改进型分段进水厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺强化营养物去除

In order to enhance phosphorus removal in traditional step-feed anoxic/oxic nitrogen removal process,a modified pilot-scale step-feed anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (SFA²/O) system was developed,which combined a reactor similar to UCT-type configuration and two-stage anoxic/oxic process.The simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacities and the potential of denitrifying phosphorus removal,in particular,were investigated with four different feeding patterns using real municipal wastewater.The results showed that the feeding ratios(Q₁)in the first stage determined the nutrient removal performance in the SFA²/O system.The average phosphorus removal efficiency increased from 19.17% to 96.25% as Q₁ was gradually increased from run 1 to run 4,but the nitrogen removal efficiency exhibited a different tendency,which attained a maximum 73.61% in run 3 and then decreased to 59.62% in run 4.As a compromise between nitrogen and phosphorus removal,run 3 (Q₁=0.45Q_total) was identified as the optimal and stable case with the maximum anoxic phosphorus uptake rate of 1.58mg·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1.The results of batch tests showed that ratio of the anoxic phosphate uptake capacity to the aerobic phosphate uptake capacity increased from 11.96% to 36.85% with the optimal influent feeding ratio to the system in run 3,which demonstrated that the denitrifying polyP accumulating organisms could be accumulated and contributed more to the total phosphorus removal by optimizing the inflow ratio distribution.However,the nitrate recirculation to anoxic zone and influent feeding ratios should be carefully controlled for carbon source saving.     

多级生物膜反应器分段进水方式对脱氮效能影响研究

提出多级生物膜反应器,考察了分段进水方式对反应器处理城镇污水生物脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,分段进水点的数量、流量分配及容积分配对反应器脱氮效能的影响显著,分段进水方式有效地提高了碳源利用率以及反应器脱氮效能.在水温为25℃左右,溶解氧为5mg·L~(-1),挂膜密度为30%,COD负荷为1.2 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1),总氮负荷为0.22 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)的条件下,反应器分段进水方式采用第1级、第3级、第6级分段进水,容积分配比为2:3:4,流量分配比为2:2:1时,可使出水COD为38 mg·L~(-1),出水NH_4~+-N和TN的质量浓度分别为1.5 mg·L~(-1)和11.1 mg·L~(-1),去除率分别为80.8%,95.3%和69.2%,与单点进水方式相比TN去除率提高了8.4%.     

Biological Nutrient Removal in a Full Scale Anoxic/Anaerobic/Aerobic/ Pre-anoxic-MBR Plant for Low C/N Ratio Municipal Wastewater Treatment

A novel full scale modified A2O （anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic/pre-anoxic）-membrane bioreactor （MBR） plant combined with the step feed strategy was operated to improve the biological nutrient removal （BNR） from low C/N ratio municipal wastewater in Southern China. Transformation of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and membrane fouling were investigated. Experimental results for over four months demonstrated good efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand （COD） and NH4^＋-N removal, with average values higher than 84.5%and 98.1%, re-spectively. A relatively higher total nitrogen （TN） removal efficiency （52.1%） was also obtained at low C/N ratio of 3.82, contributed by the configuration modification （anoxic zone before anaerobic zone） and the step feed with a distribution ratio of 1：1. Addition of sodium acetate into the anoxic zone as the external carbon source, with a theoretical amount of 31.3 mg COD per liter in influent, enhanced denitrification and the TN removal efficiency in-creased to 74.9%. Moreover, the total phosphate （TP） removal efficiency increased by 18.0%. It is suggested that the external carbon source is needed to improve the BNR performance in treating low C/N ratio municipal waste-water in the modified A^2O-MBR process.     

流量分配比对改良A/O分段进水脱氮除磷特性的影响

采用改良A/O分段进水工艺处理我国南方低浓度、低碳氮比城市生活污水。在进水COD/TN为5.16,HRT为8.7 h,SRT为15 d,MLSS为5.66 g·L^-1,污泥回流比为75%,厌氧/缺氧/好氧体积比为4∶8∶10条件下,通过设置6种不同进水流量分配比,控制各好氧段DO为1～1.5 mg·L^-1,经过150 d的连续运行,得到系统最佳流量分配比为20%∶35%∶35%∶10%;在此工况下COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷出水水质分别为33.05 mg·L-1、0.58 mg·L^-1、9.26 mg·L^-1、0.46 mg·L^-1,出水优于国家GB 18918-2002一级A排放标准。原水COD绝大部分作为厌氧释磷和反硝化脱氮所需碳源,系统对碳源有效利用率达74%;DO和ORP 的协同控制可以作为系统厌氧放磷段的控制参数;同时亦可作为缺氧段反硝化完成和好氧段硝化完成的指示性参数。     

Nutrient removal performance of an anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic process as a function of influent C/P ratio

