超声波残余应力测试技术在工程实际中的应用

对超声波法残余应力测试技术在铝合金厚板工程实际中的应用进行了研究,分析了不同7050铝合金厚板在不同工序和不同板厚下的应力状态。结果表明,7050厚板表面残余应力沿板材宽度方向呈小幅的随机波动,波动的数值在设备的测试误差之内,残余应力在板材宽度方向是均匀分布。7050厚板的表面残余应力在不同工序处理后残余应力存在较大差异,热轧后应力很小,淬火后应力很大且为压应力,预拉伸和时效后应力整体水平很小,热轧工序对厚板残余应力的影响较小,厚板内部较高的残余应力主要来自于淬火工序。通过预拉伸工序可有效消减淬火产生的残余应力,可使厚板整体应力水平满足使用要求。不同厚度的7050厚板表面残余应力均处于较低的水平,随着厚板厚度的增加,表面残余应力略有增大。     

7050铝合金厚板平面应变断裂韧度的研究

采用紧凑拉伸C(T)试样测试7050-T7451铝合金厚板不同厚度、不同取样方向的断裂韧度,通过宏观断口形貌、扫描电镜微观断口形貌和能谱分析等手段研究材料平面应变断裂韧度K_(ⅠC)性能。结果表明:试样满足一定厚度要求时,虽然表面存在小范围平面应力层,亦可获得有效平面应变断裂韧度结果;不同取样方向的断裂韧度性能存在显著各向异性,L-T方向断裂韧度最大,为韧窝型韧性断裂;其次是T-L方向,为韧窝排列具有方向性的脆性断裂,S-L方向断裂韧度最小,主要为沿晶脆性断裂。     

热处理对2519铝合金应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响

通过慢应变速率拉伸测试、扫描电镜及透射电镜分析等研究了2519铝合金在T6、T8热处理状态下,在空气和3.5%(质量分数)的NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为,研究了应变速率对2519铝合金SCC行为的影响。结果表明:同一热处理状态下,2519铝合金在3.5%的NaCl溶液中应力腐蚀开裂敏感性高于干燥空气中;在应变速率为1.33×10-5s-1时,其SCC敏感性比应变速率为6.66×10-5s-1时的敏感性大;同一应变速率下,T6状态比T8状态SCC敏感性大,T8状态时抗应力腐蚀性能比T6状态时好。     

时效对7050铝合金预拉伸板抗腐蚀性能的影响

采用硬度、腐蚀速率、剥落腐蚀、慢应变速率拉伸测试及透射电镜和差示扫描量热法研究预拉伸后时效制度对7050铝合金板材显微组织、硬度和抗腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:峰时效合金硬度最大,抗腐蚀性能最差;过时效和回归再时效与峰时效相比,合金的硬度值减小,抗腐蚀性能变好;在高温+峰时效中的高温时效阶段,GP区发生回溶,有利于η′和η相的直接形核析出,晶内析出相长大、不均匀分布,合金硬度减小;晶界析出相粗化、断续分布,合金抗腐蚀性能提高。     

时效处理对7050铝合金厚板材料组织、性能及残余应力的影响

采用末端淬火实验、剥落腐蚀实验、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线残余应力测量仪等方法研究不同时效处理制度对7050铝合金厚板材料组织、性能及残余应力的影响。结果表明:T74时效状态试样较T6时效状态试样沿整个冷却方向上力学性能更加均匀;T74时效状态试样的剥落腐蚀性能较T6有显著提高,且淬火冷却速度对T74状态影响不大;沿整个淬火冷却方向上T74时效状态试样残余应力水平较T6时效状态试样明显降低。     

时效处理对7N01铝合金应力腐蚀性能的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT),研究了自然时效、单级时效和双级时效对7N01铝合金在不同介质环境下应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性的影响。结果表明,7N01铝合金的SCC敏感性与时效处理密切相关,影响敏感性的次序由低到高依次为:双级时效、单级时效、自然时效;腐蚀介质的腐蚀性越强,SCC敏感性越高。7N01铝合金的慢应变速率拉伸断裂均为韧窝型延性断裂。     

