玉米须吸附剂去除水溶液中Pb2+的研究

利用废弃物玉米须制备生物质吸附剂,研究其对废水中重金属Pb2+的吸附效果。考察体系pH值、Pb2+初始浓度、吸附剂添加量以及共存离子K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+对吸附率的影响。结果表明:在25℃,玉米须吸附Pb2+的最佳pH值为4.0;吸附剂添加量为0.150g,金属初始浓度为40mg/L时,吸附率高达99%以上。其动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir-Freundlich模型成功拟合了平衡数据,由该模型所得吸附剂的最大吸附容量为68.533mg/g。利用Zeta电位仪、红外光谱仪和扫描电镜进一步探讨玉米须对重金属的吸附机理。结果表明:玉米须外表面遍布墙形褶皱,断面存在孔道,这有利于对Pb2+的吸附;当体系pH>2.0时,玉米须颗粒表面带负电,可以和Pb2+发生静电吸附;-COOH、-OH、-C=O等含氧官能团参与了吸附过程。     

Pb2+离子印迹材料的制备及性能研究

以Pb2+作为模板,环氧氯丙烷作为交联剂,MWNTs-CO/PEI作为功能单体,制备Pb2+-IIP材料。采用红外光谱和TEM对产物进行了表征。探讨了初始浓度、溶液pH值、吸附剂质量对吸附容量的影响。通过静态吸附实验研究Pb2+-IIP和Pb2+-NIP材料吸附实验的影响因素。结果表明,当吸附溶液的pH=5.0,吸附剂质量为0.03g,Pb2+的初始质量浓度为45mg/L时,Pb2+-IIP的最大吸附量为37.50mg/g,是Pb2+-NIP的2.47倍,40min内即可达到吸附平衡,吸附速率较快,选择识别性好,重复使用率高。     

聚乙烯亚胺-羧甲基纤维素的合成及对金属离子的吸附性能

以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为基质,用戊二醛(GA)做交联剂,将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)交联到羧甲基纤维素上制得聚乙烯亚胺-羧甲基纤维素吸附剂(PEI-CMC)。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱对PEI-CMC的结构进行了表征,测定了其对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附性能,并研究了pH值、时间、金属离子的初始浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明,当CMC、PEI和GA的反应比为1 g∶5 mL∶20 mL,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为3 h时,合成的PEI-CMC的含氮量为13.23%。当CMC和PEI的反应比为1 g∶5 mL时,随着戊二醛(质量分数2.5%)的加入量增加,PEI-CMC的产率先增大后降低。在pH值1~14的范围内,溶液酸碱度的变化对PEI-CMC的交联度没有影响。PEI-CMC吸附剂对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量在实验范围内随pH升高而增加。PEI-CMC对Pb2+和Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附在90 min和180 min后分别达到平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级反应动力学模型。随着Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+初始浓度的增加,PEI-CMC对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量开始时快速增加,而后达到饱和,吸附等温数据符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附容量分别为Cu2+250.0mg/g、Pb2+635.9 mg/g、Cd2+142.8 mg/g。     

pH值对天然磁铁矿吸附水中Pb2+的影响及吸附机制研究

以天然磁铁矿作为吸附材料,通过静态批式实验考查了pH值对磁铁矿吸附Pb2+的影响,并研究了该吸附剂对Pb2+的等温吸附动力学特性,同时利用XRF和SEM对吸附前后的磁铁矿进行表征,探讨该吸附剂去除水中Pb2+的作用机制。研究结果表明,随着反应初始pH值的增加,磁铁矿对Pb2+的吸附作用不断增加,当pH值=6时,其最大吸附率为97.80%。磁铁矿对水中Pb2+的吸附热力学等温线符合Lang-muir方程。当吸附剂粒径为120~150μm、用量20g/L时,在温度30℃,pH值=5,160r/min振荡30min时其饱和吸附量达16.98mg/g。磁铁矿对Pb2+的吸附作用可以用准二级动力学模型Y=0.0986X+0.5435描述,其相关系数R2 为0.992,吸附速率常数 K2为0.018(g·mg-1)/min。研究结果还表明,磁铁矿所吸附的铅以氧化态形式(PbO和Pb2O3)存在,磁铁矿对Pb2+的去除机制包括表面沉积、离子交换、物理吸附和化学吸附等综合作用的结果。     

浒苔吸附废水中Pb2+的性能及其影响因素

以往,少见浒苔对废水中Pb2+吸附的研究报道。通过浒苔对铅的吸附试验,研究了浒苔对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能及影响因素,考察了pH值、Pb2+初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附剂用量等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:浒苔对Pb2+有较强的吸附能力;当含Pb2+废水pH值为4.0时,以1 g/L浒苔处理50 mg/L Pb2+废水,吸附效率可达82%;吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型。     

