Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag合金高温热变形行为与变形机制

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上对Cu-Cr-Zr-Ag合金进行高温等温压缩试验,当热压缩应变速率为0.001~10 s-1、热变形温度为650~950℃时,同时对合金高温热压缩的热加工图以及变形机制进行研究。结果表明:流变应力随变形温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的提高而增大;热变形过程中的稳态流变应力可用双曲正弦本构关系式来描述,其激活能为Q=343.23 k J/mol,同时利用逐步回归的方法建立了该合金的流变应力方程。根据动态材料模型计算并分析了合金的热加工图,并且获得了试验参数范围内热变形过程的最佳工艺参数:温度为750~800℃、应变速率范围为0.01~0.1 s-1,并利用热加工图分析了该合金不同区域的高温变性特征以及组织变化。     

基于热加工图的Cu-Ni-Si-P合金的高温热变形行为

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上,通过高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-2.0Ni-0.5Si-0.03P合金在应变速率为0.01～5 s-1、变形温度为600～800℃的动态再结晶行为以及组织转变进行了研究。结果表明:在应变温度为750、800℃时,合金热压缩变形流变应力出现了明显的峰值应力,表现为连续动态再结晶特征。同时从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出了该合金高温热压缩变形时的热变形激活能(Q)为485.6 kJ/mol和热变形本构方程。根据动态材料模型计算并分析了该合金的热加工图,利用热加工图确定热变形的流变失稳区,并且获得了试验参数范围内热变形过程的最佳工艺参数,温度为750～800℃,应变速率范围为0.01～0.1 s-1,并利用热加工图分析了该合金不同区域的高温变性特征以及组织变化。     

新型无镍白色铜合金的热加工图及其热变形机制(英文)

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机在温度为600~800°C、应变速率为0.01~10 s-1的热变形条件下对新型无镍白色Cu-12Mn-15Zn-1.5Al-0.3Ti-0.14B-0.1Ce(质量分数,%)合金进行热压缩模拟实验;根据该合金热变形行为及热加工特征,建立该合金热变形的本构方程和热加工图。该合金热变形过程中变形激活能为203.005 k J/mol。当真应变为0.7时,合金热加工图中存在一个失稳区,此区域的变形温度为600~700°C,应变速率为0.32~10 s-1。在较适宜的热变形条件(800°C、10 s-1)下获得的合金具有良好的表面质量和内部组织。同时,该无镍合金具有与传统镍白铜Cu-15Ni-24Zn-1.5Pb合金相近似的白色色度和肉眼不易察觉的色差(小于1.5)。     

GH738高温合金热加工行为

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机对GH738镍基高温合金进行高温热压缩变形实验,分析该合金在变形温度1000~1160℃、应变速率0.01~10s-1、工程变形量15%~70%条件下流变应力的变化规律。确定GH738合金热变形方程,建立热加工图(Processing map),并通过组织观察对热加工图进行解释。GH738合金热变形激活能Q为499kJ/mol;热加工图随不同变形量而变化,在应变速率较低,温度较高的状态下,能量耗散效率较高。综合应变量为0.2,0.4,0.6和0.8应变量下的热加工图,确立了该合金最佳热加工"安全通道",为GH738高温合金热加工工艺优化提供理论依据。     

Cu-Cr-Zr合金的高温热压缩变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,对Cu-Cr-Zr合金在应变速率为0.001~10 s-1、变形温度为650~850℃的高温变形过程中的变形行为(流变应力和显微组织)进行研究。根据动态材料模型计算并分析该合金的热加工图,并结合变形显微组织观察确定该合金在实验条件下的高温变形机制及加工工艺。结果表明:流变应力随变形温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的提高而增大。从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出该合金高温热压缩变形时的热变形激活能(Q)为392.5 kJ/mol,同时利用逐步回归的方法建立该合金的流变应力方程。利用热加工图确定热变形的流变失稳区,并且获得了实验参数范围内热变形过程的最佳工艺参数:温度范围为750~850℃,应变速率范围为0.001~0.1 s-1,并利用热加工图分析了该合金不同区域的高温变性特征以及组织变化。     

挤压态Al-1.1Mn-0.3Mg-0.25RE合金热变形本构特性、显微组织演变及加工图(英文)

