干红山楂酒香气成分的GC-MS分析

利用溶剂萃取法对发酵干红山楂酒中的香气成分进行提取,采用GC-MS进行分析。在干红山楂酒中共分离出40个峰,鉴定出30种化合物,采用面积归一化法测定了各种成分的质量分数。其中酯类和醇类是干红山楂酒中香气组成最多的两类化合物。其中主要成分为丁二酸单酯、苯乙醇、丁二酸二乙酯、己二酸正辛正癸酯、4-羟基丁酸内酯、羟基丁二酸二乙酯、2,3-丁二醇、9,10-二羟基甲基酯硬脂酸、棕榈酸甲酯、乳酸乙酯。     

库尔勒香梨酒的挥发性成分分析

以极性聚丙烯酸酯(Polyacrylate,PA)和非极性聚二甲基硅氧烷(Polydimetllylsiloxcane,PDMS)两种纤维头萃取浓缩,与GC／MS联用,对新疆库尔勒香梨果酒中挥发性物质进行了分析测定,前者共检测出挥发性成分55种,后者检测出34种。分别占峰面积90％左右。其中香梨果酒主要成分(除乙醇外)为3-甲基-1-丁醇(7．18％),乙酸乙酯(4．5％),1-壬醇(4．16％),1-己醇(3．98％),2-甲基-1-丙醇(3．88％),甲酸辛酯(2．57％),辛醇(2．57％),苯乙醇(2．29％),2-羟基丙酸乙酯(2．2％),4-甲基-2-甲氧基苯酚(1．74％)等。     

黑加仑果与果酒香气成分的GC-MS分析

采用顶空-固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)萃取检测鉴定黑加仑果实和果酒酵母1399酿造的黑加仑果酒芳香物质的成分和含量,对比黑加仑果实和黑加仑果酒的香气成分变化。从果实中鉴定出50种成分,占峰面积的84.22%,香气成分主要为2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇、4-甲基-1-戊醇、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、正戊烯、正辛醛、壬醛、己醛、戊醛等;从果酒中鉴定出48种成分,占峰面积的92.65%,主要香气成分为苯乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、苯乙醛等。     

红树莓果与发酵酒香气成分变化

采用顶空-固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)萃取检测鉴定红树莓果实和果酒酵母1399酿造的红树莓果酒香气物质成分和含量,对比红树莓果实、红树莓果酒主发酵、后发酵的香气成分变化.结果表明,红树莓果实、果酒主发酵和后发酵中共检测出醇类26种,酯类35种,酸类7种,烷烃烯烃类26种,胺类25种,醛酮苯酚类物质12种,其他类11种.果实中主要的呈香物质为R-4-甲基-1-(1-甲基乙基)-3-环己烯-1-醇、己醛和2-己烯醛,相对含量分别为8.00％、14.73％、9.08％;果酒主发酵和后发酵中香味变化明显的为乙醇、癸酸乙酯、苯甲酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯,其含量对比变化分别为8.78％、17.24％; 22.05％、22.61％; 11.37％、17.98％;18.67％、6.58％.在此基础上,初步得出了红树莓汁经发酵和陈酿作用,香气成分的总体变化规律.     

脐橙果汁与果酒香气成分的GC-MS分析

采用溶剂萃取法分别提取脐橙果汁和经发酵后的果酒中的香气成分,经气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析,从果汁中鉴定出19种成分,占峰面积的83.5％,香气成分主要为苯乙醇、4-羟基-苯乙醇3-甲基-1-丁醇、D-柠檬烯、2,3丁二醇、巴伦西亚桔烯、亚油酸、油酸等:从果酒中鉴定出30种成分,占峰面积的91.13％,主要香气成分为苯乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、d-柠檬烯、2,3丁二醇、乙酸乙酯、香叶醇、棕榈酸乙酯、3-乙氧基-1-丙醇、巴伦西亚桔烯、吲哚-3-乙醇、乙酸戊酯等.     

川西高原野樱桃果酒发酵条件优化及其风味成分分析

以川西高原野樱桃为原料酿造野樱桃果酒,采用单因素和Box-Behnken试验设计,分析K₂S₂O₅添加量、初始糖度、酵母接种量、发酵温度对野樱桃果酒发酵的影响。同时,采用顶空固相微萃取(Headspace solid-phase microextraction HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)相结合的方法对不同陈酿时间果酒风味物质检测分析,并对主要风味物进行主成分分析,以筛选出对野樱桃果酒特征风味起重要作用的关键成分。结果表明,响应面法优化野樱桃果酒最佳发酵工艺为:K₂S₂O₅添加量80 mg/L,初始糖度19 °Bx,酵母接种量3.5%,发酵温度23 ℃。不同陈酿时间野樱桃果酒经气相色谱-质谱联用仪共检出90种挥发性物质,挥发性物质总含量随陈酿时间延长呈先增加后减少趋势,在陈酿12 d时检出74种挥发性香气成分,种类最多,主要为醇类(35.480%)和酯类(35.848%),所占比例最高为93.808%;通过主成分分析法提取出3个主成分及6种对川西高原野樱桃果酒风味影响较大的物质,分别为辛酸、己酸乙酯、丁香酚、苯甲醛、油酸乙酯、芳樟醇,其中特有成分丁香酚、油酸乙酯、芳樟醇等对人体健康起积极作用。通过对川西高原野樱桃果酒工艺条件及香气成分进行分析,为野樱桃产品开发及其相关功能性评价奠定理论基础。     

