Release of antioxidants from co-extruded active packaging developed for whole milk powder

Control of oxidation is a basic criterion to maintain the quality of milk and dairy products. Multilayer co-extruded films are often used to limit the diffusion of oxygen from the environment into the package. In this study, multilayer co-extruded films made of high density polyethylene (added with titanium dioxide), ethylene vinyl alcohol and a layer of low density polyethylene containing the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (1.5%), butylated hydroxytoluene (1.5%) and α-tocopherol (4%) were manufactured. The release of the antioxidants from the films to whole milk powder was determined during 30 days at 30 °C. Whole milk powder stability was measured by monitoring vitamin A, hexanal, pentanal and heptanal content. Butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole migrated quickly from the films to the milk powder, while α-tocopherol migrated gradually. Multilayer co-extruded films provided an adequate light-barrier for whole milk powder and the film added with α-tocopherol contributed to the protection of vitamin A degradation compared with the other films.     

Changes of Headspace Volatiles in Milk with Riboflavin Photosensitization

ABSTRACT:  Effects of fluorescent light, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, sodium azide, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) on the volatiles in milk at 4 °C were determined using a combination of headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography (GC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, and dimethyl disulfide were formed only in the milk stored under light and increased significantly as the duration of light exposure increased from 0 to 8 h and the concentration of added riboflavin increased from 5 to 50 ppm ( P  < 0.05). As fat content in milk increased, peak areas of pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal increased significantly ( P  < 0.05) while those of dimethyl disulfide did not change significantly ( P  > 0.05). Sodium azide prevented the formation of dimethyl disulfide in milk, implying that dimethyl disulfide can be formed through singlet oxygen oxidation (type II pathway). Addition of ascorbic acid and BHA reduced the formation of hexanal, heptanal, and dimethyl disulfide significantly ( P  < 0.05). Generation mechanisms of pentanal seem to be different from those of hexanal and heptanal in milk. Both singlet oxygen oxidation (type II pathway) and free radicals (type I pathway) play important roles in the formation of light-induced volatiles in milk.     

顶空吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法分离鉴定强化高温火腿中的挥发性风味物质

采用顶空吹扫捕集法提取、气相色谱-质谱联用技术分离鉴定强化高温加工过程中腌制结束、成熟中 期、成熟结束、后熟中期、后熟结束期火腿中的挥发性风味化合物,并研究新工艺过程中挥发性风味物质的发展 规律,并采用相对气味活度值判定其特征性风味化合物。结果表明：挥发性风味成分种类与传统工艺相似,但相 对含量有所不同,尤其是酸类、酯类;同时新检测出茚、二苯并呋喃、2,3-二甲基萘等化合物;相对气味活度法 判定其主体挥发性成分为3-甲基丁醛、二甲基二硫化合物、2-壬烯醛、2-辛烯醛、辛醛、壬醛、庚醛、戊醛、己 醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、1-庚醇11 种。     

Milled Rice Oxidation Volatiles and Odor Development

ABSTRACT The development of volatile components in milled rice was investigated over 50 d of storage. The major volatiles were identified and measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their relative odor potencies were subsequently calculated as aroma values. Volatile concentrations were greater in partially milled rice than in fully milled rice. Concentrations of 2-nonenal, octanal, and hexanal increased significantly during storage whereas heptanal, 3-penten-2-one, and 2-pentylfuran did not. Octanal (fatty) and 2-nonenal (rancid) had the highest contributions to milled rice odor. The aroma values for hexanal and 2-pentylfuran changed by a larger factor relative to those for heptanal, 2-nonenal, 3-penten-2-one, and octanal during early storage, whereas the aroma value for 2-nonenal increased by a higher factor than those obtained for the other components during late storage. Hexanal and 2-pentylfuran had the highest influence on odor change at the beginning of storage, whereas 2-nonenal influenced odor change.     

Effects of plant extracts on microbial growth, color change, and lipid oxidation in cooked beef

The effects of butylated hydroxyanisole/butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA/BHT), grape seed extract (ActiVin), pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), and oleoresin rosemary (Herbalox) on microbial growth, color change, and lipid oxidation were investigated in cooked ground beef. When compared to the control, 1.0% ActiVin and Pycnogenol) effectively reduced the numbers of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium, and retarded the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophila. Pycnogenol resulted in reductions of 1.7, 2.0, 0.8, and 0.4 log CFU/g, respectively, in numbers of E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, and A. hydrophila, respectively, after 9 days of refrigerated storage. The color of cooked beef treated with ActiVin was less light (L*), more red (a*), and less yellow (b*) than those treated with BHA/BHT, Pycnogenol, and Herbalox. ActiVin and Pycnogenol effectively retained the redness in cooked beef during storage. The control showed significantly higher thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and hexanal content over storage. BHA/BHT, ActiVin, Pycnogenol, and Herbalox retarded the formation of TBARS by 75%, 92%, 94%, and 92%, respectively, after 9 days, and significantly lowered the hexanal content throughout the storage period. Results of this work show that ActiVin and Pycnogenol are promising additives for maintaining the quality and safety of cooked beef.     

