创新的城市能源与交通

今天，全世界人民比以往任何时候都更加意识到能源效率的重要性，以及能源效率在解决全球关心的气候变化和依赖化石燃料问题上的潜力。发达世界国家政府正在采用各种政策和策略鼓励再生能源，开展更多节约能源的行动，旨在减少运营成本和二氧化碳的排放。在发展中国家，一些政府已经制订了专项计划开发和鼓励再生能源以满足他们的需求。     

我谈城市交通

城市交通是城市规划领域一个重要的研究课题 ,在当前城市交通问题日渐突出的情况下 ,如何看待并解决这一问题 ,一直备受各界人士的关注。本刊自 2 0 0 2年第 10期刊出“我谈城市交通”的征稿启事以来 ,收到大量读者来稿 ,由于篇幅有限 ,只能刊出部分稿件 ,抛砖引玉 ,希望引起大家对城市交通问题更多的探讨     

German urban public transport policy

Germany began to invest heavily in new public transportation systems after 1960. Car ownership had risen from just under 1 million in 1953 to 6.6 million in 1963 (by 1982 this had risen to 24.1 million)¹ and the city centres of large cities were suffering from severe traffic congestion. Unlike the UK, which got rid of its trams when traffic congestion became a serious problem, Germany pursued a more expensive policy of reducing traffic congestion by building mainly underground rights of way for trams.     

The future of Latin American urban transport

The quality of urban life is strongly influenced by transportation systems. These systems condition the speed and comfort of daily journeys to work, school and other destinations, as well as the location of residences, commercial and industrial establishments and recreation areas. Transport systems are themselves conditioned by the political and economic characteristics of the societies where they are found: where such social characteristics are similar, the transport systems are likely to be also. This article analyses the principal characteristics of Latin American transport systems and their effects on the quality of urban life. Some underlying social factors responsible for the selection of certain modes and policies are also discussed.     

The artificial intelligence of urban dynamics: Neural network modeling of urban structure

A neural network, parallel distributed processing model of learning is adapted to represent the self-organizing urban system. The model is trained on a number of cases representing specific functional states of the system, and as a result learns, by a process of structural evolution, to recognize the general problem defined implicitly by the set of cases, and to solve it. The learning algorithm approach is based on an explicit distinction between the functional and structural organization of the system; questions such as the structural effects of a functional change are thus addressed directly. Specific results show that very simple models can learn to create transportation infrastructure appropriate for a variety of flow requirements, and then distribute flows in a reasonable manner over the network.     

Sustainable transport and the modernisation of urban transport in Delhi and Stockholm

This article addresses issues of the development of transport systems taking its examples from Delhi and Stockholm. The introduction of the first bus rapid transport corridor in Delhi and the congestion tax in Stockholm is presented and discussed in terms of modernisation and sustainable transport. This paper explores the perceptions of politicians and examines some transport plans in the search for the driving forces for transport policies. The continuing presence of a high proportion of non-motorised modes of transport and use of public transport in Delhi over the past 50 years gives it a greater political opportunity for creating a more inclusive city than Stockholm. Whereas, in Stockholm, awareness of the influence of emissions on climate change makes the inhabitants more inclined to accept fees for the use of city streets where sustainable transport and modernisation of transport systems are seen as key activities, but are perceived and operationalised differently in Delhi and Stockholm. Despite all the differences, some similarities in the development of their urban transport projects have been found. This paper inquires into the planning and operationalisation of transport modernisation and the politics of sustainable transport.     

大尺度城市模型与城市规划

1994年 ,美国规划师协会杂志 (JAPA)冬季特刊刊登了名为“2 0年后的大尺度城市模型”的专题论坛。在这个论坛中 ,一批活跃在城市模型领域的研究者 ,如RichardE Klosterman、MichaelBatty、DouglassB Lee、BrittonHarris、MichaelWegener,对城市模型发展 4 0多年来的历程作了回顾 ,并探讨、争论了模型方法本身及其在规划应用中的问题 ,而且总体上对城市模型的发展前景寄予较乐观的态度。这期特刊在广度与深度上都为城市模型的历史、现状与未来作了很好的总结 ,尤其作为对 2 0年前Lee的“大尺度城市模型安魂曲”一文的回答 ,在城市模型发展史上具有标志性的意义。本文集成了这些作者的主要观点 ,简要地介绍大尺度城市模型自 1 95 0年代诞生以来的成长历程 ,及与之相伴随的核心问题     

