两种隧道场景下车对车无线信道衰落特性的测量与分析

针对车-车(vehicle to rechicle,V2V)通信系统对无线电信道衰落特性和模型的需求,分别在两种隧道场景中5.9 GHz和5.2 GHz频段下进行了 V2V无线电信道测量活动,并对隧道外、隧道内和两者之间的连接部分场景进行了小尺度衰落特性分析.基于近距离(close-in,CI)对数模型和ABG(α-β...     

一维光子晶体全反射隧穿效应中光的场分布

为研究一维光子晶体全反射隧穿效应中光场的分布特征,推导出TE波在一维光子晶体中光场的分布公式,利用这个公式研究了一维光子晶体全反射隧穿现象中光场在光子晶体内部的分布特征。得出在出现全反射隧穿透射峰处,随着光在一维光子晶体内的传播深度的增加其光场分布呈周期性变化,光场不随传播深度的增加而衰减,光场的分布呈现共振的特征。     

缓蚀剂在高压阳极箔电解扩孔中的作用机理

将高压阳极发孔铝箔在70℃、质量分数为3%的硝酸液中阳极电解扩孔,研究了添加大分子缓蚀剂聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSSA)后高压阳极箔的腐蚀机理。结果显示:添加PSSA后,腐蚀箔减薄量明显降低,质量损失率减小,并孔率降低,520 V化成的比容提高了约23%。隧道孔由孔口大、孔内小的"锥子"状转变为孔口小、孔内大的"垒球棒"状。铝箔表面的电位显著上升,而隧道孔内的电位基本保持不变,从而证明了,大分子缓蚀剂PSSA提高了铝箔表面和隧道孔口附近的电化学反应的阻力,电流主要分布到孔内,加速了孔内的扩孔过程。     

Theoretical and experimental approach of the propagation of highfrequency waves in road tunnels

Characterization of high frequency electromagnetic wave propagation in tunnels has important applications in the field of mobile communication. In long tunnels, the amplitude of the electric field radiated by a retransmitting antenna can be easily calculated from ray theory. However, for short tunnels, one of the most critical points is either the radiation towards free space of a mobile station emitting in the tunnel or, on the contrary, the penetration of an external wave inside the tunnel. This coupling between the inside and the outside is treated through the uniform theory of diffraction. By comparing theoretical and experimental results, it is shown that this theory leads to adequate prediction of the field variation and allows the authors to point out the influence of parameters, such as the position of the mobile in the tunnel and the influence of the angle of incidence, on the entrance plane of an incoming external wave     

Per unit length parameters of a multiconductor line with earthreturn inside a tunnel

This paper describes an algorithm for the calculation of the per unit length parameters of a multiconductor line with earth return inside a tunnel in the quasi-static range. The main application of this work is the characterization of an electrified railway line, located inside a generic tunnel, as a source of electromagnetic interference on structures like telecommunication cables, metallic pipes and ducts     

Diocotron instability of the electron beam in the drift tube of a gyrotron

A cold fluid model is used to investigate instabilities associated with a velocity shear due to the self fields of a relativistic electron beam inside the beam tunnel of a gyrotron. General statements concerning the stability of an electron beam like the frequency and the growth rate are possible. The growth is expressed as a length that can be compared with the geometry in the gun-tube-resonator system.     

Design of a tunnel relay system with a leaky coaxial cable in an 800-MHz band land mobile telephone system

System design of a tunnel relay system in an 800-MHz band land mobile telephone system is described. Several dozen RF signals from a base station or many different mobile units in the tunnel are directly amplified in the RF stage, without frequency conversion, by a common amplifier in the relay equipment installed near the tunnel entrance, then radiated into the tunnel through a leaky coaxial cable (LCX) or to the base station by a unidirectional antenna. Repeaters are inserted along the LCX to compensate for transmission loss in RF signal power inside the cable. Amplifying a number of RF signals simultaneously, a common amplifier generates intermodulation products and radiates spurious signals. The required amplifier linearity to suppress the spurious signals is discussed in detail. The combination of LCX and service area in the tunnel is determined according to the amplifier performance, the number of radio channels assigned to the base station, and the radio wave propagation characteristics in the tunnel.     

Research on Propagation Characteristics of Millimeter Wave in Tunnels

This paper analyzes the propagation characteristics of the millimeter wave in various circular section tunnels. The received power, path loss and delay spread are discussed in detail using the verified software of Wireless InSite. The investigated tunnel models with circular section include the long straight tunnel, the tunnel with train inside and the curved tunnels with different curvature. The simulated results are verified by the experimental value in the actual tunnel. Several valuable conclusions are obtained, which would offer theoretical and practical references for the millimeter wave communication in limited spaces.     