Si含量对7050铝合金显微组织和抗应力腐蚀开裂的影响

分别研究Si含量为0．094％、0．134％和0．261％的3种T7651态7050铝合金的组织和应力腐蚀开裂敏感性。结果表明：随着Si含量从0．094％增加到0．261％,Mg2Si相的面积分数从0．16％增加到1．48％,并且尺寸粗化;而其它粗大相（包括Al2CuMg、Mg（Al3Cu,Zn）2和Al7Cu2Fe）的面积分数从2．42％减小到0．78％。合金的电导率随Si含量的增加而增加。合金在空气中进行慢应变速率拉伸时,抗拉强度和伸长率随Si含量的增加而降低;而在3．5％NaCl溶液中进行慢应变速率拉伸时,随Si含量增加,合金应力腐蚀开裂敏感性降低。     

7050铝合金T74双级过时效的研究

采用金相组织观察、常温拉伸、硬度、剥落腐蚀及导电率等方法,研究了T74双级时效制度对7050铝合金力学性能及腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:7050铝合金随着第二级人工时效的时间延长,η'过渡相转变为η平衡相以及η平衡相的粗化,使得其硬度和拉伸性能下降;而随着保温时间延长,晶界析出相的不连续化、粗大化以及PFZ区变窄,使得其抗剥落腐蚀性能增加。     

7050铝合金厚板弹性模量分布差异及其对预拉伸后残余应力的影响

分析了织构和塑性变形对铝合金弹性模量的影响,建立了考虑弹性模量差异的7050铝合金厚板"淬火-预拉伸"有限元模型,分析了弹性模量对7050铝合金厚板残余应力的影响。结果表明:在拉伸率较小的情况下,厚板长向应力的消减优于横向应力;弹性模量的分布差异对铝合金厚板残余应力的消减有较大的影响。与弹性模量沿厚度分布对应,长向残余应力沿板厚度方向的分布表现出明显的差异;总体上分层模型的表层应力大于整体弹性模量模型的,分层模型的心部应力小于整体弹性模量模型的。     

阴极极化对7050铝合金应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用阴极极化、慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)和定氢仪研究阴极极化对7050铝合金应力腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:当阴极极化电位高于-1100 mV时,7050铝合金的应力腐蚀敏感性(Iscc)随着极化电位的负移而升高;而当阴极极化电位低于-1100 mV时,Iscc则随着极化电位的负移而下降。外加极化电位对不同时效状态7050铝合金Iscc的影响程度不同,即阴极极化对欠时效状态下铝合金的Iscc影响显著,对过时效状态铝合金Iscc的影响最小,对峰时效状态下铝合金Iscc的影响居中。铝合金的应力腐蚀机理为阳极溶解和氢脆共同作用,且氢对铝合金应力腐蚀的作用随着氢浓度的增加而增加。     

Environmentally assisted cracking resistance of Al–Cu–Li alloy AA2195 using slow strain rate test in 3.5% NaCl solution

The general corrosion and environmental cracking resistances of Al–Cu–Li alloy AA2195 were investigated in 3.5% NaCl environment and compared with those of another high strength alloy AA2219. The general corrosion resistance of these alloys was examined using immersion corrosion and potentiodynamic polarization tests, while the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance was evaluated by slow strain rate test (SSRT) method. The tested samples were further characterized by SEM–EDS and optical profilometry to study the change in corrosion morphology, elemental content and depth of corrosion attack. The reduction in ductility was used as a parameter to evaluate the SCC susceptibility of the alloys. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance of AA2195 alloy was better than that of AA2219 alloy as it exhibited lower corrosion rate, along with lower pit depth and density. However, the SCC index (?_NaCl/?_air) measured was greater than 0.90, indicating good environmental cracking resistance of both the alloys. Detailed fractography of the failed samples under SEM–EDS, in general, revealed a typical ductile cracking morphology for both the alloys.     