GREEN TEA CATECHINS AS INHIBITORS OF OXIDATION OF MEAT LIPIDS

Antioxidant activity of green tea catechins, namely, epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was evaluated in a meat model system. The inhibitory effect on 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of catechins was concentration dependent, being highest at 200 mg/kg. At 200 mg/kg, the antioxidant activity of catechins as evaluated by TBA values was EGCG ≈ ECG > EGC > EC. The hexanal and pentanal contents in the headspace volatiles of meats treated with catechins at 200 mg/kg was also evaluated. These results indicated that EGCG was most active followed by ECG and EGC; EC was least effective. In comparison with α-tocopherol, catechins were generally more effective in controlling oxidation of meat lipids. Based on TBA results, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was less effective, but exerted a better effect than catechins in prevention of oxidation as evidenced by the hexanal/pentanal data.     

Changes in flavour volatiles of whole pasteurized milk as affected by packaging material and storage time

Changes in volatile profiles of whole pasteurized milk stored under fluorescent light at 4 °C, packaged in different containers were monitored for a period of 7 days in a study designed to differentiate between light-induced oxidative and purely autoxidative effects related to packaging material. Changes in volatiles were measured using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, while microbiological and sensory analyses were used to assess milk quality. Two distinct patterns of milk flavour deterioration were observed. In light-exposed samples, a light-induced oxidation mechanism prevailed while in light-protected samples, an autoxidation mechanism was apparent. Under both conditions, the concentration of selected odorous compounds increased with storage time. Microbiological data correlated poorly with both sensory and GC/MS data. Sensory data correlated well with selected volatile compounds pointing to dimethyl disulphide, pentanal, hexanal and heptanal as potential markers of fresh milk quality. Based on sensory analysis, the optimal shelf life of the whole pasteurized milk used in this study was approximately 5 days.     

Oxidative stability of milk influenced by fatty acids, antioxidants, and copper derived from feed

Differences in the oxidative stability of milk from cows fed grass-clover silage or hay were examined in relation to fatty acid composition and contents of antioxidants and copper in the milk. The oxidation processes were induced by exposing the milk to fluorescent light. Protein oxidation was measured as an accumulation of dityrosine, whereas lipid oxidation was measured as an accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides as the primary oxidation product, and as the secondary oxidation products, pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal. No differences were found in the protein oxidation of the 2 types of milk measured as accumulation of dityrosine, but there was an increased accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides and hexanal in milk from cows fed grass-clover silage, compared with milk from cows fed hay. The higher degree of lipid oxidation in milk from cows fed grass-clover silage could not be explained from the concentration of α-tocopherol, carotenoids, uric acid, and copper in the milk. However, it was thought to be highly influenced by the significantly higher concentration of linolenic acid present in milk from cows fed grass-clover silage. A larger part of α-tocopherol and β-carotene was transferred from the feed to the milk when cows were fed grass-clover silage than when cows were fed hay as roughage. The significantly higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk from cows fed grass-clover silage may be important for the better transfer of α-tocopherol from the feed to the milk. Other circumstances, as the different conditions in the rumen may also play a role, due to the different types of roughages and their digestibility, or be related to the mechanisms during milk production for the higher yielding cows fed grass-clover silage.     

Release of aroma compounds from dry-fermented sausages as affected by antioxidant and saliva addition

The effect of the addition of an antioxidant and saliva on the release of aroma compounds from dry fermented sausages was studied by extracting the headspace at different times using solid phase micro-extraction technique. The compounds were analysed by gas chromatography using a FID detector and identified by mass spectrometry. The addition of butylated hydroxytoluene to dry fermented sausages produced a significant reduction of the release of most of the volatile compounds indicating an oxidation process during sampling. The addition of water and saliva to the dry fermented sausages produced a higher release of pentanal, hexanal and octanal, whilst pentane, 1-octanol, pentanoic acid, and propanal showed a lower rate of release. Moreover, phenylethyl alcohol, 2-butanone, 2,3-pentanedione and 2-nonanone, derived from bacterial metabolism, presented a lower release rate when water and saliva were added. The rate of release of the compounds from dry fermented sausages was not related with the compound hydrophobicity value. Further research is needed to elucidate the effect of fermented sausage matrix on the partitioning of the compounds and its effect on aroma perception.     