黑藻对含重金属废水中锌离子的吸附性能

黑藻能吸附重金属废水中的Zn2+,但对其的报道鲜见.研究了生物吸附剂黑藻对废水中Zn2+的吸附去除性能,考察了溶液pH值、Zn2+初始浓度、黑藻加入量和吸附时间对吸附效果的影响.同时通过EDX分析和等温吸附模型对黑藻吸附Zn2+的机理进行了研究.结果表明:在溶液pH值为6.0、黑藻加入量为2 g/L,吸附时间为30 min,Zn2+质量浓度为20 mg/L的条件下,黑藻对Zn2+的吸附率为85%,并且发现黑藻对Zn2+的吸附是阳离子交换过程,吸附符合Langmuir,Freuncllich和D-R等温吸附模型.     

纳米二氧化锰@还原氧化石墨烯对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能与吸附机制研究

以重金属Pb(Ⅱ)为目标污染物,制备了MnO₂@还原氧化石墨烯(MnO₂@RGO)复合吸附剂。考察了吸附剂投加量、溶液pH、初始浓度和反应温度等因素对Pb(Ⅱ)去除效果的影响。结果表明:MnO₂@RGO对废水中的Pb(Ⅱ)吸附效果显著,在Pb(Ⅱ)浓度50mg/L,MnO₂@RGO投加量0.15g/L,pH为6.0,吸附时间3h的条件下,吸附量可达到124.3mg/g,Pb(Ⅱ)去除率可达到75%。纳米MnO₂@RGO可用Langmiur等温模型和伪二级动力学方程来描述,为单分子层吸附,以化学吸附为主。在MnO₂@RGO吸附剂的X射线衍射图谱中出现了MnO₂的特征吸收峰,其附着于RGO表面,印证了MnO₂@RGO吸附剂的成功制备。     

多氨基改性蔗渣对水溶液中Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)吸附性能的研究

蔗渣经多氨基改性处理后,得到多氨基改性蔗渣吸附剂。考察了多氨基改性蔗渣吸附剂对模拟废水中Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附性能,主要包括吸附时间、溶液pH值和温度对吸附量的影响以及吸附等温式的研究。研究表明,在实验范围内,Pb2+的吸附平衡时间为12h,适宜吸附Pb2+的pH值范围在4～5,Pb2+的最大吸附量为34.96mg/g;Zn2+的吸附平衡时间为20h,适宜吸附Zn2+的pH值在6.2左右,Zn2+的最大吸附容量为2.24mg/g;Cd2+的吸附平衡时间为20h,适宜吸附Cd2+的pH值在5.0左右,Cd2+的最大吸附容量为10.40mg/g;Cu2+的吸附平衡时间为20h;适宜吸附Cu2+的pH值在5.0左右;Cu2+在不同温度下的最大吸附容量为2.60mg/g。多氨基改性蔗渣对Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附均可用Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程描述。     

酒石酸柱撑水滑石吸附水中的Ni~(2+)的特性研究

采用离子交换法制得酒石酸插层MgAl水滑石(MgAl-TA LDHs),并进行了XRD、IR、SEM、比表面积及孔径分析表征。考察了MgAl-TA LDHs吸附剂对溶液中Ni 2+的吸附能力,探讨了水滑石吸附剂投加量、Ni 2+溶液浓度、pH值以及吸附温度对Ni 2+吸附率的影响,并进行了动力学和热力学特征的研究。结果表明,适宜的水滑石投加量为2g/L,pH值以中性为宜,对于Ni 2+浓度不超过100 mg/L的溶液室温下Ni 2+吸附率在60%以上,而高温有利于提高Ni 2+吸附率。吸附过程符合二级动力学模型,吸附等温曲线可用R-P模型来描述。吸附过程能够自发进行,为吸热过程,属于化学吸附。     

铁锰铈-PA6基静电纺吸附剂的制备及其对水中铅和铬的吸附性能

将铁锰铈(Fe-Mn-Ce)负载于PA6静电纺丝上制备抗团聚性强、吸附效果好且易分离回收的新型吸附剂Fe-Mn-Ce-PA6。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析均显示Fe-Mn-Ce颗粒已成功负载到PA6静电纺丝上。吸附实验研究结果表明,Fe-Mn-Ce含量为25%时制备的吸附剂对水中Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)具有良好的吸附效果,且其在Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度为10mg/L,吸附剂投加量为0.2g/L,pH为6的条件下对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率为98%;在Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为20mg/L,吸附剂投加量为0.2g/L,pH为6的条件下对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率为98.5%。该吸附剂对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附等温模型均符合Freundlich模型,而吸附动力学行为分别符合准一级动力学模型和准二级动力学模型。循环再生实验表明,该吸附剂经五次循环后对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)依然可以保持良好的去除率。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from