The laboratory scale anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic (A²O) process fed with synthetic brewage wastewater was designed to investigate the effects of changing feed C/P ratio on the performance of biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. In the experiment, the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was kept at approximately 300 mg L^?1 while the total phosphorus concentration was varied to obtain the desired C/P ratio. Results showed that when the C/P ratio was lower than 32, phosphorus removal efficiency increased as C/P ratio increased linearly, while when the C/P ratio was higher than 32, the P removal efficiency was maintained at 90–98%, and effluent P concentration was lower than 0.5 mg L^?1. However, regardless of the C/P ratio, excellent COD removal (90% or higher) and good total nitrogen removal (75–84%) were maintained throughout the experiments. It was also found that very good linear correlation was obtained between COD uptake per unit P released in the anaerobic zone and C/P ratio. In addition, the P content in the wasted activated sludge increased with the decrease in the C/P ratio. Based on the results, it was recommended that the wastewater C/P ratio and its effects be incorporated into BNR design and operational procedures, appropriate C/P ratios were used to achieve the effluent treatment goals. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

多点进水改良型复合A2/O处理低C/N污水

以低C/N比城市生活污水为研究对象,重点考查了改良A²/O工艺的脱氮除磷性能。原水按一定比例分配给厌氧池和缺氧池,以合理分配厌氧释磷和缺氧反硝化所需的碳源;在好氧池和缺氧池中分别投加填料,以稳定系统的硝化和反硝化效果,提高系统的脱氮性能;厌氧池和缺氧池出水都直接进入好氧池。在进水COD/TN平均为5.54,HRT为11 h,SRT为15 d,MLSS为3000～4000 mg·L^-1,污泥回流比为50%条件下,通过三种不同进水分配比以及三种混合液回流比的对比试验研究,得到系统最佳进水分配比5:5,对分配脱氮和除磷所需碳源更加合理;而混合液回流比为200%,过高会破坏缺氧池的溶解氧环境,过低又会导致缺氧池反硝化作用不能充分发挥。在最优工况下COD、NH₃-N、TN和TP出水水质分别为29.7、0.1、11.8和0.42 mg·L^-1,平均去除率分别达到87.8%、99.7%、72.4%和91.3%,出水优于国家GB 18918-2002一级A排放标准,并且在缺氧池中发生了明显的反硝化除磷现象。     

Performance evaluation of a modified anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A/O) process treating low strength wastewater

A full scale modified A²/O process which combined pre-anoxic selector and the staging strategy treating low strength wastewater was investigated. In South China, domestic wastewater is always low in strength due to the high level of groundwater and setting of septic tank at the beginning of wastewater collection system. The results suggested that inadequate denitrification could result in deterioration of phosphorus removal. In addition, influent phosphorus concentration had effect on phosphorus removal. The pre-anoxic selector in modified A²/O process changed the distribution of nitrogen denitrified in different tanks. Characteristics of 3-stage aeration tanks were also studied. The simplified design of rectangular aeration tank could also perform as plug flow as conventional channel aeration tank. In 3-stage aeration tanks, mixed liquid suspended solid (MLSS) increased from one tank to another, while specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of sludge, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) removal rate decreased, however ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) reaction rate remained constant. Furthermore, high MLSS concentration was not suitable for treating low strength wastewater. Waste sludge discharge could improve removal efficiency of COD, NH₃-N, and TP. Without waste sludge discharge, nitrite accumulated in settler.     

Treatment of Leather Dyeing Wastewater with Associated Process of Coagulation-Flocculation/Adsorption/Ozonation

This study is based on the investigation of performance of associated wastewater treatments of coagulation-flocculation/adsorption (CF-ADS) and coagulation-flocculation/ozonation (CF-OZ) for the removal of pollutants from tannery wastewater. The chemical dosage was optimized and the use of waste from the tannery process was tested as a low-cost alternative adsorbent for wastewater treatment plants. For the CF-ADS the removal of TOC, COD, Na⁺ and color were 50.04%, 53.13%, 17.05% and 61.13%, respectively, and for the CF-OZ the removal were 46.50%, 56.25%, 11.10% and 85.34%. Also, BOD/COD and COD/TOC ratios were studied to verify the oxidation efficiency of the wastewater.     

Simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from swine wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor

In this study, the performance of a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from swine wastewater was evaluated. The replacement rate of wastewater was set at 12.5%throughout the exper-iment. The anaerobic and aerobic times were 3 h and 7 h, respectively, and the dissolved oxygen concentration of the aerobic phase was about 3.95 mg·L?1. The SBBR process demonstrated good performance in treating swine wastewater. The percentage removal of total chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) was 98.2%, 95.7%, 95.6%, and 96.2%at effluent concentrations of COD 85.6 mg·L?1, NH4+-N 35.22 mg·L?1, TN 44.64 mg·L?1, and TP 1.13 mg·L?1, respectively. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phenomenon was observed. Further improvement in removal efficiency of NH4+-N and TN occurred at COD/TN ratio of 11:1, with effluent concentrations at NH4+-N 18.5 mg·L?1 and TN 34 mg·L?1, while no such improvement in COD and TP removal was found. Microbial electron microscopy analysis showed that the fil er surface was covered with a thick biofilm, forming an anaerobic–aerobic microenvironment and facilitating the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matters. A long-term experiment (15 weeks) showed that stable removal efficiency for N and P could be achieved in the SBBR system.     

