大体积超细晶金属材料的剧烈塑性变形法制备技术

介绍了大体积超细晶金属材料的各种常见剧烈塑性变形法制备技术,系统阐述了各种制备技术的基本原理,并分析比较了这些制备技术的优缺点和适用范围,指出了剧烈塑性变形法制备技术的发展方向。     

The use of severe plastic deformation techniques in grain refinement

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has emerged as a promising method to produce ultrafine-grained materials with attractive properties. Today, SPD techniques are rapidly developing and are on the verge of moving from lab-scale research into commercial production. This paper discusses new trends in the development of SPD techniques suchas high-pressure torsion and equal-channel angle pressing, as well as new alternative techniques for introducing SPD. The paper also contains a comparative analysis of SPD techniques in terms of their relative capabilities for grain refinement, enhancement of properties, and potential to economically produce ultrafine-grained metals and alloys. For more information, contact Terry C. Lowe, Science and Technology Base Programs, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; (505) 667-7824; fax (505) 665-3199; e-mail tlowe@lanl.gov.     

Evolution of dislocation cells during plastic deformation

In recent years, materials with ultrafine grain size(UFG) have attracted much attention. By using severe plastic deformation(SPD) techniques, materials with fine grain size as small as 200 - 250 nm have been obtained.However, the nature of the grain boundaries has not been theoretically understood. It is still an unsolved question whether or not finer grain sizes down to 100 nm could he reached. A semi-quantitative model for the evolution of dislocation cells in plastic deformation was proposed. The linear stability analysis of this model leads to some interesting results, which facilitate the understanding of the formation of cell structures and of the factors determining the lower limit of the cell size of SPD materials.     

剧烈塑性变形制备微纳米材料的变形细化机理

对剧烈塑性变形法(SPD)制备微纳米材料变形细化机理进行了总结归纳,着重介绍了位错变形和热机械变形两种机制,详细论述了材料在剧烈塑性变形加工过程中的组织转变特点,同时给出了SPD变形细化机制等研究方向的个人见解。     

Bulk Nanostructured Metals for Innovative Applications

Nanostructuring of various materials is a key for obtaining extraordinary properties that are very attractive for different structural and functional applications. During the last two decades, the production of bulk nanostructured materials (BNMs) by severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques has attracted special interest since it offers new opportunities for the fabrication of commercial nanostructured metals and alloys for various specific applications. Very significant progress has been made in this area in recent years, which is evident by the first production of advanced pilot articles from nanostructured metals with new functionality. These aspects of innovations of BNMs processed by SPD are discussed in this overview.     

超声滚压剧烈塑性变形诱导金属材料结构演变的研究进展

首先,对表面完整性的基本概念和内涵进行了概述,同时简要介绍了超声实现滚压技术的基本原理及其优点。随后,对比分析了不同剧烈塑性变形方法的特点和局限性,引出了实现表面完整性的相关剧烈塑性变形协调机制。在此基础上,随后结合其他剧烈塑性变形强化工艺,重点总结了超声滚压剧烈塑性变形对金属材料表面微观结构演变的影响。具体探讨了剧烈塑性变形诱导晶粒细化机制、晶粒生长机制以及合金元素偏聚机制等,主要分别论述了不同层错能的面心立方、体心立方以及密排六方等不同金属晶体结构的晶粒细化机制(以位错滑移、变形孪晶为主导)、晶粒长大机制(以晶界迁移、晶粒旋转为主要)与合金元素偏聚机制(晶界偏聚、位错核心偏聚)等。最后,对以上内容进行了综合总结,并针对超声滚压技术研究中存在的问题给出进一步研究和发展的建议,从而为实现超声滚压金属材料的表面完整性的主动精准控制及提高其服役寿命与可靠性提供一定的参考。     