The effect of nitrogen and carbon on the stress corrosion cracking performance of sensitized AISI 304 stainless steel in chloride and sulfate solutions at 250°C

Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were conducted on sensitized AISI 304 stainless steels (SS) with varying nitrogen and carbon contents in order to study their susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The tests were performed in de-aerated 0.01 M NaCl at 250°C, at a strain rate of 2 × 10⁻⁶s⁻¹ and at various applied potentials in the range −0.4 to 0.1 V(NHE), after which scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the fracture surfaces of the SSRT specimens. SSRT results show that SCC occurs above a certain critical potential (E_SCC) which depends on the carbon and nitrogen contents; E_SCC is in the range −0.3 to 0 V(NHE), with nitrogen additions up to 0.16 wt% increasing E_SCC and carbon additions decreasing E_SCC. This implies that the degree of sensitization (DOS) is the major factor which determines E_SCC. The DOS also determines the fracture mode obtained above E_SCC; at low DOS transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) occurs, while at high DOS intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) is the predominant mode. The potential ranges in which (1) IGSCC and (2) simultaneous IGSCC, TGSCC and shallow pitting occurred corresponded to (1) the passive range and (2) potentials above the breakdown of passivity on the polarization curves. The results of this investigation are compared with those obtained from similar tests in sulphate solutions [T. A. Mozhiet al., Corrosion42, 197 (1986)], and possible mechanisms discussed.     

Environmentally assisted cracking behaviour of plasma electrolytic oxidation coated AZ31 magnesium alloy

Abstract

A wrought AZ31 magnesium alloy was plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coated in phosphate and silicate based alkaline electrolytes. The effect of these PEO coatings on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of the alloy was investigated by slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests in ASTM D1384 solution. The untreated and PEO coated AZ31 magnesium alloy specimens were found to be susceptible to SCC, despite the fact that the PEO coatings offered an excellent general corrosion resistance. The results of the polarisation tests on the untreated AZ31 alloy specimen after prolonged immersion in ASTM D1384 electrolyte suggested the formation of a film on the surface constituted by the corrosion products. The cracking of this film and the evolution/ingress of hydrogen at these defective sites during the SSRT tests in the corrosive environment was believed to be responsible for the SCC of the untreated alloy. Similarly, the cracking of the PEO coatings during the SSRT test, the consequent exposure of the underneath magnesium alloy substrate and the associated electrochemical reactions were attributed as reasons for the SCC of the PEO coated specimens. The transgranular mode of fracture in all the cases avowed that the hydrogen induced cracking was the mechanism of SCC.     

Pitting and stress corrosion cracking resistance of friction stir welded AA 5083

The corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded (FSW) joints of AA 5083 has been compared to that of MIG welded joints. Pitting and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance in 3.5% NaCl + 0.3 g/l H₂O₂ and in EXCO (4 M KCl + 0.5 M KNO₃ + 0.1 M HNO₃) solutions has been determined at 25°C. SCC susceptibility was evaluated by slow strain rate tests (SSRT), at a strain rate of 1 × 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹.Welds obtained by FSW technique showed a higher corrosion resistance in EXCO solution and a lower pitting tendency than the base alloy. Electrochemical measurements (corrosion potential measurements, polarization curves recording) evidenced that FSW weld was cathodic to base alloy. FSW joints were not susceptible to SCC in both test solutions, whereas MIG joints cracked in both solutions.     

Effect of Overaging on Fatigue Crack Propagation and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviors of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy Thick Plate

The fatigue property as well as stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy thick plate in peak-aged and overaged tempers (T7351 and T7651) is systematically investigated by fatigue crack propagation (FCP) test and slow strain rate test (SSRT). Microstructural characterization is examined by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results reveal that the T7351 alloy has lower strength but higher electrical conductivity as compared to T7651 alloy. The FCP resistance of T7351 alloy is superior to that of the T7651 alloy due to the coarser precipitates in the highly overaged alloy in which the strain localization is reduced by promoting homogeneous slip. In addition, the SSRT test suggests a higher SCC resistance in T7351 alloy. The enhanced SCC resistance is found to depend on grain boundary precipitate characteristics and crack propagation resistance of the alloys.     