木质填料床A/O系统处理低C/N比养猪废水的效能与脱氮机制

针对干清粪式养猪废水 浓度高和低C/N比的特点构建了四格室木质填料床A/O处理系统,通过调控运行探讨其除氮效能和机制。结果表明,在HRT 18.7 h、32℃、硝化液回流比200%、好氧区DO 1.5 mg·L^-1等条件下,即便进水 高达307.7 mg·L^-1,COD/TN平均为0.47,系统对COD、 和TN的去除率仍能维持在66.5%、93.6%和89.0%左右,TN去除负荷达到0.22 kg·m^-3·d^-1以上。系统对COD和TN的去除表现出一定的空间分区特征,其中前三厌氧格室是去除COD主要功能区,末端好氧格室是脱氮功能区。系统的脱氮机制以短程硝化反硝化为主,枯木填料的腐解为反硝化提供了必要的碳源。     

Treatment of dairy wastewater by electrocoagulation process: Advantages of combined iron/aluminum electrodes

ABSTRACT

The objective was to assess the efficiency of electrode material in an electrocoagulation (EC) process for wastewater treatment by comparing the efficiency of aluminum (Al–Al), iron (Fe–Fe) and combined Fe–Al electrodes. The treatment of synthetic dairy wastewater, characterized by high levels of 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), was used to compare electrode materials. Experimental results showed that all electrodes materials achieved the same final removal yield in the range of current studied (55% COD, 60% total organic carbon, 90% total nitrogen, and nearly 100% turbidity) when equilibrium was achieved. But at fixed current density and initial concentration of dairy waste, the Al–Al assembly exhibited the fastest elimination, whereas the slowest removal rate was observed with the Fe–Fe electrodes, even though adsorption was always the main removal mechanism. Finally, an Fe–Al system using an Fe anode with an Al cathode emerged as a techno-economic trade-off because of the low price of iron: both metals contributed to the removal of dairy waste, and the treatment time to achieve equilibrium values was closer to the Al–Al assembly at fixed current density. Moreover, experimental results proved the additivity of the mechanisms reported for Al–Al and Fe–Fe systems with Fe–Al.     

进水C/P比对A2/O工艺性能的影响

我国当前面临着严重的水体富营养化问题,A²/O工艺是一种有效的同步脱氮除磷工艺,但其中进水C/P比是其运行效果的重要影响因素,为深入考察不同进水C/P比对A²/O工艺运行性能的影响,试验设计了4种进水C/P比 (55、45、34、23),研究了A²/O工艺中COD、总氮、磷和污泥特性的变化.实验结果表明,当进水C/P比小于32时,磷的去除效果随C/P比的降低而线性降低;当进水C/P比高于32时,磷的去除效果稳定在90%～98%,出水磷浓度小于0.5 mg•L^-1.但是C/P比的变化,对COD和总氮的去除率影响较小,平均去除率分别高于90%和75%.而剩余污泥中磷含量则随C/P比的下降而增加.实验发现,不同C/P比系统均存在反硝化除磷现象,可以实现“一碳两用”,有利于氮磷去除效果的提高.     

Investigation of shipyard wastewater treatment using electrocoagulation process with Al electrodes

In this study, shipyard oily wastewater treatment was investigated by electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminum electrodes in a batch reactor by evaluating different operation conditions. The maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 88.83% was obtained at current density of 3 mA/cm². The removal efficiency was gradually improved with increasing current density and decreased with increasing COD concentration. However, initial pH value was not determinant factor for this process. Total energy and electrode cost were calculated as $0.88 per m³ treated wastewater. The result of this research shows that EC process seems to be an efficient method for the oily wastewater treatment.     

