Adsorption of several metal ions onto a low-cost biosorbent: kinetic and equilibrium studies

Sugar beet pulp generated by sugar-refining factories has been shown to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The structural components related to the metallic adsorption being determined, batch adsorption studies were performed for several metal ions, namely, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ cations. Two simple kinetic models, that is, pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order, were tested to investigate the adsorption mechanisms. The kinetic parameters of the models were calculated and discussed. For an 8 x 10(-4) M initial metal concentration, the initial sorption rates (v0) ranged from 0.063 mmol x g(-1) x min(-1) for Pb2+ to 0.275 mmol x g(-1) x min(-1) for Ni2+ ions, in the order Ni2+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Pb2+. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models and showed the following affinity order of the material: Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+. The metal removal was strongly dependent on pH and, to a lesser extent, ionic strength. Ion exchange with Ca2+ ions neutralizing the carboxyl groups of the polysaccharide was found to be the predominant mechanism, added with complexation for Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ metals.     

海洋氨肽酶菌株的筛选鉴定及其酶学特性研究

从大连渤海海域海泥海水样品中分离出一株高产海洋氨肽酶(aminopeptidase)菌株YZ1-2,对其进行形态学、生理生化、分子生物学(16S rDNA)鉴定,确定该菌株为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。并对其产海洋氨肽酶进行酶学特性研究,结果表明,最适作用温度为30 ℃;最适作用pH值为8.5;Co2+、Zn2+等能较强地激活氨肽酶的活性,Ni2+、Ca2+等对酶的抑制性较强;乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)可以有效地抑制氨肽酶活性。     

Purification and characterization of three extracellular proteinases produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens INIA 745, an isolate from ewe's milk.

Three proteinases were isolated from culture medium of Pseudomonas fluorescens INIA 745 and purified to homogeneity by a combination of Phenyl-Sepharose, DEAE-Sepharose, and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Optimal temperature for enzymatic activity was 45 degrees C for all three proteinases. The pH optimum of proteinases I and II was found to be 7.0, while that of proteinase III was 8.0. Divalent metal ions like Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Hg2+ were inhibitory to proteinase activity while Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ had little or no inhibitory effect. The three enzymes were strongly inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenantroline and partially by cysteine. The three enzymes are metalloproteinases since they were inhibited by chelators and reactivated by Co2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+. The Km values of proteinases I, II, and III for casein were calculated to be 3.2, 2.6, and 5.2 mg/ml, respectively. Proteinases II and III rapidly degraded beta-casein, with preference to alphas1-casein, whereas proteinase I hydrolyzed both casein fractions at a slow rate.     

中国对虾蛋白酶性质的研究

采用酶学分析方法研究了中国对虾蛋白酶的性质。结果表明,该酶最适温度为60℃,最适pH为9.0,是一种碱性蛋白酶。此酶在50℃以下及pH 7.0~10.0稳定性较好。以酪蛋白为底物,蛋白酶的最适底物浓度为2%。60℃时,该酶的半衰期为22 min,70℃时则为7 min。低浓度的EDTA对酶活有抑制作用,Mn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+对蛋白酶有一定的激活作用,而Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe2+、Pb2+对酶活有不同程度的抑制作用,可推断该酶是一种金属蛋白酶。     

云芝(Coriolus versicolor)木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)酶学性质分析

研究云芝(Coriolus versicolor)产木质素过氧化物酶(Lip)酶活力随时间的变化情况,以及温度、pH 值、金属离子及化合物对云芝LiP 酶活力和稳定性的影响,对该酶底物浓度效应和Km 值进行测定。结果表明：云芝培养12d,其酶活力最高,为72U/mL。该酶的最适温度为40℃,在30～40℃范围内稳定;最适pH 值为2.5,pH 值在2.0～3.5 较稳定;Zn2+ 对LiP 有激活作用,Na+ 对酶活力没有影响,Ca2+、K+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Cu2+ 及EDTA、SDS、β- 巯基乙醇都表现出抑制作用;Km 值为2.05 × 10-4mol/L。     