316L 不锈钢在高 pH 碱性硫化物环境中的应力腐蚀行为

目的研究316L不锈钢在碱性硫化物溶液中的应力腐蚀行为,为其在碱性环境中的适用性提供参考依据。方法采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗(EIS)测量技术、慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)、U形弯试样浸泡试验以及SEM腐蚀形貌分析方法。结果 316L不锈钢试样在碱性硫化物溶液中具有较低的应力腐蚀(SCC)敏感性,腐蚀机理主要为阳极溶解型,且SCC敏感性随着p H升高而降低。结论316L不锈钢试样在碱性Na Cl/Na2S溶液中虽然表现出应力腐蚀特征,但敏感性较低,适用于该实验模拟的碱性溶液中。     

Microstructural evolution and corrosion behavior of friction stir processed fine-grained AZ80 Mg alloy

Friction stir processing (FSP) and subsequent aging heat treatment were used to modify the microstructure of AZ80 magnesium alloy. The influence of FSP and aging heat treatment on the corrosion behavior was systematically studied by using potentiodynamic polarization, immersion, and slow strain rate tensile tests. The results revealed that FSP led to grain refinement, rapid dissolution of β-phase, and the deflection of c-axis from transverse direction (TD) and processing direction (PD) by approximately 55° and 25°, respectively, improving the static corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance. The aging heat treatment rendered a little influence on the grain size and slightly affected the grain orientation. The content of β-phase in FSP-5 and FSP-24 samples was 8.1 and 21.8 wt.%, respectively. Static corrosion and SCC resistance of FSP-5 and FSP-24 samples were lower than those of the FSP samples. Compared with FSP-5 sample, the amount of β-phase and the proportion of Al₂O₃ increased in FSP-24 sample, leading to enhanced static corrosion and SCC resistance. SCC behavior was controlled by anodic dissolution, whereas the presence of hydrogen accelerated the SCC.     

Stress corrosion cracking study of microalloyed pipeline steels in dilute NaHCO3 solutions

Studies were carried out to evaluate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of a X-70 microalloyed pipeline steel, with different microstructures by using the slow strain rate testing (SSRT) technique at 50 °C, in NaHCO₃ solutions. Both anodic and cathodic potentials were applied. Additionally, experiments using the SSRT technique but with pre-charged hydrogen samples and potentiodynamic polarization curves at different sweep rates were also carried out to elucidate hydrogen effects. The results showed that the different microstructures in conjunction with the anodic applied potentials shift the cracking susceptibility of the steel. In diluted NaHCO₃ solutions cathodic potentials close to their rest potential values decreased the SCC susceptibility regardless the microstructure, whereas higher cathodic potentials promote SCC in all steel conditions. Certain microstructures are more susceptible to present anodic dissolution corrosion mechanism. Meanwhile concentrated solution did not promotes brittle fracture.     

7075铝合金应力腐蚀敏感性的SSRT和电化学测试研究

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)研究了7075铝合金的应力腐蚀行为。试验结果表明,外加阳极极化和阴极极化都能增加7075铝合金的应力腐蚀敏感性,即使在弱极化情况下也能显著增加合金的应力腐蚀敏感性。但是,外加极化对于不同热处理状态的7075铝合金,其应力腐蚀敏感性增加的程度不同。电极极化对T6状态合金的SCC敏感性的影响显著,而对RRA和T7351状态合金的影响较轻微。随着拉伸应力的增加,7075-RRA铝合金的阳极极化曲线略向正移,滞后环面积扩大,但并不显著。     

Slow strain rate testing of high-strength aluminium alloy plate in an aqueous solution of 3% NaCl + 0.3% H2O2

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of aluminium alloy plate materials was investigated in the short transverse direction using the slow strain rate (SSR) testing technique. The synthetic environment used was an aqueous solution of 3% NaCl + 0.3% H₂O₂. Reference tests under constant deformation and alternate immersion conditions according to ASTM G44 were performed, too. Both static and dynamic loading tests indicate high SCC susceptibility with the alloys 2024-T351, 2091-T8X51, 7050 T651 and 7475-T651. For the alloy 8090-T8171, a low SCC resistance is found in the alternate immersion tests, whereas a rather moderate sensitivity is observed performing SSR tests. The SSR testing technique fails to indicate the SCC sensitivity of the more resistant alloys 2024-T851 and 7050-T7651. As demonstrated by pre-exposure tests, the reduction of fracture energy observed with the latter alloys as well as with the immune alloys 7050-T7351 and 7475-T7351 is caused by pitting and intergranular corrosion. Using an aqueous solution of 3% NaCl + 0.3% H₂O₂, the SSR testing technique is a useful rapid method to screen wrought aluminium alloys which are quite sensitive to environmentally assisted cracking. Because chloride-peroxide solutions are also conducive to corrosion processes independent of stress, pre exposure tests are required to be incorporated into such sorting tests.