地下水曝气修复技术的模型试验研究

地下水曝气法是修复土壤和地下水有机污染的有效方法。通过模型试验,探讨了地下水曝气法的工作机理,研究了气体不同类型土体中的运移方式和影响区域。研究表明,最小曝气压力的大小取决于土体毛细压力和静水压力;在孔隙较大的砾石体中,气体以独立气泡的方式运移,单井影响区域基本为抛物型,超过一定曝气压力值后其影响半径不再变化;在孔隙较小的细砂中,气体以稳定的微通道方式运移;当曝气压力相同时,细砂中空气流量小于砾石中的空气流量,但是单井影响范围较砾石体大,脉动曝气效果也较好。     

Detecting urban identity perception via newspaper topic modeling

Understanding subjective aspects of urban life can be a powerful tool for policymakers to improve public well-being by focusing on the peculiarities their metropolis. Cities are as diverse as the humans living in it. Just as any other complex system, a city changes and evolves with time, accumulating experiences and features that are particular to their history. Unmatched memories are what makes people feel connected to a place. This uniqueness of characteristics is what we call the city identity. This paper proposes a method to detect and compare identities of cities using news articles. Revealing the most unique topics for each city can uncover their utmost interests and points of view. We exemplified its use with a set of thirty-six big cities from the United States of America creating a footprint of components containing the city's identity profiles. This method allows the comparison of cities at scale without compromising the quality of the results.     

三维建模在城市规划管理中的应用

结合虚拟现实的概念和Web3D虚拟现实技术的特点,探讨了三维建模在城市规划管理中的应用,分别阐述了三维模型的建立流程及其关键技术,包括相关软件技术、数据的获取等,并总结了三维建模在城市规划设计中的作用,以期指导实践。     

承包西安城轨运输的分析

介绍了城轨的投资及建设和经营，探讨了西安城轨可能的运营模式，对特许经营成功的个案进行了分析，深入研究了承包城轨运输，以完善西安城轨运输的模式，从而促进城轨运输的发展。     

A benefit incidence matrix for urban transport improvement

By constructing a socioeconomic model within the framework of the multiregional general equilibrium theory, this paper proposes a matrix for an urban transport improvement project that illustrates the relationship between benefit generation and incidence. On this matrix the benefit/loss associated with each sector (household, private firm, absentee landowner, public transport corporation, and government) and associated with each item (transport, land, tax, fare revenue, and project surplus/loss) are indicated clearly, so that the social efficiency and equity of the project can easily be discussed.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 11th Pacific Conference, Singapore, July 1989.     

An indicator approach to sustainable urban freight transport

Several indicators have been established to monitor and evaluate the sustainability of cities. Logistics and related transportation activities are underrepresented in these established frameworks despite the substantial negative impact of urban freight transport (UFT) on the environment, society and economy. The result is the lack of an understanding of freight flows’ impact on the liveability of cities. This paper fills this gap by introducing a comprehensive set of freight transport related indicators with an operational target in policy support and urban planning. It provides a discussion of its hierarchical design and 45 indicators. Using this indicator set, local authorities can assess and enhance UFT sustainability.     

拉各斯为非洲城市交通建立标准

尼日利亚首都使用了一个新的公交系统，它正承载着三倍的预期乘客，而车费削减了三分之一。Jake Blosse讲述了拉各斯的快速公交系统怎样成为发展中城市的个中翘楚。     

可持续发展的城市交通系统评价指标体系

介绍了城市交通可持续发展的评价内容、过程及目标，并在此基础上建立了城市交通可持续发展系统的指标体系，以期为该体系的健全起到一定的作用。     

城市道路参数化建模规则初探

随着参数化技术的发展,参数化建模的应用领域已逐渐拓展到建筑设计和城市规划设计领域,相关的研究也日益受到重视。但是,城市道路的参数化建模却较少受到学者们的关注。论文基于参数化设计平台CityEngine,研究并改进了城市道路的参数化建模规则,旨在拓展参数化建模的应用领域。     

On the potential of genetic algorithms in urban drainage modeling

A genetic algorithm (GA) is a stochastic search algorithm that applies the biological concept of survival of the fittest in order to search for the optimal solution to a problem. In this paper we explore the potential and the benefit of using GAs for solving problems in urban drainage modeling. The main problem areas where such methods are assumed to have some benefit as compared to traditional procedures are identified from the literature as model calibration and model predictive control. The use of GAs for multi-criteria decision analysis is not reported in the context of urban drainage modeling but believed to be an interesting field of application. The methodology is discussed by means of benchmark problem sets for each of the applications.