Critical shear stress of flat rectangular plates with free edges

A numerical investigation is carried out by means of a finite element buckling analysis to determine the critical shear stress of flat rectangular plates with two opposite edges free. Plate sizes and the boundary conditions at the two edges loaded in shear are the parameters considered in this study. Results of the investigation show a considerable difference in the buckling strength of plates if the in-plane displacement normal to the loaded edges is restrained either at one or at both of those edges. The in-plane flexibility of the supports is, therefore, an important parameter to be accounted for in the structural design of such plates. Finally, the numerical investigation is also extended to the shear buckling strength of flat rectangular plates with only one free edge.     

Experimental study of the interaction between a pair of circular cylinders normal to a uniform shear flow

The flow about two cylinders of diameter D, displaced in a plane normal to a uniformly sheared free stream with a centreline separation H, has been investigated experimentally. The freestream shear parameter (D/U_c)dU/dy was 1.48 × 10^?2, and the Reynolds number based on the freestream central velocity was 4.3 × 10⁴. Three distinct flow regions were observed: for 1.1<H/D<1.8 the flow through the gap between the cylinders is biased and unstable; for 1.8?H/D<2.0 the flow through the gap is biased and stable; and for 2?H/D the gap flow is not biased. The present paper describes the effects of mutual interference on the pressure distributions, the vortex-shedding frequencies and the interaction of the vortex streets for these three regions.     

The shear effective width of aluminium plates

The capacity of a plate to sustain shear load greater than the critical load is studied. The concept of effective width for square plates loaded in shear is developed to consider rectangular plates loaded in shear. The deformation of the plate at failure is formulated. Very good agreement is observed between the theoretical results and experimental measurements carried out on aluminium web plates.     

Higher-order shear and normal deformable theory for functionally graded incompressible linear elastic plates

We use the principle of virtual work to derive a higher-order shear and normal deformable theory for a plate comprised of a linear elastic incompressible anisotropic material. The theory does not use a shear correction factor and employs three components of displacement and the hydrostatic pressure as independent variables. For a Kth order plate theory, a set of 4(K+1) coupled equations need to be solved for the (K+1) pressures and the 3(K+1) displacements defined on the reference surface of the plate.

Equations for free vibrations of a plate are derived, and equations for the determination of frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of a simply supported rectangular plate are given.     

Parametric and comparative study of spandrel beam effect on the punching shear strength of reinforced concrete flat plates

The safe and efficient construction of reinforced concrete flat plate systems requires an accurate, reliable and universally applicable procedure for the punching shear strength design. A nonlinear layered finite element method (LFEM) capable of analysing the punching shear strength of such system has been developed. Based on the LFEM, a parametric study is undertaken to evaluate some of the factors influencing punching shear strength of reinforced concrete flat palate with spandrel beams. This is done by varying the depth and the width of the spandrel beam while keeping other variables constant. The numerical results obtained by the LFEM are also compared with those predicted by the recommendations of the Australian Standard (AS3600‐2009) and the Wollongong‐Griffith (W‐G) semi‐empirical method. The results confirm that the Australian Standard is inadequate in predicting the punching shear strength at the corner and edge column connections of flat plates with spandrel beams or torsion strips. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The transition from thin plates to moderately thick plates by using finite element analysis and the shear locking problem

Two simple plate bending elements, based on Mindlin theory for analysis of both moderately thick and thin plates, are presented in this paper. These elements have either four nodes or eight nodes with 12 and 24 DOF, respectively. To illustrate the accuracy of these finite elements named as TURE12 and TURE24, several numerical examples of displacements and stresses for both thin and moderately thick plate bending problems are presented and discussed with a range of finite element meshes and thickness-to-plate length ratios. In addition, the bending and shearing behaviours of a Mindlin plate are analyzed with respect to shear locking. In order to test the shear locking, the results obtained from the Mindlin plate analysis using 4- or 8-noded elements with full, reduced, and selective reduced integration are compared with the exact classical thin plate solution.     

The in-plane shear failure of transversely stiffened thin plates

This paper examines the response of stiffened plates with plain flat outstands when subjected to in-plane shear loading in the form of applied in-plane shear displacement. The buckling and post-buckling failure capabilities of thin plates subjected to in-plane shear, can, of course, be improved through the introduction of stiffening elements whose flexural and torsional rigidities can contribute significantly towards a more stabilised structural system. This paper details appropriate suitable finite element modelling strategies and procedures to enable the determination of the post-buckled failure response of the stiffened shear panels and to highlight the significant influence of the stiffeners. The modelling procedures are able to describe the complete loading history of the stiffened panel structures from the onset of initial buckling through the elastic post-buckling phase of behaviour involving the considerable interaction between plate and stiffener and then through initial material yielding and yield propagation to ultimate conditions and elasto-plastic unloading.     

