The Impact of Job Complexity and Performance Measurement on the Temporal Consistency, Stability, and Test-Retest Reliability of Employee Job Performance Ratings.

Although research has shown that individual job performance changes over time, the extent of such changes is unknown. In this article, the authors define and distinguish between the concepts of temporal consistency, stability, and test-retest reliability when considering individual job performance ratings over time. Furthermore, the authors examine measurement type (i.e., subjective and objective measures) and job complexity in relation to temporal consistency, stability, and test-retest reliability. On the basis of meta-analytic results, the authors found that the test-retest reliability of these ratings ranged from .83 for subjective measures in low-complexity jobs to .50 for objective measures in high-complexity jobs. The stability of these ratings over a 1-year time lag ranged from .85 to .67. The analyses also reveal that correlations between performance measures decreased as the time interval between performance measurements increased, but the estimates approached values greater than zero. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Direct versus indirect tests of memory for source: Judgments of modality.

We studied the relation between performance on direct versus indirect tests of memory for modality. Subjects read or heard words in a mixed list and then were tested by visual perceptual identification (the indirect test) and direct report of items as read, heard, or new. There was a dependent relation between perceptual identification performance and modality judgments, in accord with the hypothesis that subjects base their judgments of modality on relative perceptual fluency. In Experiment 2, we attempted to change the degree of dependence by providing subjects with an alternative basis for modality judgments. Subjects given a mnemonic to encode modality exhibited less dependence between perceptual identification performance and modality judgments than did subjects who encoded modality incidentally. The relation between direct and indirect tests of memory for source characteristics depends on the basis used for each. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Peer models: Influence on children's self-efficacy and achievement.

Investigated how the self-efficacy and achievement of 72 children (aged 8 yrs 6 mo to 10 yrs 10 mo) were influenced by their observing peer models learn a cognitive skill. Within this context, the effects of modeled mastery and coping behaviors were explored. Ss were children who had experienced difficulties learning subtraction with regrouping operations in their classes. Ss were pre- and posttested on measures of subtraction self-efficacy, skill, and persistence. Ss observed a same-sex peer demonstrate either rapid (mastery model) or gradual (coping model) acquisition of subtraction skills, observed a teacher model demonstrate subtraction operations, or did not observe a model. Ss then judged self-efficacy for learning to subtract and received subtraction training. Observing a peer model led to higher self-efficacy for learning, posttest self-efficacy, and achievement than did observing the teacher model or not observing a model. Ss who observed the teacher model scored higher than no-model Ss on these measures. No significant differences due to type of peer modeled behavior (mastery/coping) were obtained on any measure. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of Virtual Reality Training on the Roadside Crossing Judgments of Child Pedestrians.

The roadside crossing judgments of children aged 7, 9, and 11 years were assessed relative to controls before and after training with a computer-simulated traffic environment. Trained children crossed more quickly, and their estimated crossing times became better aligned with actual crossing times. They crossed more promptly, missed fewer safe opportunities to cross, accepted smaller traffic gaps without increasing the number of risky crossings, and showed better conceptual understanding of the factors to be considered when making crossing judgments. All age groups improved to the same extent, and there was no deterioration when children were retested 8 months later. The results are discussed in relation to theoretical arguments concerning the extent to which children's pedestrian judgments are amenable to training. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Influence of Unilateral and Bilateral Arm Flexion Versus Extension on Judgments: An Exploratory Case of Motor Congruence.

Two experiments were conducted to examine how activation of the motivational systems of approach and withdrawal (arm flexion vs. extension) through 2 different bodily mechanisms (right arm vs. left arm) influenced participants' evaluations of neutral Chinese ideographs. Study 1 found that unilateral flexion on the right side and unilateral extension on the left side led to more positive evaluations than unilateral flexion on the left side and unilateral extension on the right side. Using bilateral movements, Study 2 found that simultaneous performance of a right-arm flexion and a left-arm extension led to more positive evaluations than a left-arm flexion and a right-arm extension. A motor congruence hypothesis was offered to account for these findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

热处理温度对Ni-Mn-Ga-Co薄膜性能的影响

采用磁控溅射技术在P型Si(100)基片上制备了掺杂Co的Ni-Mn-Ga薄膜,对制得的薄膜进行不同温度的热处理,并分析研究各种薄膜的表面形貌以及磁性能的异同。研究发现:在不同的退火温度下,Ni-MnGa-Co薄膜表面颗粒的生长都比较均匀;薄膜在1 073 K退火1 h的情况下,磁性能最强,随着退火温度的变高或变低,磁性能都有所减弱;当退火温度为1 073 K时,居里温度最高,为350 K。     

学生评教的研究进展及趋势

学生评教研究是高等教育研究中一个十分重要的领域,也是近年来高等教育研究者关注的一个焦点.本文系统地梳理了当前学生评教的现状,全面揭示了学生评教过程中的研究进展,并对学生评教的发展趋势进行了预测.     