Influence of Antioxidant Addition and Processing Treatment on the Formation of Lipid Oxidation Compounds in Spray-dried Bovine Plasma Protein

The effects of antioxidant (tert‐butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxytoluene, and rosemary) addition, processing treatments, and storage time on the formation of lipid oxidation compounds in spray‐dried bovine plasma protein (BPP) were determined. Lipid oxidation is initiated by spray‐drying; formation of lipid oxidation compounds was highest in BPP processed using a gas‐fired spray‐drier. The most effective antioxidant in inhibiting the formation of hexanal and other lipid oxidation compounds was tert‐butylhydroquinone. Increased spray‐drier residence time and extended storage contributed to increases in lipid oxidation products. Use of effective antioxidants and selection of processing parameters to minimize lipid oxidation reactions can improve the flavor quality of spray‐dried BPP.     

Evaluation of butylated hydroxytoluene as a cryopreservative added to whole or skim milk diluent for bull semen

Effect of five concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene on the percent motility and percent intact acrosomes was evaluated for bull sperm frozen and thawed in whole and skim milk diluents. Twelve ejaculates were frozen in .5-ml straws in moving nitrogen vapor after each ejaculate was split among the five butylated hydroxytoluene treatments within the two diluents. Prefreeze and postthaw percent motility and postthaw percent intact acrosomes were evaluated at 0 and 4 h. Before freezing, sperm motilities were similar in whole or skim milk diluents with and without butylated hydroxytoluene. Upon thawing, sperm motility was 10 percentage points higher in whole milk diluent containing .5 and .75 mM butylated hydroxytoluene than in samples without it. After 4 h, percentage motile sperm was similar among all whole milk treatments. Sperm motility was similar among all skim milk treatments at both 0 and 4 h. Percent intact acrosomes were similar among all treatments for each diluent. Oxidation in whole milk diluent stored at 4 degrees C for 1 wk was reduced in the presence of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mM butylated hydroxytoluene.     

Oxidative stability and antioxidant activity of bovine,caprine, ovine and asinine milk

This study compares the oxidative stability of fat isolated from bovine, caprine, ovine and asinine milk as well as the antioxidant activity of casein and whey from these milks. Fat from bovine and asinine milk showed the highest oxidative stability. The antioxidant activity of casein and whey was examined before and after an in vitro digestion process. Whey from asinine milk showed the highest antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of whey and casein increased after simulated intestinal digestion. In addition, the results of this study showed that asinine whey exhibited radical scavenging activity comparable with the strong synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).     

基于电子鼻、HS-GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS 对5种食用植物油挥发性风味成分分析

采用电子鼻、顶空气相色谱-离子迁移谱(HS-GC-IMS)和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)法对5种食用植物油(花生油、大豆油、玉米油、油茶籽油、棕榈油)中挥发性成分进行分析,并采用相对气味活度法确定关键风味物质。结果表明:电子鼻检测发现花生油与油茶籽油气味轮廓相似,但花生油气味浓度大于油茶籽油,大豆油、玉米油和棕榈油整体气味差异相对较小且浓度较低; HS-GC-IMS共检出5种食用植物油56种化合物(其中定性24种),定性的共有风味化合物为戊醛(单体)、己醛(单体)、庚醛、1-戊醇(单体)、1-丙醇、2-丁酮(单体)、辛醛和丁醛(单体),并得到5种食用植物油差异图谱; HS-SPME-GC-MS鉴定出5种食用植物油86种化合物,共有关键风味化合物为己醛、壬醛和庚醛,花生油、大豆油和棕榈油特有关键风味化合物分别为吡嗪类化合物、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛和6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮。     

