the aeroelastic model test to verify the present formulas of the across-wind loads of buildings.     

Across‐wind dynamic response of high‐rise building under wind action with interference effects from one and two tall buildings

Systematic studies on the across‐wind dynamic interference effects on two and three tall buildings are presented in this paper. It is found that surrounding and upstream interfering building(s) can significantly affect the across‐wind load on the interfered principal building. Generally speaking, two interfering buildings can cause more adverse dynamic effects on the principal building than a single one does. The results show that the maximum interference factor (IF) among three buildings increases 80% over that between two buildings in terrain category B which has been defined in Chinese load code for design of building structures; a noticeable difference of 29% of IF is also observed in terrain category D. Vortex shedding from the upstream buildings can lead to vortex‐induced resonance, resulting in excessive across‐wind loads on the downstream building. Although interference effects in terrain category D are much smaller than those in exposure category B, the maximum IF is found to be 1·83 in the case of three buildings with the same size in terrain category D and 2·27 in other configurations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simplified formulas for evaluation of wind-induced interference effects among three tall buildings

The base-bending moment (BBM) response and the mean BBM of grouped high-rise buildings are studied by a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using the high-frequency force balance technique. Interference excitations of two upwind buildings with various heights in different upwind terrains are considered. An effective method is proposed to represent the distribution of the envelope interference factor (EIF) among three tall buildings. The results show that two upstream buildings cause more adverse dynamic effects on the downstream building than a single upstream building does. Significant correlations are found in the distributions of the interference factors of different configurations and upwind terrains. Relevant regression equations are proposed to simplify the complexity of the multi-parameter wind-induced mean and dynamic interference effects among three tall buildings. Finally, an example of how to use the data provided in this paper and the proposed methodology is presented.     

Proposed robust tuned mass damper for response mitigation in buildings exposed to multidirectional wind

The most common device for control of tall buildings under wind loads is the tuned mass damper (TMD). However, during their lifetimes, high‐rise and slender buildings may experience natural frequency changes under wind speed, ambient temperatures and relative humidity variations, among other factors, which make the TMD design challenging. In this paper, a proposed approach for the design of robust TMDs is presented and investigated. The approach accounts for structural uncertainties, optimization objectives and input excitation (wind or earthquake). For the use of TMDs in buildings, practical design parameters can be different from the optimum ones. Nevertheless, predetermined optimal parameters for a primary structure with uncertainties are useful to attain design robustness. To illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach, an example of a very slender building with uncertain natural frequencies is presented. The building represents a case study of an engineered design that is instructive. Basically, due to its geometry, the building behaves differently in one lateral direction (cantilever building) than the other (shear building). The proposed approach shows its robustness and effectiveness in reducing the response of tall buildings under multidirectional wind loads. In addition, linear‐quadratic Gaussian and fuzzy logic controllers enhanced the performance of the TMD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integrated wind‐induced response analysis and design optimization of tall steel buildings using Micro‐GA

This paper presents an integrated procedure for wind‐induced response analysis and design optimization for rectangular steel tall buildings based on the random vibration theory and automatic least cost design optimization technique using Micro‐Genetic Algorithm (GA). The developed approach can predict wind‐induced drift and acceleration responses for serviceability design of a tall building; the technique can also provide an optimal resizing design of the building under wind loads to achieve cost‐efficient design. The empirical formulas of wind force spectra obtained from simultaneous measurements of surface pressures on various rectangular tall building models in wind tunnel tests are verified testified using a published example. Upon the known wind force spectra, the equivalent static wind loads for every storey, such as along‐wind, across‐wind and torsional loads, are then determined and applied for structural analysis including estimation of wind‐induced responses. An improved form of GAs, a Micro‐GA, is adopted to minimize the structural cost/weight of steel buildings subject to top acceleration and lateral drifts constraints with respect to the discrete design variables of steel section sizes. The application and effectiveness of the developed integrated wind‐induced response analysis and design optimization procedure is illustrated through a 30‐storey rectangular steel building example. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超高层建筑风荷载的试验研究

超高层建筑的风致振动是结构设计的主要控制因素之一。但目前对横风向风荷载的研究远不能满足工程应用和规范制定的需要。本文应用高频动态测力天平技术,对常见的１３种典型断面的超高层建筑模型进行了不同风场条件下的风洞试验,研究了其风荷载,特别是横风向风荷载。结果表明,外形和风场对风荷载有很大的影响,而长细比对无量纲风荷载的影响甚微。本文最后给出的一阶横风向广义风力系数谱的拟合公式,可供规范修订参考。     