剧塑性变形制备超细晶/纳米晶结构金属材料的研究现状和应用展望

综合目前剧塑性变形方法制备超细晶及纳米晶结构金属材料的研究现状,介绍等通道转角挤压、高压扭转、累积叠轧焊、多向锻造等剧塑性变形方法及其特点与原理;探讨剧塑性变形金属材料的组织演变和晶粒细化机制;分析金属材料经剧塑性变形后强度与延展性的变化趋势,及其对超塑性变形的影响规律;展望剧塑性变形方法对金属材料应用的前景。     

Developing SPD methods for processing bulk nanostructured materials with enhanced properties

Severe plastic deformation (SPD), i.e. intense plastic straining under high pressure, is an innovative technique for processing ultrafine-grained nanostructured metals and alloys. SPD fabricated nanostructures can lead to novel properties, which, however, depend strongly on the processing parameters. This paper focuses on examples of attaining enhanced mechanical properties in several metals and alloys, subjected to severe plastic deformation. In addition, the relationships among the processing conditions, microstructures and properties of the materials produced by SPD are considered.     

大塑性变形制备超细晶铝锂合金的组织及力学性能研究进展

综述了大塑性变形工艺制备超细晶铝锂合金的显微组织及其力学性能,分析了大塑性变形过程中铝锂合金的组织演变及其影响因素。铝锂合金的强化机制主要是基于析出强化,结合大塑性变形得到的超细晶粒组织可以显著提高强度和塑性,并得到优异的超塑性。表明大塑性变形加工铝锂合金,尤其是等通道挤压制备的超细晶铝镁锂合金在超塑性工业具有广阔的发展前景。     

大塑性变形制备超细晶复合材料的研究进展

介绍了等径角挤压(ECAP)、往复挤压(CEC)、高压扭转(HPT)和累积叠轧(ARB)4种技术的加工原理,系统阐述了大塑性变形(SPD)制备铝基、镁基、铜基超细晶(UFG)复合材料的研究进展,指出SPD技术是细化复合材料基体、均匀弥散增强相从而提高强度、硬度和塑性的有效手段,并展望了其研究范围将由有色金属基复合材料拓宽到铁基、陶瓷基、聚合物基等复合材料。     

The fundamentals of nanostructured materials processed by severe plastic deformation

Nanostructured materials produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) are 100% dense, contamination-free, and sufficiently large for use in real commercial structural applications. These materials are found to have high strength, good ductility, superior superplasticity, a low friction coefficient, high wear resistance, enhanced high-cycle fatigue life, and good corrosion resistance. This article reviews the structures and properties of nanostructured materials produced by SPD and reports recent progress in determining the deformation mechanisms that lead to these superior mechanical properties. For more information, contact Yuntian T. Zhu, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545; (505) 667-4029; fax (505) 667-2264; e-mail yzhu@lanl.gov.     

剧烈塑性变形法制备块体纳米材料的研究与发展

综述了采用剧烈塑性变形技术制备块体超细品和纳米晶结构金属的主要方法,如等通道转角挤压、高压扭转、累积轧合与往复挤压.并介绍了两种完全有别于传统的剧烈塑性变形制备超细晶和纳米晶金属材料的最新工艺,如大应变切削和大应变挤压切削.系统地阐明了这些方法的基本原理、变形特点及应用,分析其优缺点并提出改进措施与发展方向.     

New Methods for Severe Plastic Deformation Processing

Several new concepts for possible methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD) of bulk quantities of materials are presented. The first of these are variations of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) in which the conventional fixed die is replaced by rotating tools, for the inner die corner, the outer die corner, or both corners. Other methods share some characteristics of ECAE in that they use shearing strains to deform the material; these are reversed shear spinning and transverse rolling. Deformation sequences for a cylindrical or annular workpiece that deform the workpiece while eventually restoring the initial workpiece geometry can be performed by numerous processes. These techniques can be used to accumulate high strains by repeated deformation cycles. These methods offer possible alternatives to ECAE and high-pressure torsion, with potential benefits that include different and larger workpiece geometries, simplified tooling design, lower tooling loads, ease of lubrication, automated or reduced part handling, and, in some cases, potentially continuous operation. It is hoped that these suggestions will prompt new examination of alternative methods for SPD. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2006, Innovations in Metal Forming symposium held in Cincinnati, OH, October 15-19, 2006.     