牦牛酸奶酪中高产乳糖酶菌株分离鉴定及其酶学性质

为获得藏区牦牛酸奶酪中的产乳糖酶活力高的菌株,采用含X-gal的培养基进行初筛,从购买的10份样品中筛选到10株产乳糖酶细菌;发酵复筛后,发现其中RTM-111菌株的产酶活力最高。综合形态学特征、生理生化实验及16S rDNA序列分析,确定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。对该菌株所产乳糖酶的酶学性质研究表明,该酶的最适反应温度为50 ℃,最适pH为7.5。稳定性实验表明,该酶在温度40~50 ℃、pH6.5~8.0时具有较高稳定性。金属离子Na+、Mg2+和Mn2+对酶活性具有较强的激活作用,而Cu2+、Zn2+和EDTA对酶活有显著的抑制作用。枯草芽孢杆菌RTM-111产乳糖酶活力高、酶的性质稳定,具有潜在应用价值。     

Modeling of single and competitive metal adsorption onto a natural polysaccharide

Sugar beet pulp, a common agricultural waste, was studied in the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions. Potentiometric titrations were used to characterize the surface acidity of the polysaccharide. The acid properties of the material can be described by invoking three distinct types of surface functional groups with the intrinsic acidity constants (pKa(int)) values 3.43+/-0.1, 6.05+/-0.05, and 7.89+/-0.1, respectively. The contents of each functional group (i.e., the carboxyl and phenol moieties) were also determined. Then, a simple surface complexation model with the diffuse layer model successfully described the sorption of several metal ions (Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+) onto the polysaccharide under various experimental conditions: pH ranging from 2 to 5.5, ionic strength from 0.01 to 0.1 M, metal concentration between 10(-4) and 10(-3) M, for a constant sorbent concentration equal to 2.5 g x L(-1). It was observed experimentally that the affinity of the polysaccharide was in the sequence of Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+. Predictions of sorption in binary-metal systems based on single-metal data fits represented competitive sorption data reasonably well.     

黑曲霉酸性果胶裂解酶的高效表达及其在果汁澄清中的应用

利用黑曲霉自身强启动子（葡萄糖淀粉酶启动子,PglaA）实现了酸性果胶裂解酶PelD在黑曲霉中的过量表达,重组酸性果胶裂解酶经镍柱亲和层析纯化后进行Western blot鉴定及酶学性质研究。重组酸性果胶裂解酶在摇瓶发酵条件下最高酶活力达到8?822.6?U/mL;经一步纯化后,该重组酶的比活力为8?522.7?U/mg,回收率为79.4%;该重组酶的最适反应pH值为5.0,在pH?3.0～6.5范围内40?℃保温2?h仍能保持50%以上的相对酶活力,在酸性pH值下稳定性良好;最适反应温度为50?℃,该重组酶在30～50?℃的范围内非常稳定;在1?mmol/L浓度下,Ca2＋、Mg2＋、Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Ni2＋、Mn2＋、Ba2＋对该重组酶具有激活作用,其中Zn2＋、Ni2＋、Ba2＋激活作用较为显著,而十二烷基硫酸钠表现为抑制作用;底物特异性分析表明该酶能够特异性地降解高度甲酯化果胶,其对柑橘果胶（酯化度≥85%）酶活力高达31?248.0?U/mL;此外,重组酶对橙汁、苹果汁和葡萄汁具有良好的澄清效果,其中橙汁的透光度提高了16.9?倍,苹果汁的透光度提高了10.5?倍,葡萄汁的透光度提高了4.7?倍。     