受扰高层建筑的风致响应分析

受扰状态下高层建筑的静动力响应明显不同于单体建筑。以一实际姊妹塔楼为研究对象,根据风洞试验中获得的风压分布结果,计算塔楼结构的风致响应。风洞试验及结构响应计算不仅考虑了两栋塔楼同时存在的情况,还考虑一栋塔楼先期建成,另一塔楼尚未建造的情况。细致分析了不同风向下结构的平均及脉动位移响应、静动力干扰因子的特点。结果表明,施扰建筑位于受扰建筑正前方时具有最大的干扰效应,此时受扰塔楼的总位移峰值最小;而当受扰建筑处于施扰建筑下游时,在风向偏斜时,受扰塔楼的总位移峰值最大。     

Integrated aerodynamic load determination and stiffness design optimization of tall buildings

Modern tall steel buildings are wind sensitive and are prone to dynamic serviceability problems. Although wind tunnel techniques have emerged as valuable tools in providing reliable prediction of the wind‐induced loads and effects on tall buildings, current design practice normally considers the wind tunnel‐derived loads as constant static design loads. Such practice does not take into account the change in wind‐induced structural loads while the dynamic properties of a building are modified during the design synthesis process. This paper presents a computer‐based technique that couples together an aerodynamic wind tunnel load analysis routine and an element stiffness optimization method to minimize the cost of tall steel buildings subject to the lateral drift design criteria, while allowing for instantaneous prediction and updating of wind loads during the design synthesis process. Results of a full‐scale steel building framework with the same geometric shape of the Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council (CAARC) standard building indicate that not only is the proposed technique able to produce the cost‐effective element stiffness distribution of the structure satisfying the serviceability wind drift design criteria, but a potential benefit of reducing the design wind loads can also be achieved by the stiffness optimization method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

超高层建筑间的干扰效应:建筑外形的影响及干扰因子分布的相关特征

采用高频底座力天平方法,研究了不同断面形状的施扰建筑对一正方形断面受扰建筑的静力和动力干扰影响,分析了正方形断面施扰建筑和正方形切角断面施扰建筑的干扰效应的相关性。结果显示:施扰建筑结构断面的特征尺寸对其所产生的干扰响应起着关键性的作用,当施扰建筑的特征尺度相同时,切角和正方形截面施扰建筑的包络干扰因子(EIF)分布存在明显的相关性,并由此得到了一类特征尺寸相同的不同断面施扰建筑对包络干扰因子分布影响的回归关系(相关系数大于0.91,回归余差小于0.08),较大程度地简化了干扰响应研究结果的繁杂程度,简化了受扰建筑的荷载取值过程。     

高层建筑静风荷载的干扰效应研究

在相邻建筑物的干扰下,受扰高层建筑的风荷载与其在孤立状态下相比会有较大的变化。本文采用测力天平模型风洞试验研究了两个高层建筑间的静力干扰效应,得到了两个相同的方形截面建筑在不同相对位置时的静力干扰因子IFm。并且首次引入了正交试验法设计试验方案,研究了施扰建筑高度、截面尺寸和外形对顺风向静力干扰因子IFm的影响。应用人工神经网络方法对试验结果进行了模拟和推广,给出了IFm的等值线图,可供规范应用和参考。     

Dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network

This paper presents an alternative approach for predicting the dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model was developed, trained, and validated based on the data generated in the context of Indian Wind Code (IWC), IS 875 (Part 3):2015. According to the IWC, dynamic wind responses can be calculated for a specific configuration of buildings. The dynamic wind loads and their corresponding responses of structures other than the specified configurations in IWC have to be estimated by wind tunnel tests or computational techniques, which are expensive and time intensive. Alternatively, ANN is an efficient and economical computational analysis tool that can be implemented to estimate the dynamic wind response of a building. In this paper, ANN models were developed to predict base shear and base bending moment of a tall building in along‐ and across‐wind direction by giving the input as the configuration of the building, wind velocity, and terrain category. Multilayer perceptron ANN models with back‐propagation training algorithm was adopted. On comparison of results, it was found that the predicted values obtained from the ANN models and the calculated responses acquired using IWC standards are almost similar. Using the best fit model of ANN, an extensive parametric study was performed to predict the dynamic wind response of tall buildings for the configurations on which IWC is silent. Based on the results obtained from this study, design charts are developed for the prediction of dynamic wind response of tall buildings.     

群体高层建筑风致干扰效应研究进展

在高层建筑抗风设计中,正确地评估邻近建筑对风荷载的影响具有重要的理论和实用价值。从干扰机理、基底荷载干扰以及风压干扰3个方面总结与评述了国内外风致干扰效应的研究进展,列举了各国风荷载规范对干扰效应的条文规定;结合作者所在研究团队近十多年来进行的群体高层建筑的研究成果,对GB 50009-2012《建筑结构荷载规范》的风致干扰条文进行了补充说明,重点介绍了群体建筑气动干扰的量化方法,并强调了干扰效应的适用条件为折算风速不大于7;根据前期研究存在的问题和实际工程需求,建议进一步开展对群体建筑干扰机理、结构顶部峰值加速度、扭转干扰响应以及不同方向荷载相关性等方面的系统性研究。