Solar energy in India

Solar energy offers enormous potential for a tropical country like India. There are ongoing programmes to tap the potential both for stand alone and grid connected solar PV systems, and solar thermal systems. TC Malhotra, Indian Correspondent for Refocus reports.     

Solar energy in Spain

From measurements made at the Optical Institute in Madrid, the energy on three specially orientated surfaces is calculated in the wavelength range 0.3 to 1.2 μ, including both the direct and the diffused radiation. Using measurements and observations made by the Astronomical Observatory in Madrid and keeping in mind the actual insolation time, the atmospheric absorption, and the inclination of the solar rays, the total energy coming directly from the sun in all wave lengths is calculated on the same surfaces. The first calculation gave a result, for the best orientated surface, of 1810 kwh per sq m per uear, and the second calculation, a result of 1230 kwh per sq m per year. Therefore, the electrical energy that a silicon cell or a thermocouple with concentrating device could supply per year is 199 kwh per sq m or 37 kwh per sq m, respectively.     

太阳能词汇

9太阳加热系统的类型typesofsolarheatingsystems9.1太阳加热系统solarheatingsystem太阳集热器及其它部件组成的输送热能的系统9.2只有太阳能系统solar-onlysystem没有任何辅助热源的太阳加热系统9.3太阳能加辅助能源系统solar-plus-supplementarysystem太阳能和辅助能源集成的太阳加热系统,无论太阳能的供给多少,均可提供所需的热能9.4太阳能预热系统solarpreheatsystem在进入任何其他类型的水或空气加热器之前对水或空气进行预热的太阳加热系统9.5直流式系统series-connectedsystem流体直接从供给点通过集热器加热后进入贮热装置或带辅助…     

太阳能词汇

为规范使用太阳能科技领域的名词、术语,国际标准化组织以标准形式(使用英文/法文)编制了《太阳能词汇》(SolarEnergyVocabulary)ISO9488:1999(E/F)。《太阳能词汇》中译文由桂裕宗、石红恩、耿蕾等10人翻译,殷志强等2人审校。王炳忠先生参加了有益的讨论。本刊分四期予以刊登。     

太阳能词汇

8.集热器部件和相关量 Collector components and related quantities8.1 吸热体 absorber 太阳集热器内吸收辐射能并将这能量以热量形式传输给流体(传热流体)的部件8.2 吸热板absorber plate 基本上为平板形状的吸热体8.3 接收器receiver 聚光集热器中最终接收太阳辐射的部件,它由透过辐射的任何附加玻璃窗及吸热体组成     

Solar energy breeders

An energy breeder can be defined as a device which creates capacity to generate useful energy without consuming energy stocks. Any solar conversion device (SCD) that delivers in its life-time more energy than needed to maintain and rebuild itself is a solar energy breeder, since some of the surplus energy can be used to build more such SCDs. A breeding SCD must necessarily produce energy of sufficiently high intrinsic quality (e.g. electricity) or high temperature to provide energy at the various temperatures needed for its fabrication and maintenance. Thus, the amount of energy produced by an SCD breeder at various temperatures must be examined, in addition to the simple energy quantity produced over a solar collector lifetime. Capacity breeding rates are calculated for both SCDs producing electricity intrinsically (e.g. photovoltaics) and for SCDs producing both electricity and a significant amount of thermal energy (e.g. total solar energy systems).     

太阳能词汇

4 辐射测量 radiation measurement4.1 世界辐射测量基准WRR, World Radiometric Reference 国际单位制体系中总辐照度的测量基准,其误差小于±0.3％。 注:1)参见世界气象组织气象观测仪器和方法指南。1983.9.1.3条。 2)WRR已被世界气象组织采用,并于1980年7月1日起生     

Solar energy recorder

A serious obstacle to the large-scale terrestrial application of solar energy in today's “energy crisis” lies in the scarcity of reliable data on the amount of solar energy at candidate converter sites. This paper describes a system designed to monitor and record, automatically, the values of the direct and total (sun and sky) solar radiation which would be seen by either tracking or fixed-type solar converters. A further pressing need addressed by the system is the means for efficiency testing and evaluation of solar cells, solar collectors and solar concentrator systems, under outdoor exposure to natural sunlight and weather conditions for extended periods. The design was accomplished in support of the Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA, where design concepts and materials for large-scale terrestrial solar energy converters are currently being evaluated.The design and study results on which this paper is based have led to the conclusion that such a system is entirely practical using existing components, with the exception of material test modules of special design. Moreover, the described system satisfies the urgent need for solar energy data and provides the “available energy” and “usable energy” answers needed to bring the large scale terrestrial application of solar energy to fruition in this country.     

新墨西哥太阳能

１０年前新墨西哥州北部沙漠中的Benedictine修道院装上了第一个太阳能供电的电灯泡。这是一个重要标志，如今修道院虽然扩大了许多，但在Siemens工业公司的帮助下，已完全实现由太阳能供电了。修道院所在的地方风景十分优美、宁静，非常适合修道士们的生活。但当它在３２年前刚修建时，最突出的就是没有电力供应，意味着居民将失去舒适的生活。他们终于决定要改造并扩大他们的设施了，而且要能够以低廉的费用自己修建、经营和维护，并保证持久生活。外墙采用麦秸，天花板采用旧报纸，木材使用枯树，辐射热管埋在沙中，上面用砖覆盖，以便…     

Solar energy outlook in Malaysia

Predicted to be the clean energy of tomorrow, solar energy has been in the forefront of energy development in many developed countries and a potential source of energy to developing countries like Malaysia. This paper presents Malaysia's solar energy or solar photovoltaic developmental outlook. The study is done by first looking into the country's energy policies related to solar energy. Key players in the solar energy development such as government institutions are introduced. Early solar energy programmes and a key project called Malaysia Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) as well as its successful initiatives will be presented. Measures which have taken by the government of Malaysia including attractive incentives to encourage solar photovoltaic development, the country's potential in solar energy, foreign investments and future directions as well a feed-in tariff scheme will be presented in length to provide a broad spectrum of solar energy development in Malaysia. The outlook has been positive and the country is active in promoting solar as an alternative energy and is aware of benefits it will bring toward its economic development in the future.     