杂优-2平菇漆酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

将杂优-2平菇菌丝进行液体培养,发酵液经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE（diethylaminoethyl）-Sepharose fastflow层析和Superdex-200 prep grade层析等方法纯化,获得了电泳纯的杂优-2平菇漆酶,并对纯化的漆酶进行了部分酶学性质研究。结果显示,杂优-2平菇漆酶比活力为115 U/mg,分子质量约为244.0 kD,亚基分子质量约为85.6 kD。最适反应pH值和最适反应温度分别为5.0和55 ℃,在pH 6.0～8.0及40～55 ℃范围内稳定性较好;最适条件下,以2,2’-联氮-二（3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）为底物的Km值为2.1 mmol/L,最大反应速率（vmax）为0.117 μmol/（min·L）。Fe2＋、抗坏血酸对该酶活性具有完全抑制作用,乙二胺四乙酸、Ag＋、Mg2＋、Li＋对该酶活性影响较小;草酸、甲醇、正丁醇、K＋、Ca2＋、Ba2＋、Zn2＋、Cd2＋、Pb2＋、Mn2＋、Co2＋对该酶活性有不同程度的抑制作用;Cu2＋激活作用不明显;尿素、乙醇、异丙醇对该酶活性具有激活作用。     

Partial purification and characterization of an extracellular proteinase from Aeromonas hydrophila strain A4

An extracellular metalloproteinase from Aeromonas hydrophila strain A4, isolated from milk, was purified by a factor of 300 by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-150. The enzyme had a mol. wt of 43,000 and contained 2 g atom Ca/mol. It was active over a pH range 4.8-9.5 and had optimum activity on casein at pH 7.0 with Km = 0.17 mM. It was strongly inactivated by metal chelators and the apoenzyme was fully reactivated with Ca2+, Mn2+ or Co2+. Heavy metal ions such as Ag+, Hg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ totally or partly inactivated the enzymic activity at 5 mM concentration. The enzyme was not inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate, soyabean trypsin inhibitor or sulphydryl group reagents. It was optimally active at 45 degrees C; above 50 degrees C activity declined rapidly, but significant activity persisted at 4 degrees C. It was heat labile in phosphate or Tris-maleate buffer but exogenous Ca2+ afforded protection.     

托柄菝葜果色素提取及其性质研究

以民族药托柄菝葜的成熟果实为材料,对其红色素的提取条件及理化性质进行研究.结果表明,托柄菝葜果色素提取的最佳条件为:40％vol乙醇水溶液、浸提温度60℃、浸提时间lh.托柄菝葜果色素在自然光照下稳定,但添加金属离子的色素溶液对光不稳定;色素溶液在酸性环境中呈现鲜艳的橙红色,在中性及碱性环境中变为褐绿色.VC对托柄菝葜色素具有增色作用;柠檬酸、EDTA对色素无明显影响;亚硫酸钠、高锰酸钾及苯甲酸钠对色素具有减色作用.金属离子Ca2+、Mn2+、Zn2+、K+、Na+、Fe2+、Mg2+、Cu2+、Co2+、Al3+、Pb2+等离子能减弱托柄菝葜果色素对光的稳定性;Sn2+、Fe3+影响色素稳定性.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus SWWL6产耐有机溶剂脂肪酶发酵条件优化及酶学性质

以蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus SWWL6为产耐有机溶剂脂肪酶的出发菌株,对发酵产酶条件进行优化并研究其酶学性质。通过四因素三水平L9(34)正交试验,确定产酶的最优发酵条件为：pH6.5、温度35℃、每250mL容量瓶中装液量55mL、接种量4%,此条件下酶活力达45.62U/mL。该酶最适pH值范围为7.0～8.0,碱性条件下稳定。最适温度为40℃,超过40℃,酶活力急剧下降。K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ba2+对该酶活性有激活作用,Al3+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ca2+对该酶活性有一定的抑制作用,Fe2+对该酶活性的作用效果不明显。SDS、EDTA均对该酶活性有抑制作用,其中尤以SDS的抑制作用最强。该酶对所试有机溶剂甲醇、环乙烷、异丙醇、乙醇、甲苯、丙酮、异戊醇均有一定的耐受性。     