蓝莓果酒香气成分的研究

针对3个市售蓝莓果酒样品,开展了感官评价及香气成分之间的关联分析(HP-SPME-GC/MS)。首先,通过不同年龄阶段的人群对3个果酒样品的色、香、味进行感官评价,结果表明,样品B蓝莓果酒色泽暗沉、香气浓郁、口感醇厚,是3个样品中感官评价最高的果酒;再通过HP-SPME-GC/MS技术对3个样品的香气成分进行了系统分析,其中,酯类和醇类化合物为主要香气成分,含量分别为(A)43.96%和10.24%,(B)61.58%和14.29%,(C)49.83%和15.19%。异戊酸乙酯、琥珀酸二乙酯、乳酸乙酯、苯甲酸乙酯、正己醇、苯乙醇、4-乙基愈创木酚为3个样品的主要香气成分,样品B的香气主要由苯甲酸乙酯(16.83%)、琥珀酸二乙酯(9.81%)和苯乙醇(9.29%)构成。感官评价与香气成分之间的关联为蓝莓果酒酿造提供了科学依据。     

氮源对低温发酵脐橙果酒挥发性成分的影响

为解决低温发酵周期长的问题,并进一步分析其挥发性成分。通过考察不同氮源质量浓度对低温发酵脐橙果酒酒精度和发酵时间的影响,确定氮源添加量,并采用顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析其挥发性成分。结果表明,与未添加氮源的空白组相比,添加DAP 0.4 g/L、硫酸铵1.0 g/L、碳酸氢铵1.5 g/L的脐橙果酒酒精度可提高4.6%~5.3%,缩短发酵时间22%~56%。四种低温发酵脐橙果酒共检测出挥发性成分32种,其中高级醇5种、萜烯类化合物10种、中链脂肪酸2种、高级醇乙酸酯3种、中链脂肪酸乙酯7种、醛酮类5种。添加三种氮源的果酒中,萜烯类和乙酸酯类挥发性成分总含量均大于空白组,中链脂肪酸和乙基酯类挥发性成分总含量均小于空白组。其中,添加磷酸氢二铵的果酒中乙酸酯类挥发性成分总含量最高(1.170 mg/L),添加硫酸铵的果酒中萜烯类挥发性成分总含量最高(11.378 mg/L);与另外两种氮源相比,添加磷酸氢二铵的果酒中乙酸-2-苯乙酯、庚酸乙酯等挥发性成分含量相对更高,添加硫酸铵的果酒中D-柠檬烯、乙酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯等挥发性成分含量相对更高,添加碳酸氢铵的果酒中β-水芹烯、4-萜烯醇、辛酸乙酯等挥发性成分含量相对更高。实验证明了氮源对促进脐橙果酒低温发酵具有明显效果,并对挥发性香气成分含量具有一定的促进作用,为脐橙果酒低温发酵工艺的应用提供了理论依据。     

不同柑橘品种对柑橘果酒香气成分的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术对由脐橙、锦橙、椪柑和蜜柑所酿造的柑橘果酒的香气成分进行分析。结果表明,在4种柑橘果酒中共分离鉴定出43种香气化合物,其中包含酯类、醇类、酸类、醛类、酮类、烃类等,主要的香气贡献成分是酯类化合物,相对含量在58%~68%之间。柑橘果酒主体香气成分有乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、3-苯丙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、庚酸乙酯、壬酸乙酯、癸酸异戊酯、癸酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯、苯甲酸乙酯、异戊醇、苯乙醇、2-乙基己醇、辛酸、月桂酸、2-氨基苯乙酸、苯乙醛、4-苯基丁醛、苯乙烯等,这些成分是决定柑橘果酒酒香和果香的重要组分。而锦橙果酒中这类化合物含量最高,且其感官评分也最高。因此,川南地区宜选锦橙用于柑橘果酒的制作。     

水香薷香料的制备及挥发性成分分析

以水香薷原料制备香料。采用同时蒸馏萃取装置收集挥发性成分并用气相色谱-质谱仪对该香料挥发性成分进行分析和鉴定,经毛细管色谱分离出32种组分,确认了其中的19种成分,并用面积归一化法测定了各种成分的峰面积,其主要成分为：油酸乙酯(24.22％)、乙酸丁香酚酯(11.71％)、邻苯二甲酸丁基酯2 -乙基己基酯(11.43％)、十六酸乙酯(8.66％)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(5.51％)、α-愈创木烯(3.97％)、3 -烯丙基-6-甲氧基苯酚佳味备酚(3.24％)、棕榈酸(2.8％)、脱氢香薷酮(2.21％)、肉豆蔻酸(1.7％)、硬脂酸乙酯(1.57％)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(0.88％)等。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the