中和温度对电解二氧化锰产品放电性能的影响

在不同的温度条件下对电解二氧化锰进行中和处理，用半电池模拟放电试验（half—cell）检测其放电情况，进而探讨中和温度对电解二氧化锰电性能的影响。     

制粉工艺对铝基聚苯酯封严涂层材料粉末及涂层性能影响研究

本文以铝基合金粉末和聚苯酯为原材料,通过固相混合、喷雾造粒、胶粘团聚三种制粉方法制备了铝基聚苯酯复合粉末,通过等离子喷涂方法制备了封严涂层,并对粉末及涂层性能进行了对比研究。实验结果表明,胶粘团聚型粉末粒度、松装密度、流动性等性能配合良好,喷涂后涂层可磨耗组分存留完整,硬度、结合强度的匹配性最好。     

Modeling Error Variance in Job Specification Ratings: The Influence of Rater, Job, and Organization-Level Factors.

The authors modeled sources of error variance in job specification ratings collected from 3 levels of raters across 5 organizations (N=381). Variance components models were used to estimate the variance in ratings attributable to true score (variance between knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics [KSAOs]) and error (KSAO-by-rater and residual variance). Subsequent models partitioned error variance into components related to the organization, position level, and demographic characteristics of the raters. Analyses revealed that the differential ordering of KSAOs by raters was not a function of these characteristics but rather was due to unexplained rating differences among the raters. The implications of these results for job specification and validity transportability are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Judgments of speed on the open highway.

"Male adult drivers, while decelerating on the open highway, were required to make judgments about the speed of the passenger car… varying amounts of exposure to a constant speed of 35 or 50 mph." Speed judgments were found to be reliable, but independent of influence from varying amounts of exposure on these speed judgments (speed adaptation). Suggestions are made as to why the procedure might have obscured the presence of adaptation effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The impact of training on the accuracy of Direct Behavior Ratings (DBR).

To date, extant research has not established how rater training affects the accuracy of data yielded from Direct Behavior Rating (DBR) methods. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether providing users of DBR methods with a training session that utilized practice and performance feedback would increase rating accuracy. It was hypothesized that exposure to direct training procedures would result in greater accuracy than exposure to a brief familiarization training session. Results were consistent with initial hypotheses in that ratings conducted by trained participants were more accurate than those conducted by the untrained participants. Implications for future practice and research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Effects of Word Frequency and Similarity on Recognition Judgments: The Role of Recollection.

K. J. Malmberg, J. Holden, and R. M. Shiffrin (2004) reported more false alarms for low- than high-frequency words when the foils were similar to the targets. According to the source of activation confusion (SAC) model of memory, that pattern is based on recollection of an underspecified episodic trace rather than the error-prone familiarity process. The authors tested the SAC account by varying whether participants were warned about the nature of similar foils and whether the recognition test required the discrimination. More false alarms for low-frequency similar items occurred only when participants were not warned at study about the subtle features to be discriminated later. The differential false-alarm rate by word frequency corresponded to the pattern of remember responses obtained when the test instructions did not ask for a subtle discrimination, supporting the SAC account that reversed false-alarm rates to similar foils are based on the recollection process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

脉冲镀与直流镀对镀铁层性能的影响

为研究脉冲镀与直流镀对镀层特性的影响,论文通过对电镀机理的分析和镀铁层特性的比较,总结了脉冲镀较直流镀的优越性;在同一电镀液配比条件下,脉冲镀铁层的沉积状态略优于直流镀铁层,镀层硬度、抗腐蚀性、表面形貌和结晶度均优于直流镀层。     

热处理对纳米氧化锆粉末性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备纳米ZrO2粉末,对其进行不同温度下的热处理,并对经过热处理的粉末进行物理性能及形貌的测试分析。对经过热处理的粉末进行等离子球化处理,并对其形貌进行观测。采用等离子喷涂方法制备ZrO2涂层,对涂层形貌进行观测。结果表明在适当温度对ZrO2进行热处理可提高粉末松装密度、流动速率及表面光洁度,提高粉末和涂层的综合性能。     

Judgments of similarity are psychological: The importance of importance.

Comments on the article by J. S. Hyde (see record 2005-11115-001), which concluded that males and females are similar on most psychological variables. Zuriff suggests that Hyde missed the fact judgments of similarity and difference are psychological, not scientific, and that Hyde was dismissive of dismissal of any gender difference that is dependent on context or is consistent with social-role theory. Zuriff argues that the important fact is that in a wide variety of important contexts, males and females behave, think, and feel very differently, and this observation yields the psychological judgment that males and females are vastly different. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

焖炉时间对焦炭热态性能影响的试验研究

在不同的炉型和不同的结焦时间条件下,研究了焖炉时间对焦炭热态性能的影响.结果表明,延长焖炉时间可使焦炭热态性能得到明显改善.     

The Existence and Nature of Racial Bias in Supervisory Ratings.

The purpose of this article is to facilitate a reconsideration of what the authors consider to be a mistaken belief among personnel psychologists--the belief that supervisory ratings of job performance are not biased on the basis of race. In this article, the authors reviewed the current literature, reexamined the data, and concluded that the research on which this mistaken belief is based clearly demonstrates that racial bias may indeed exist and is significant, both in statistical and practical terms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)