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对Al-1.1Mn-0.3Mg-0.25RE合金在变形温度300~500°C和应变速率0.01~10s-1条件下进行高温热压缩实验,并采用光学金相显微镜及透射电镜对该合金热变形过程的显微组织演变规律进行观察。结果表明:Al-1.1Mn-0.3Mg-0.25RE合金的峰值应力随着变形温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大,并可用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦关系来描述合金的热流变行为,其变形激活能为186.48 kJ/mol;热变形过程稳流过程是动态回复引起的,而流变软化与动态再结晶及成分相的转变有关;合金中主要成分相是富稀土相,这些相的形成对Fe和Si等杂质元素具有净化作用,并增加该合金在高温条件下的热加工性。结合加工图和显微组织可以确定在该实验范围内,合金热变形的最佳工艺参数为:热加工温度440~450°C,应变速率0.01 s-1。     

铸态GH2132合金热变形行为和热加工图EI北大核心CSCD

利用Gleeble−3500热模拟机的热压缩实验,研究了铸态GH2132合金在变形温度为1173~1423 K和应变速率为0.001~10 s^(−1)条件下的热压缩变形行为和微观组织演化规律,分析该合金在不同变形条件下的热变形激活能Q值、应变速率敏感指数m值、温度敏感指数s值的变化规律,基于动态材料模型(DMM)建立热加工图,结合微观组织确定出最佳热加工参数。结果表明:随着变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低,流变应力减小,GH2132合金为应变速率和温度敏感型材料。提高变形温度、降低应变速率有利于获得均匀分布的等轴晶粒。结合热加工图和高温变形微观组织确定,铸态GH2132合金合理的热变形参数所对应的变形温度和应变速率区间分别为1295~1418 K和3.07~10 s^(−1)。     

690合金热压缩本构方程和热加工图的建立

利用Gleeble 1500+热模拟试验机研究了镍基690合金在800~1300℃温度范围内,应变速率在0.1~10 s~(-1)范围内热压缩过程中合金的热变形行为。结果表明,690合金在热压缩过程中产生的流变应力受变形温度和应变速率两个参数的显著影响,其对应的峰值应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的增加而增大。利用数据拟合计算得到热变形激活能等参数,建立了用于表征峰值应力和变形温度、应变速率之间相互关系的690合金热变形本构方程。基于动态材料模型绘制了690合金的热加工图,结合该合金在不同变形温度-应变速率区域的高温变形特征以及显微组织形貌,获得了两个适合690合金热加工的变形温度-应变速率区域。     

高钛6061铝合金的热变形行为（英文）

利用应力应变曲线、热加工图,结合电子透射电子显微镜和背散射衍射技术研究在变形温度为350~510°C、应变速率为0.001~10 s-1时高钛6061铝合金的热变形行为。结果表明,该合金的热压缩变形流变峰值应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低;在实验参数范围内平均热变形激活能为185 k J/mol;建立了流变应力模型;该合金热变形时主要的软化机制为动态回复;根据材料动态模型获得了高钛6061铝合金的热加工图,最佳的热加工窗口温度为400~440°C,应变速率为0.001~0.1 s~(-1)。     

Y对Cu-Cr-Zr合金高温热变形行为的影响

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对Cu-Cr-Zr和Cu-Cr-Zr-Y合金,进行高温等温压缩试验,研究了在变形温度为650~850℃、应变速率为0.001~10 s-1条件下两种合金的流变应力的变化规律,测定了真应力一应变曲线,从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出了该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和本构方程,并利用光学显微镜分析了合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变及动态再结晶机制。结果表明:稀土元素Y的加入细化了微观组织,提高了Cu-Cr-Zr合金的动态再结晶体积分数,并且大幅降低了合金的热变形激活能Q,改善了其热加工性能。     

Hot deformation behavior of Al–9.0Mg–0.5Mn–0.1Ti alloy based on processing maps

Hot deformation behavior of extrusion preform of the spray-formed Al–9.0Mg–0.5Mn–0.1Ti alloy was studied using hot compression tests over deformation temperature range of 300–450 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s^?1. On the basis of experiments and dynamic material model, 2D processing maps and 3D power dissipation maps were developed for identification of exact instability regions and optimization of hot processing parameters. The experimental results indicated that the efficiency factor of energy dissipate (η) lowered to the minimum value when the deformation conditions located at the strain of 0.4, temperature of 300 °C and strain rate of 1 s^?1. The softening mechanism was dynamic recovery, the grain shape was mainly flat, and the portion of high angle grain boundary (>15°) was 34%. While increasing the deformation temperature to 400 °C and decreasing the strain rate to 0.1 s^?1, a maximum value of η was obtained. It can be found that the main softening mechanism was dynamic recrystallization, the structures were completely recrystallized, and the portion of high angle grain boundary accounted for 86.5%. According to 2D processing maps and 3D power dissipation maps, the optimum processing conditions for the extrusion preform of the spray-formed Al–9.0Mg–0.5Mn–0.1Ti alloy were in the deformation temperature range of 340–450 °C and the strain rate range of 0.01–0.1 s^?1 with the power dissipation efficiency range of 38%–43%.     