Finite Element simulation of dynamic buckling of cylinders subjected to periodic shear

This paper deals with the buckling of cylindrical shells under a dynamic shear load. The aim of our study is to compare static buckling load and buckling load during a sweep frequency excitation. First, we describe the special experimental device and the two Finite Element codes used in this study. In a second part static tests and corresponding Finite Element calculations are presented in order to have a reference buckling load and to understand the effect of initial imperfections. Then, a vibration analysis is performed in order to investigate the effect of geometric imperfection and a preload. In the last part, we discuss dynamic results. When we reach the first eigen frequency, the buckling load drops and the buckling deformations increase due to a parametric resonance. There is a coupling between vibration and buckling modes.     

Punching shear strength and post-punching behavior of CFT column to RC flat plate connections

This paper summarizes full-scale test results on CFT (concrete filled tube) column to RC (reinforced concrete) flat plate connections subjected to gravity loading. CFT construction is gaining wide acceptance due to its various structural and constructional advantages. However, efficient details for CFT column to RC flat plate connections have not been proposed yet. Based on the strategies that maximize economical field construction, several connecting schemes were proposed and tested in this study. Test results showed that the proposed connections can exhibit punching shear strength and connection stiffness exceeding those of RC flat plate counterparts. A semi-analytical procedure is presented to model the behavior of CFT column to RC flat plate connections. The parameters needed to model the behavior from elastic to post-punching range are calibrated based on the test data of this study. The application of the proposed model to progressive collapse analysis is also illustrated.     

A study into optimization of stiffeners in plates subjected to shear loading

A great deal of attention has been focused on plates subjected to shear loading over the past decades. One main fact in design of such elements, which fall in the category of thin-walled structures, is their buckling behavior. Plate girders and recently shear walls are being widely used by structural engineers, as well as ship and aircraft designers. The role of stiffeners is proved to be vital in design of such structures to minimize their weight and cost.In this work, by using ANSYS finite element method of analysis, some 1200 plates are analyzed in order to study the role of stiffeners and to come up with some limits for an optimized design procedure. This eigenvalue method of analysis is first validated with the theoretical calculations and known cases for a wide range of typical panel geometries.The results show that the number of panels produced by intermediate transverse stiffeners should not be less than the value of plate's aspect ratio. In other words, the transverse stiffeners should divide the length of the plate to portions equal or less than its width.It is also shown that the optimum geometric properties of the stiffeners correspond to the point when the buckling shape of a plate changes from the overall mode to local mode. Furthermore, all stiffened plates, with a similar aspect ratio and number of stiffeners, have a specific value of EI_s/aD, for which the critical shear stress is optimal. In addition, some expressions to predict these properties are presented.     

射线法判断平面中的点在多边形内外的算法

介绍了射线法的基本思想,对该算法的具体实现进行了探讨,并且在程序设计时用判断和二分法进行了优化,从而避免了求交点运算的麻烦,减少了判断运算所需时间,并列举了具体的应用实例,验证了该算法的可行性。     

高层建筑剪力墙结构滑模施工技术要点

通过某高层住宅剪力墙滑模施工的应用,从混凝土的质量控制、模板的滑升、出模强度控制、纠偏等几方面进行了探讨和研究,提出如果技术可靠、措施得当、管理到位,滑模工艺的快速高效可以得到充分的体现。     

The influence of profiled sheeting thickness and shear connector’s position on strength and ductility of headed shear connector

A three-dimensional finite element model is developed, validated and used in the parametric study to investigate the influence of shear stud’s position and profiled sheeting thickness on the strength, ductility and failure modes of the headed shear stud welded to the modern profiled sheeting. A total of 240 push tests were analysed with different sheeting thicknesses, positions of the shear stud in the trough, concrete strengths and transverse spacings. The results showed that the sheeting thickness influenced the shear connector resistance of studs placed in the unfavourable position more than studs placed in favourable and central positions. The strength of the shear connector placed in the unfavourable position increased by as much as 30% when the sheeting thickness was increased. The shear connector resistance of the unfavourable stud was found to be primarily a function of the strength and the thickness of the profiled sheeting rather than the concrete strength. The strength prediction equations for unfavourable and central studs were also proposed. The results suggested that the strength of the shear connector increased as the distance of the shear stud increased from the mid-height of the deck rib in the load bearing direction of the stud. The load-slip behaviour of the studs in the unfavourable position was more ductile than the studs in the favourable position, with slip of 2-4 times higher. It was found that the increase in sheeting thickness and transverse spacing improved the ductility of the stud in unfavourable position, but had no effect on the stud in the favourable position. The failure modes suggested that the favourable and central studs failed by concrete cone failure and unfavourable studs failed by rib punching together with crushing of the narrow strip of the concrete in front of the stud.     

Test method for minimum and maximum densities of small quantities of soil

The minimum and maximum void ratios are required to establish the relative density of sandy soil. Undisturbed simple shear test specimens are often too small to provide enough material to employ the Japanese Standard JIS A 1224:2009 Test Method. An alternative test method for evaluating the dry minimum and maximum densities of soil is proposed for those cases when a test specimen does not provide enough material to use the standard-size mold. The alternative test method was applied to soil from 42 small test specimens. Soil from test specimens of the same material were subsequently mixed to produce eight soil composites for which their minimum and maximum densities could be determined using both the standard and alternative methods. The minimum and maximum void ratios determined by both methods for the composite soil are in good agreement. Moreover, trends in the dataset are consistent with those from previous studies on sand and non-plastic fine-grained soil.     