Solar energy balance in Yamoussoukro

The first analysis of meteorological conditions and solar energy balance was carried out in the new capital of Ivory Coast (Yamoussoukro, 6°45′N and 5'21'W). Differentparameters (temperature, humidity, aerosols and solar radiation) were considered and discussed.     

Solar energy applications in India

The third meeting of the Solar Energy Working Group (India) was held at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, on 14 and 15 January 1971. Scientists from Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi; Motilal Nehru Engineering College, Allahabad; and Space Science and Technology Center, Trivandrum, participated for the first time, in addition to others already active in the field. Dr. K. N. Mathur was the chief guest and gave a special address. From reports and papers presented, it seems that more interest is being shown in work on air-conditioning and refrigeration at I.I.T Delhi and Madras, and Motilal Nehru Engineering College, Allahabad. Scientists at IIT Kanpur are concentrating on mass culture of algae, heat transfer studies, and agricultural drying. Defence Research Laboratory, Kanpur, is working on silicon solar cells. Scientists from Space Science and Technology Centre, Trivandrum, presented an interesting paper on ‘Solar simulation—state of the art’ as a part of space research program. The Deputy Director General of Observatories, New Delhi, actively participated in this meeting and gave assurance of having an improved network of solar radiation measurement stations in the country by the new stations which are starting to supply data. It is noteworthy that solar radiation distribution maps of India have now been prepared. The representatives of the Planning Commission (Government of India) outlined the present energy consumption in the country and stressed that in the coming years attempts should be made to use solar energy to partly replace kerosene (an imported commodity), which is a common source of energy in the rural areas of the country. This meeting clearly revealed the growing interest of Indian workers in solar energy and also their attempts to work in more varied fields, such as space applications and the mass culture of algae.     

太阳能氢能系统

随着社会经济的发展,已有的能源和资源正在以越来越快的速度消耗,特别是包括石油、煤、天燃气等在内的矿物质能源,不仅将在未来的一、二百年内耗尽,而且每年正在以千万吨计的 CO2、 NOx和 SOx向大气排放。节约能源资源,保护环境已成为人类可持续发展的必要条件。现在,人们的注意力已逐步转向可再生能源的利用开发,它包括太阳能、风能、水能、生物质能、地热能、海洋能等等。近十年来,这些新的可再生能源的利用技术已有长足的进步,在常规能源中所占的份额正在不断上升,其中有的能源,如太阳能光发电,已成为全球发展速度最快…     

太阳能节能灯

太阳能节能灯的工作原理是：白天以太阳光作为能源利用太阳电池给蓄电池充电，把太阳能转换为化学能储存在蓄电池中，晚间使用时以蓄电池作为电源给节能灯提供能量，把蓄电池中的化学能转变成光能，使节能灯工作。节能灯的具体工作原理图如下，下面就结合这一原理图进行分析。电路结构可分为六个部分，包括太阳电池，蓄电池，保护电路，施密特触发器，多谐振荡器，输出级。太阳电池是节能灯的核心器件。如图中E１，图中E２为蓄电池，R１、R２、T１组成对E２的输入过压保护电路。当蓄电池电压充到一定值时，R２两端的电压相应升高使T１导…     

Solar energy and congress

The United States Congress has given strong support to the Federal solar energy program. The President's budget request for Fiscal Year 1977 was $162.5 million for solar energy. This was increased by Congress to $290.4 million in the appropriations bill signed by the President on 12 July 1976. The Fiscal Year 1977 budget process for solar energy was unprecedented. Authorization hearings focused on internal budgets that were never submitted to Congress. The Executive budget process was examined in detail by Congress. And Congress acted upon the appropriation for solar energy before it considered the authorization. Based on practices established with the former Atomic Energy Commission, Congressional oversight committees were given access to the internal budget data of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA). This permitted the assessment of budgets proposed by ERDA to the Office of Management and Budget vs those approved by OMB for incorporation in the President's budget to Congress. This opened to Congressional review the relative viewpoints of OMB and ERDA on funding of energy programs and resulted in the Congressional decision to fund solar R&D at levels which could be profitably utilized by the ERDA scientists. While future solar budgets may be expected to increase, it is likely they will do so at a more moderate pace than the expomential growth rate of the past three fiscal years. Other Federal incentives for utilization of solar energy technologies have not evolved. Numerous bills have been introduced in Congress for low interest loans, tax credits or deductions, and other solar incentives. Sponsors of such bills have shown no desire to induce the oversight committees to schedule hearings that could lead to consideration of solar legislation by the House and Senate. Substantive activity is not expected before the 95th Congress convenes in 1977.     

北京市太阳能气象指数介绍

北京市全年平均日照时数约为2594小时,太阳能资源丰富,适合推广太阳热水器、太阳能空调、太阳房、光伏发电技术及日光温室大棚等。北京市政府为办好绿色奥运、科技奥运,奥运会场馆周围80％至90％的路灯将利用光伏发电技术；采用太