Hot deformation behavior of a Sr-modified Al-Si-Mg alloy: Constitutive model and processing maps

Isothermal compression experiments were conducted to study the hot deformation behaviors of a Sr-modified Al-Si-Mg alloy in the temperature range of 300–420 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s^?1. A physically-based model was developed to accurately predict the flow stress. Meanwhile, processing maps were established to optimize hot working parameters. It is found that decreasing the strain rate or increasing the deformation temperature reduces the flow stress. The high activation energy is closely related to the pinning of dislocations from Si-containing dispersoids. Moreover, the deformed grains and the Si-containing dispersoids in the matrix are elongated perpendicular to the compression direction, and incomplete dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is discovered on the elongated boundaries in domain with peak efficiency. The flow instability is mainly attributed to the flow localization, brittle fracture of eutectic Si phase, and formation of adiabatic shear band. The optimum hot working window is 380–420 °C and 0.03–0.28 s^?1.     

60NiTi合金的热压缩变形与显微组织演变（英文）

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对在变形温度500～650℃和应变速率0.001～1 s^-1条件下的60NiTi合金进行热压缩变形,分析其热变形行为和显微组织,建立变形本构模型,绘制热加工图。结果表明,当压缩温度升高或应变速率降低时,峰值应力减小。合金的热变形激活能为327.89 k J/mol,热加工工艺参数为变形温度600～650℃和应变速率0.005～0.05 s^-1。当变形温度升高时,合金的再结晶程度增大;当应变速率增大时,位错密度和孪晶数量增大,Ni₃Ti相易于聚集;Ni₃Ti析出相有利于诱发合金基体的动态再结晶。动态回复、动态再结晶和孪生是60NiTi合金热变形的主要机制。     

High temperature deformation and processing map of a NiTi intermetallic alloy

The deformation behavior of a 49.8 Ni-50.2 Ti (at pct) alloy was investigated using the hot compression test in the temperature range of 700 °C–1100 °C, and strain rate of 0.001 s^?1 to 1 s^?1. The hot tensile test of the alloy was also considered to assist explaining the related deformation mechanism within the same temperature range and the strain rate of 0.1 s^?1. The processing map of the alloy was developed to evaluate the efficiency of hot deformation and to identify the instability regions of the flow. The peak efficiency of 24–28% was achieved at temperature range of 900 °C–1000 °C, and strain rates higher than 0.01 s^?1 in the processing map. The hot ductility and the deformation efficiency of the alloy exhibit almost similar variation with temperature, showing maximum at temperature range of 900 °C–1000 °C and minimum at 700 °C and 1100 °C. Besides, the minimum hot ductility lies in the instability regions of the processing map. The peak efficiency of 28% and microstructural analysis suggests that dynamic recovery (DRV) can occur during hot working of the alloy. At strain rates higher than 0.1 s^?1, the peak efficiency domain shifts from the temperature range of 850 °C–1000 °C to lower temperature range of 800 °C–950 °C which is desirable for hot working of the NiTi alloy. The regions of flow instability have been observed at high Z values and at low temperature of 700 °C and low strain rate of 0.001 s^?1. Further instability region has been found at temperature of 1000 °C and strain rates higher than 1 s^?1 and at temperature of 1100 °C and all range of strain rates.     

ZL270LF铝合金的热变形行为与组织演变

通过热压缩实验研究了ZL270LF铝合金在变形量为70%,温度为300~550 ℃,应变速率为 0.01~10 s^-1范围的热变形行为,建立了流变应力本构方程模型,绘制出了二维热加工图,确定了最佳热加工区域,采用电子背散射衍射（EBSD）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）技术研究了该合金的组织演变规律。结果表明：ZL270LF铝合金的流变应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低,热变形激活能为309.05 kJ/mol,最优热加工区为温度470~530 ℃、应变速率为0.01~1 s^-1。该合金在热变形过程中存在3种不同的DRX机制,即连续动态再结晶（CDRX）、不连续动态再结晶（DDRX）和几何动态再结晶（GDRX）,其中CDRX是ZL270LF铝合金动态再结晶的主要机制。     

Optimization of thermal processing parameters of Ti555211 alloy using processing maps based on Murty criterion