重组大肠杆菌耐热α - 淀粉酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质研究

对重组大肠杆菌耐热α- 淀粉酶分离纯化及其酶学性质进行研究,结果表明：该酶分子量约为90kD,最适温度为60～70℃,最适pH 值为6.6,酶学动力学常数Km 值为143.52mmol/L;酶活力在pH5.4～7.8 较为稳定;4℃保存2 周酶活力仅下降一半,35℃保温3d 有50% 以上的酶活力,70℃以上酶失活很快;Mn2+ 对酶催化作用有较大的促进,K+、Ca2+ 有微弱的促进作用,Mg2+ 对催化反应无影响,Cu2+ 的抑制作用最强,其他金属离子Co2+、Zn2+、Fe2+ 对酶催化作用有不同程度的抑制作用;有机离子对酶催化作用均是抑制作用,其中抑制作用最强的是SDS。     

海洋低温淀粉酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质研究

以大连黄海海泥和海水为样品,采用稀释涂布平板透明圈法初筛、摇瓶发酵复筛,得到一株淀粉酶高产菌ZXS-5,测得酶活为6.25 U/mL。通过形态学、生理生化及16S rDNA序列鉴定,菌株ZXS-5为荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）。该酶的最适作用温度为25 ℃,酶的热稳定性相对较差;最适作用pH值为8.0,属于碱性酶,该酶在酸性条件下稳定性较差;Ba2+、Cu2+、乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）对该酶抑制性较强,Fe2+、Zn2+、Mn2+对该酶的活性影响不明显,Mg2+、Na+对该酶激活作用较弱,Ca2+对该酶激活作用较强。     

Chemical speciation of Zn,Cd, Cu,and Pb in pore waters of agricultural and contaminated soils using Donnan dialysis

Knowledge of trace metal speciation in soil pore waters is important in addressing metal bioavailability and risk assessment of contaminated soils. Numerous analytical methods have been utilized for determining trace metal speciation in aqueous environmental matrixes; however, most of these methods suffer from significant interferences. The Donnan dialysis membrane technique minimizes these interferences and has been used in this study to determine free Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ activities in pore waters from 15 agricultural and 12 long-term contaminated soils. The soils vary widely in their origin, pH, organic carbon content, and total metal concentrations. Pore water pM2+ activities also covered a wide range and were controlled by soil pH and total metal concentrations. For the agricultural soils, most of the free metal activities were below detection limit, apart from Zn2+ for which the fraction of free Zn2+ in soluble Zn ranged from 2.3 to 87% (mean 43%). Five of the agricultural soils had detectable free Cd2+ with fractions of free metal ranging from 59 to 102% (mean 75%). For the contaminated soils with detectable free metal concentrations, the fraction of free metal as a percentage of soluble metal varied from 9.9 to 97% (mean 50%) for Zn2+, from 22 to 86% (mean 49%) for Cd2+, from 0.4 to 32.1% (mean 5%) for Cu2+, and from 2.9 to 48.8% (mean 20.1%) for Pb2+. For the contaminated soils, the equilibrium speciation programs GEOCHEM and WHAM Model VI provided reasonable estimates of free Zn2+ fractions in comparison to the measured fractions (R2 approximately 0.7), while estimates of free Cd2+ fractions were less agreeable (R2 approximately 0.5). The models generally predicted stronger binding of Cu2+ to DOC and hence lower fractions of free Cu2+ as compared with the observed fractions. The binding of Cu2+ and Pb2+ to DOC predicted by WHAM Model VI was much strongerthan that predicted by GEOCHEM.     

AMP脱氨酶的生化性质研究

主要从底物浓度、温度、pH和常见离子等方面对相对分子量56ku左右的腺苷酸脱氨酶的催化作用的影响因素进行研究。通过酶的催化实验,结果表明:原始底物质量浓度为2.78×10-2g/L、温度为37℃、pH为5.9时,AMP脱氨酶催化活性最好,IMP的转化速度最高为1.965×10-2mol/min。同时考察了Cu2+、Fe2+、Al3+、Mn2+、Na+、Mg2+、Zn2+等阳离子和SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、CO32-、H2PO4-、B4O72-、柠檬酸根、EDTA离子等阴离子对AMP脱氨酶催化能力的影响。结果表明:柠檬酸根离子和Mn2+对AMP脱氨酶有明显激活性影响,其他离子浓度超过0.01mol/L时对AMP脱氨酶一般有抑制性影响,AMP脱氨酶商品酶在常温干燥状态下稳定性很好,4℃存放的酶液半衰期为5.5d。     