遗传算法在多点反应谱法最值问题中的应用

首先编制了多点激励反应谱法的程序,提出利用MATLAB遗传算法工具箱求得参数变化区间上的反应谱函数的最大值,同时对比了利用传统的穷举法求得的最值,验证了遗传算法的有效性。     

Ultimate strength of compressed stiffened plates and minimum stiffness ratio of their stiffeners

A theoretical investigation into the effectiveness of a stiffener against the ultimate strength of a stiffened plate is carried out. Series of the buckling analyses, the elastic large deflection analyses and the elastic-plastic large deflection analyses are performed by the analytical method and the finite element method on the stiffened plate under thrust. Experiments are also carried out on the stiffened plate under thrust to confirm the theoretical results.On buckling of a stiffened plate, it is well known that ther exxists a minimum stiffness ratio of a stiffener to the plate, $\text{λ}{}^{\mathrm{B}}{}_{\min }$, which gives the maximum limiting value of the buckling strength. Concerning the ultimate strength it was confirmed that there exists a significant stiffness ratio of a st stiffener to the plate, $\text{λ}{}^{\mathrm{U}}{}_{\min }$ similar to $\text{λ}{}^{\mathrm{B}}{}_{\min }$ for the buckling strength.It was also found that there are three typical collapse modes for the stiffened plate under thrust, that is: (1) MODE OO, overall collapse after overall buckling; (2) MODE LO, overall collapse after local buckling; (3) MODE LL, local collapse after local buckling.Approximatelmethods are proposed to evaluate the ultimate strength and $\text{λ}{}^{\mathrm{U}}{}_{\min }$ of a multi-stiffened plate under thrust.The effects of initial imperfections such as welding residual stresses and initial deflection on ultimate strength and $\text{λ}{}^{\mathrm{U}}{}_{\min }$ of a stiffened plate under thrust are also discussed.     

防屈曲钢板剪力墙弹性性能及混凝土盖板约束刚度研究

防屈曲钢板剪力墙由内嵌钢板与其两侧的预制混凝土盖板通过螺栓连接而成。预制混凝土盖板与周边框架梁柱之间预留一定间隙,同时在大震下允许混凝土盖板与钢板之间产生相对滑移,以确保两侧混凝土盖板不发生严重破坏,从而保护内嵌钢板获得很好的承载性能和耗能能力。采用数值方法对防屈曲钢板剪力墙在水平荷载作用下的弹性屈曲性能、混凝土盖板的最小约束刚度(厚度)以及连接螺栓的最大间距进行研究,给出了防屈曲钢板墙的结构设计中混凝土盖板约束厚度及连接螺栓最大间距的参考公式。     

The elastic stability of square perforated plates under combinations of bending, shear and direct load

This paper presents solutions for the elastic stability of plates containing perforations using the conjugate load/displacement method. Interaction curves for a variety of load cases and support conditions are presented. The effect of the size of a central square hole in a square plate on the elastic buckling load is demonstrated and, where possible, results are compared with the work of other authors.     

Experimental and numerical evaluation of stress redistribution in thick-walled rocksalt cylinders

Whenever an opening is excavated in soft rocks showing elastic–visco-plastic behaviour, like rocksalt and potash, the stress state prevailing soon after the excavation will not remain constant in time but will eventually evolve from the initial state, σ^o, generally considered to be elastic, to a state of stress that can be considered to be stationary for all practical purposes, σ^ss. The knowledge of the stress state prevailing around the excavation some time after its completion is essential for many short-term applications such as the interpretation of in situ tests based on the cavity expansion principle and of stress measurements based on overcoring techniques. Since no analytical solutions are available for the evaluation of this stress redistribution process, numerical analyses are often used to study this problem. The results obtained from such analyses depend on many factors but mainly, the kind of creep law formulation and related parameters. This paper presents an experimental methodology to quantify the amount of stress redistribution occurring in a thick-walled cylinder under a given set of conditions. This experimental methodology does not require any assumption regarding the creep behaviour of the material. As a consequence, it allows the validation of numerical analyses by comparing the amount of stress redistribution obtained experimentally and that obtained from these numerical analyses.     

室内和现场测试最大动剪切模量差别的试验研究

采用共振柱试验法和现场波速法,研究室内和现场测试最大动剪切模量差别的原因。选取两个典型的场地现场测试剪切波速并钻孔取样,对土样分别进行室内均等固结试验和非均等固结试验,并把室内试验结果与现场波速测试得到的最大动剪切模量进行对比分析。结果表明,固结比对土的最大动剪切模量有很大的影响,与室内均等固结试验结果相比,考虑实际固结比的非均等固结试验结果和现场波速法得到的最大动剪切模量更为接近。因此,固结比也是造成实验室和现场测试土最大动剪切模量之间明显差异的重要原因之一。