Damaging Prediction of Difficult-to-Work Aluminum Alloys During Equal Channel Angular Pressing

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a well-established method in the recent years for grain refinement in metallic materials. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most effective SPD techniques. Inherent failures of ECAP, consisting in billet damage, take place if not made a correct process design. In this article, the evolution of damaging for a difficult-to-work Al-Mg alloy during ECAP was investigated. A tridimensional finite element analysis was performed for four different die designs to study the influence of die geometry and process parameters on billet damaging. To validate modeling we used, load level and strain distribution were depicted. Experimental tests were performed to test the numerical prediction. The results show that cracking may be reduced or eliminated by inner fillet corner of the die channels. It was demonstrated that the predicted results were in good agreement with experimental data obtained for 5052 aluminum alloy. The direct effect of knowledge about load and damaging during ECAP is to prevent both tool and billet damage.     

Shear deformation and grain refinement in pure Al by asymmetric rolling

Asymmetric rolling（ASR）, as one of severe plastic deformation（SPD） methods, was widely used to make ultra-fined materials with enhanced performance. Internal marks were used to show the shear deformation during asymmetric rolling with pure aluminium as a model material. Effects of reduction ratio and mismatch ratio on the shear deformation were studied. With the observed shear deformation results, equivalent strain was calculated. For lager shear deformation, rolling equipment was modified to increase friction between specimen and the rollers. Consequently, extremely fine grains with size of 500 nm are obtained in pure aluminium. With improved asymmetric rolling, the ability of grain refinement of ASR is greatly improved.     

Emission Mössbauer spectroscopy of grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained W and Mo produced by severe plastic deformation

Grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained W and Mo produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) by high-pressure torsion method have been studied by emission Mössbauer spectroscopy on ⁵⁷Co (⁵⁷Fe) nuclei. The evolution of the state of the grain boundaries has been studied upon heating. It has been shown that, after SPD, the grain boundaries are in a nonequilibrium state, which is characterized by an excess free volume. Upon annealing, the state of the grain boundaries changes as it approaches the state typical of coarse-grained materials.     

喷丸工艺对TC4钛合金梯度纳米晶结构的作用规律

目的通过改变喷丸的压力或时间,在钛合金表面制备出剧烈塑性变形(SPD)层较厚、硬度较高的梯度纳米晶结构。方法改变喷丸压力(0.3~0.6 MPa)或喷丸时间(15~60 min),调控TC4钛合金表面梯度纳米晶结构的变形层厚度和纳米晶晶粒尺寸。利用金相显微镜观察塑性变形层截面的组织形貌,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)确定喷丸表面纳米晶的晶粒尺寸,通过显微硬度计对塑性变形层的截面硬度进行研究。结果一定喷丸压力(0.6MPa)下,SPD层和总变形层厚度分别在喷丸25、30 min时达到饱和值78μm和143μm。一定喷丸时间(25 min)下,SPD层和总变形层的厚度随喷丸压力的增加而增厚,在0.4 MPa时达到饱和,分别为78μm和120μm。当SPD层厚度进入饱和阶段后,表层晶粒大小和硬度强化程度都趋于稳定;在0.6 MPa下,当表面α相细化至稳定阶段时,晶粒尺寸为30~90 nm,表面硬度提高约30%。结论喷丸SPD层及总变形层的厚度随喷丸时间的延长或喷丸压力的增大而增厚,当SPD层厚度趋于饱和后,表面晶粒尺寸和硬度强化程度都已饱和。     

等通道转角挤压(ECAP)工艺的研究现状

等通道转角挤压(ECAP)是一种大塑形加工技术,可细化合金组织,改善性能,提高材料的成形性.本文概述ECAP法的基本原理、剪切模式与变形规律,分析摩擦因素对变形的影响,综述中国在ECAP合金组织、性能方面的一些研究成果.