一株产高活性多酚氧化酶菌株筛选鉴定及其酶学性质

采用变色圈法从土壤样品中分离筛选产多酚氧化酶的菌株,对其进行形态学观察、分子生物学鉴定,并对其所产多酚氧化酶的酶学性质进行研究。结果表明,筛选得到1株产多酚氧化酶活性较高的菌株,命名为ZL-2,其被鉴定为竹黄菌属（Shiraia sp.）。菌株ZL-2发酵8 d产多酚氧化酶酶活最高,达到521 U/mL。菌株ZL-2产多酚氧化酶最适底物为邻苯二酚,其最适pH值为6、最适温度为30 ℃;酶活在温度20～40 ℃及pH 3～6范围内稳定。金属离子Cu2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe3+、Zn2+对多酚氧化酶都有激活作用,其中Cu2+激活作用最强;Ca2+、Al3+对酶活有一定抑制作用;L-抗坏血酸和亚硫酸氢钠对该酶抑制作用较强。     

唐古特白刺果实红色素稳定性研究

本文对唐古特白刺果实红色素的稳定性进行研究。结果表明:pH值对唐古特白刺果实红色素的影响明显,在pH1～4之间,该色素较稳定;金属离子Cu2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Al3+、Ca2+对色素有增色作用,Na+、K+对唐古特白刺果实红色素影响不大,而Sn2+、Fe3+则对唐古特白刺果实红色素有明显的不良影响;该色素水溶性强,耐光、热,还原性强,耐氧化性较差;蔗糖和EDTA对色素溶液的色泽影响不大,苯甲酸钠对色素稳定性有影响。通过初步研究发现该色素有一定的开发利用价值。     

Purification and characterization of a novel beta-agarase from an alkalophilic bacterium, Alteromonas sp. E-1

A novel beta-agarase (EC 3.2.1.81) was purified from an agar-degrading alkalophilic bacterium, Alteromonas sp. E-1 isolated from the soil. This enzyme was obtained from a cell-free extract after sonication and purified 40.9-fold through treatment with streptomycin, ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive chromatography on anion-exchange and gel filtration columns. The molecular weight was estimated to be 82 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 180 kDa by Superdex 200 gel filtration. The enzyme was inhibited by Mn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and Hg2+, and activated by K+, Na+ and EDTA, and its optimum pH and temperature for agarose degradation were 7.5 and 40 degrees C, respectively. This beta-agarase hydrolyzed agarose with rapid reduction of viscosity, and neoagarobiose [O-3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl(1-->3)-D-galactose] was detected from the early stage of the reaction. Neoagarobiose as the final product was selectively released from agarose, neoagarohexaose and neoagarotetraose by the reaction with this beta-agarase. This observation was different from that of other beta-agarases which produced mixtures of neoagarobiose and neoagarotetraose as the final hydrolysis products. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this beta-agarase shows no homology to those of other beta-agarases that were so far reported.     

木薯块根中β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

研究了木薯块根中β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及酶学性质。以缓冲液从木薯块根中获得粗提酶液,粗酶酶活力为9.37 U/g木薯干重;再分别通过丙酮沉淀、离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析进行纯化,β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活力为1.14 U/g木薯干重,经纯化β-葡萄糖苷酶纯度提高了14.62倍,总活力回收率为12.14%,电泳测得其分子量约70 kDa。该酶米氏常数K_m为3.60 mmol/L,V_max为12.36μmol/(min·mg protein);其最适pH为7.0,pH在6.0～8.0之间有较好的稳定性;在40℃以内有良好稳定性,在4℃存放30 d酶活力剩余81.78%。Mn²⁺和K⁺对酶有一定的促进作用,Al³⁺、Cu²⁺、Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ca²⁺、Ba²⁺、Na⁺、尿素和SDS对酶没有显著影响(P>0.05),而Fe³⁺、F...