低溶解氧对改良A／A／O工艺脱氮除磷的影晌

以采用厌氧／缺氧／好氧（A／A／O）工艺的城镇污水处理厂为研究对象,利用改良A／A／O中试装置开展处理实际污水的研究,通过与实际工艺的运行效果对比,系统探讨了低溶解氧（DO）浓度以及好氧池末端非曝气区的设置对脱氮除磷的影响。结果表明当好氧区的DO平均浓度从2．2mg／L逐渐降至1．0mg／L时,系统COD的去除效率与硝化效果未受到影响,但除磷效果明显下降;随着DO平均浓度的降低以及非曝气区对DO的缓冲,保证了缺氧区的缺氧环境,同时有效降低了内回流液中DO浓度的携带对碳源的消耗,提高了反硝化效率,使得系统对TN的去除率逐渐升高。就总体运行情况来看,A／A／O工艺中好氧区DO的平均浓度可以在1．0—2．0mg／L之间运行,同时在好氧区末端设置非曝气区,可以有效地缓冲内回流液中DO浓度对反硝化的影响,提高脱氮效率。     

絮凝剂对活性污泥降解有机物及除磷的影响

为探究絮凝剂对污水生物除磷过程有机物降解及除磷的影响,以实际废水、聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为探究对象,建立序批式强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统,在中温条件下研究了絮凝剂对EBPR系统的影响并能揭示相关作用机制.结果表明PAC与PAM存在能抑制化学需氧量(COD)去除,且两者同时存在时稳定时期出水COD为...     

分段进水A/O工艺流量分配专家系统的建立与应用

分段进水A/O工艺中,进水流量分配是重要控制参数,是该工艺稳定运行并发挥优势的关键。本文提出3种流量分配思想:等负荷流量分配法、流量分配系数法及末端集中进水,并根据实际生活污水进行试验得出的大量试验数据,辅以相关领域文献及污水处理领域专家的经验作为参考,建立分段进水A/O工艺流量分配专家决策系统。该专家系统可以根据不同的进水水量、水质及出水特点,对合适的流量分配方法进行决策。最后,针对实际污水处理厂一天内典型的水质水量变化情况,对专家系统的应用进行说明。     

Simultaneous treatment of semiconductor wastewater and distillery slops by mixing and precipitation/coagulation

Organic matter (chemical oxygen demand, COD) removal with decolorization in waste distillery slops and copper removal in a semiconductor industry wastewater were achieved in a single step mixing and precipitation/coagulation treatment system. The process utilized the complementary properties of the positively charged copper ions in semiconductor wastewater and net negative charge of melanoidin (organic chromophoric pollutant) in distillery slops to mutually neutralize each other. Copper ions served as coagulant for slops and melanoidin served as precipitant for copper. The volumetric ratio of the wastewater and pH were optimized to attain maximum removal of organic matter and copper. The optimum volumetric ratio for the evaluated semiconductor wastewater to distillery slops was found to be 2–3 with an equilibrium pH of around pH 6. At optimum conditions, average removals of COD and copper were 86% and 92%, respectively, in an actual and undiluted system. Decolorization efficiency using the diluted distillery slops was 89%. The process can be considered an effective pretreatment procedure for simultaneous gross removal of copper and color/COD, particularly in highly concentrated waste streams. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

ERNT工艺处理焦油污水的工业应用

采用ERNT工艺对陕西某焦油深加工企业污水进行处理。经过3个月左右的调试,该工艺出水COD去除率为91.5%～94.5%,氨氮去除率为96.5%～100%。若进一步深度处理,出水可以满足厂区内回用水要求。该工艺脱氮效率高,运行费用低,适合于焦化、焦油深加工等化工领域的污水处理。     

Influence of sludge loadings and types of substrates on nutrients removal in MBRs

It has been shown that by combining the patented process for biological phosphorus removal with post-denitrification without additional carbon dosing in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) good nutrient eliminations can be achieved. Especially, reported denitrification rates are higher than expected ones. The reason for this is not understood yet but a correlation between acetate dosing in batch trials and DNR has been reported. The present study investigated the influence of COD sludge loading and acetate inflow concentration on denitrification rates in continuous MBRs. A laboratory scale MBR operated with synthetic wastewater was switched from a multi to a mono substrate (acetate) wastewater and compared to three other MBR connected to separate sewer systems. Better eliminations for COD, TN and TP for the MBR operated with acetate were expected. However, elimination efficiencies were on a good level for all plants and configurations (eliminations: 94-97% COD, 86-94% TN, 92-99% TP) and no significant increase for mono substrate could be found. Average denitrification rate and TN elimination was even a bit lower with mono substrate. For increasing COD sludge loads increasing denitrification rates could be found. However, the variation within the rates has proved that many different influences have to be considered.     

A~2/O工艺强化反硝化除磷控制策略研究

在传统A2/O工艺的基础上,通过设立预缺氧区(即建立A-A2/O工艺)、外加碳源等手段,强化A2/O工艺处理低C/N生活污水的脱氮除磷能力。试验结果表明,经过强化后的A2/O反应器对COD、TN及TP去除效果良好,COD、TN及TP的去除率分别为92%、98%、85%。系统表现出明显的反硝化除磷现象,缺氧区除磷量占总除磷量的17.18%。反硝化除磷现象的产生降低了碳源缺乏对A2/O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响,提高碳源的利用效率。为采用A2/O工艺处理低C/N生活污水的污水处理厂提供理论依据。