Isothermal compression testing of Ti555211 titanium alloys was carried out at deformation temperatures from 750 to 950 °C in 50 °C intervals with a strain rate of0.001–1.000 s~(-1). The high-temperature deformation behavior of the Ti555211 alloy was characterized by analysis of stress–strain behavior, kinetics and processing maps. A constitutive equation was formulated to describe the flow stress as a function of deformation temperature and strain rate, and the calculated apparent activation energies are found to be 454.50 and 207.52 k J mol~(-1)in the a b-phase and b-phase regions, respectively. A processing map based on the Murty instability criterion was developed at a strain of 0.7. The maps exhibit two domains of peak efficiency from 750 to 950 °C. A *60 % peak efficiency occurs at 800–850 °C/0.001–0.010 s~(-1). The other peak efficiency of *60 % occurs at C950 °C/0.001–0.010 s~(-1), which can be considered to be the optimum condition for high-temperature working of this alloy.However, at strain rates of higher than 1.000 s~(-1)and deformation temperatures of 750 and 950 °C, clear process flow lines and bands of flow localization occur in the hightemperature deformation process, which should be avoided in Ti555211 alloy hot processing. The mechanism in stability domain and instability domain was also discussed.     

Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of AMS 5708 Nickel-Based Superalloy Using Processing Map

The hot deformation behavior of AMS 5708 nickel-based superalloy was investigated by means of hot compression tests and a processing map in the temperature range of 950-1200 °C and a strain rate range of 0.01-1 s^?1 was constructed. The true stress-true strain curves showed that the maximum flow stress decreases with the increase of temperature and decrease of strain rate. The developed processing map based on experimental data, showed variations of efficiency of power dissipation relating to temperature and strain rate at constant strain. Interpretation of the processing map showed one stable domain, in which dynamic recrystallization was the dominant microstructural phenomenon, and one instability domain with flow localization. The results of interpretation of flow stress curves and processing map were verified by the microstructure observations. There are two optimum conditions for hot working of this alloy with efficiency peak of 0.36: the first is at 1150 °C for a strain rate of 1 s^?1 that produces a fine grained microstructure. The second is at 1200 °C for a strain rate of 0.01 s^?1 that produces a coarse grained microstructure.     

Effect of initial microstructure on hot workability of 7085 aluminum alloy

The hot workability of 7085 aluminum alloys with different initial microstructures (as-homogenized and as-solution treated) was studied by isothermal compression tests at the deformation temperature ranging from 300 to 450 °C and the strain rate ranging from 0.0001 to 1 s^?1. The strain rate sensitivity of the alloy was evaluated and used for establishing the power dissipation maps and instability maps on the basis of the flow stress data. The results show that the efficiency of power dissipation for the as-homogenized alloy is lower than that of the as-solution treated alloy. The deformation parameters of the dynamic recrystallization for the as-homogenized and as-solution treated alloy occur at 400 °C, 0.01 s^?1 and 450 °C, 0.001 s^?1, respectively. The flow instability region of the as-homogenized alloy is narrower than that of the as-solution treated alloy. These differences of the alloys with two different initial microstructures on the processing maps are mainly related to the dynamic precipitation characteristics.     

Hot Compression Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr Alloy

Hot compression deformation behavior and processing maps of the Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy were investigated in this paper. Compression tests were conducted at the temperature range from 300 to 450 °C and the strain rate range from 0.001 to 1.0 s^?1. It is found that the flow stress behavior is described by the hyperbolic sine constitutive equation in which the average activation energy of 251.96 kJ/mol is calculated. Through the flow stress behavior, the processing maps are calculated and analyzed according to the dynamic materials model. In the processing maps, the variation of the efficiency of the power dissipation is plotted as a function of temperature and strain rate. The instability domains of flow behavior are identified by the maps. The maps exhibit a domain of dynamic recrystallization occurring at the temperature range of 375-450 °C and strain rate range of 0.001-0.03 s^?1 which are the optimum parameters for hot working of the alloy.     

Characterization of hot deformation behavior of AA2014 forging aluminum alloy using processing map

The hot deformation behavior of AA2014 forging aluminum alloy was investigated by isothermal compression tests at temperatures of 350–480 °C and strain rates of 0.001–1 s^?1 on a Gleeble–3180 simulator. The corresponding microstructures of the alloys under different deformation conditions were studied using optical microscopy (OM), electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The processing maps were constructed with strains of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7. The results showed that the instability domain was more inclined to occur at strain rates higher than 0.1 s^?1 and manifested in the form of local non-uniform deformation. At the strain of 0.7, the processing map showed two stability domains: domain I (350–430°C, 0.005–0.1 s^?1) and domain II (450–480 °C, 0.001–0.05 s^?1). The predominant softening mechanisms in both of the two domains were dynamic recovery. Uniform microstructures were obtained in domain I, and an extended recovery occurred in domain II, which would lead to the potential sub-grain boundaries progressively transforming into new high-angle grain boundaries. The optimum hot working parameters for the AA2014 forging aluminum alloy were determined to be 370–420 °C and 0.008–0.08 s^?1.