不同冷藏期鲳鱼及草鱼气味变化分析

以鲳鱼和草鱼分别作为海水鱼和淡水鱼代表,利用电子鼻评价冷藏条件下不同贮藏期的鱼肉气味,并通过气相色谱-质谱检测挥发性风味成分的变化。结果表明,电子鼻可以较好区分不同贮藏期的鱼肉气味,且草鱼的气味变化较鲳鱼更为显著。贮藏期间鲳鱼和草鱼分别鉴定出22 种和19 种挥发性物质,主要包括醛类、醇类、酯类及腐败性化合物等。新鲜鲳鱼挥发性风味主要以1-戊烯-3醇、己醛、1-辛烯-3醇、庚醛、2-辛烯醛为主,草鱼以己酸甲酯为主。贮藏期间,鲳鱼和草鱼气味成分变化也具有差异性,鲳鱼中和腐败相关的化合物主要为三甲胺和3-甲基丁醇等,且贮藏过程中醛类、醇类均呈下降趋势;草鱼贮藏过程中的第2天及第4天较为相关的化合物为癸醛、1-辛烯-3醇、己醛和壬醛等脂肪氧化的产物,而贮藏后期与腐败相关的化合物较少。上述结果初步说明生长环境、脂肪氧化及微生物腐败影响了海鱼和淡水鱼冷藏期气味形成。     

Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on chemical and sensory properties of goat milk

Sensory and chemical consequences of treating goat milk using an UV fluid processor were assessed. Milk was exposed to UV for a cumulative exposure time of 18 s and targeted UV dose of 15.8 ± 1.6 mJ/cm². A triangle test revealed differences between the odor of raw milk and UV irradiated milk. Oxidation and hydrolytic rancidity was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and acid degree values (ADV). As UV dose increased, there was an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values and ADV of the milk samples. A separate set of samples were processed using the fluid processor but with no UV exposure to see if lipase activity and agitation from pumping contributed to the differences in odor. The ADV increased at the same rate as samples exposed to UV; however, sensory studies indicated that the increase of free fatty acids was not enough to cause detectable differences in the odor of milk. Solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography were utilized for the analysis of volatile compounds as a result of UV exposure. There was an increase in the concentration of pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal (relative to raw goat milk) after as little as 1.3 mJ/cm² UV dose. Ultraviolet irradiation at the wavelength 254 nm produced changes in the sensory and chemical properties of fluid goat milk.     

Interaction of packaging materials and vegetable oils: oil stability

The effects of different plastic films (polyethyleneterephthalate, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene and polystyrene) on the stability of olive, sunflower and palm oils were studied at 24 and 37°C during 60 days of storage. The changes in peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) were significantly higher (p≤0.05) in the plastic bottles than in glass. Our study indicates that the plastic permeability has played a major role in oil stability. However, both butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were found to leach out from plastics films into vegetable oils during storage. The rate of oxidation was not reduced by antioxidant migration from plastic films to oils. Natural antioxidant (vitamin E) retarded the oxidation rate, and this was dependent on its concentration in oils examined. The results showed that the ranking of stability of oil samples is PVC≥PET>PP≥PS. Further, the stability was dependent on the type of oil. Palm oil exibited high stability properties while the highest oxidation rate was observed in sunflower oil. In addition, increasing storage temperature accelerated the oxidation and limited the stability of vegetable oils.     

Effect on hepatic ornithine decarboxylase of some food additives and synthetic elastomers

The food additives butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole and sodium cyclamate and the precursors for packaging materials acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile and vinylpyrrolidone were investigated for their ability to induce hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in vivo, in order to obtain indications about their possible tumour-promoting activities. It was shown that butylated hydroxyanisole, acrylonitrile, vinylpyrrolidone and acrylamide have the capacity to increase rat liver ODC activity, while butylated hydroxytoluene, acrylic acid and sodium cyclamate did not affect ODC activity.     

Effects of antioxidants and gamma irradiation on the shelf life of beef patties.

To improve the storage safety of two types of ground beef patty popular in Korea (general beef patties and bulgogi patties), we added various antioxidants (200 ppm; including butylated hydroxyanisole, ascorbyl palmitate, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene) to typical formulations of patties, cooked the patties to 70 degrees C, and irradiated them at a dose of 1.5 or 3 kGy. During 30 d of storage at 5 degrees C, the number of aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were determined using total aerobic plate count and phenyl ethyl alcohol-sucrose agar, respectively. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid was also determined in each type of patty. No colonies were observed in patties irradiated at 3 kGy regardless of which antioxidant was added. In control patties and patties with butylated hydroxyanisole that were irradiated at a dose of 1.5 kGy, growth of microorganisms appeared to be more rapid than in patties with natural antioxidants. The microbiological safety of nonirradiated patties could not be ensured for a period of 20 d. Lipid oxidation was retarded in both types of patty when an antioxidant was added. Ascorbyl palmitate had the strongest antioxidant effect among the natural antioxidants. However, butylated hydroxyanisole was more effective than ascorbyl palmitate when used in an equal amount.