SBR image approach for radio wave propagation in tunnels with andwithout traffic

We propose a deterministic approach to model the radio propagation channels in tunnels with and without traffic. This technique applies the modified shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method to find equivalent sources (images) in each launched ray tube and sums the receiving complex amplitude contributed by all images coherently. In addition, the vector effective antenna height (VEH) is introduced to consider the polarization-coupling effect resulting from the shape of the tunnels. We verify this approach by comparing the numerical results in two canonical examples where closed-form solutions exist. The good agreement indicates that our method can provide a good approximation of high-frequency radio propagation inside tunnels where reflection is dominant. We show that the propagation loss in tunnels can vary considerably according to the tunnel shapes and the traffic inside them. From the results we also find a “focusing” effect, which makes the power received in an arched tunnel higher than that in a rectangular tunnel. Besides, the deep fading that appears in a rectangular tunnel is absent in an arched tunnel. The major effect of the traffic is observed to be the fast fading due to the reflection/obstruction of vehicles. Additional considerations, such as time delay, wall roughness, and wedge diffraction of radio wave propagation in tunnels are left for future studies     

竖井型城市隧道火灾烟气流动模拟分析

通过建立竖井型城市隧道火灾模型,找出隧道最不利火灾情况,应用大型流体力学计算软件STAR-CD对隧道内烟气流动进行模拟分析,得出了火灾工况下隧道内烟气在自然排烟模式下的流动规律,确定了火灾工况下城市隧道通风排烟开孔形式,解决了城市隧道采用自然通风能否满足火灾工况下的排烟要求等问题,提出了安全逃生的基本要求,此结论对竖井型城市隧道的建设有一定的理论指导意义。     

Calculated Channel Characteristics of a Braided Coaxial Cable in a Mine Tunnel

The braided coaxial cable is studied as a communication scheme in a mine tunnel. A simplified rectangular waveguide model is adopted for the tunnel, and the shield of the cable is assumed to behave as a single inductive transfer impedance. Specific results on the attenuation of the monofilar and bifilar (or coaxial) modes of propagation, taking into account the possible existence of a thin lossy film on the cable, are presented. In order to estimate the maximum possible range of communication, we consider the coupling factors of these modes to transmitting and receiving dipoles inside the tunnel, and we present results on these factors for various cable parameters and over a wide range of frequencies.     

TBM掘进机配套带式输送机部件设计分析

简述了TBM掘进机机机内、机外使用短、长距离带式输送机的原因,并对两类带式输送机部件的设计进行分析,说明了带式输送机输送碴土方案适合隧道工程要求的连续、高效、经济性,及带式输送机在隧道工程的使用拓展了带式送机运用的用途.     

Analysis of DSRC Service Over-Reach inside an Arched Tunnel

In this paper, the prediction of received power in the out-of-zone of a dedicated short range communications (DSRC) system operating inside a typical arched highway tunnel is discussed. By conducting wideband directional channel sounding inside the tunnel, the gain, angle-of-arrival and delay of each propagation path are estimated by means of a multidimensional maximum likelihood estimation algorithm from the measured data. Using these estimated parameters and by employing simulations of application antennas according to the DSRC standard, the received power in the out-of-zone is predicted for 2 roadside unit (RSU) antenna positions. The dominant scatterers causing the over-reach of radiated power to the out-of- zone were identified and attributed to the ground and sidewalk. These scatterers can affect the received power level in the out- of-zone by as much as 10 dB. It can therefore be concluded that suppressing ground and sidewalk scatterings in the vicinity of RSU by installing composite pavement materials are needed to increase the electromagnetic absorption in order to guarantee DSRC services.     

Wideband Polarimetric Directional Propagation Channel Analysis Inside an Arched Tunnel

A wideband directional measurement campaign was managed inside an arched highway tunnel to analyze the radio propagation channel inside such tunnel for future cellular systems in terms of coverage, delay spread and dominant scatterers. Measurements were performed in 3 rounds with different transmitter positions. Using a wideband channel sounder equipped with a cylindrical dual polarized array at the receiver, the spatio-temporal characteristics of the received propagation paths could be estimated by means of a super-resolution estimation algorithm. The extracted paths using this super-resolution algorithm constitute 88% of the total received power. It was also observed that the line-of-sight component (53%) plus single-bounce scattering (26%) comprise up to 79% of the total received power. In other words, more than 90% (i.e. 79% in 88%) of the extracted paths consists of the line-of-sight component and single-bounce scatterings. The strong contribution from single-bounce scattering paths causes the path gain exponent along the tunnel to be larger than -2 which is the value for free space. This validates that there is wave guiding effect in the tunnel and coverage is extended relative to open space. The rms delay spreads are generally less than 20 ns and increase when influenced by scattering objects such as jetfans. The dominant scatterers are identified and classified into 6 classes based on the structure of the tunnel and existing objects such as ground, wall, light-frame, ceiling, jetfan and cleaner-parking. It was observed that scattering from ground was dominant among all classified scatterers in all scenarios.     

圆形隧道中泄漏同轴电缆辐射场的FDTD 分析

随着泄漏同轴电缆在各种闭域空间中的应用越来越广泛,其精确的辐射特性数值解也引起人们的关注。在圆柱坐标系下,根据泄漏同轴电缆的辐射理论,分析了圆形隧道中电磁波的传播途径,用时域有限差分（FDTD）方法求解了泄漏同轴电缆在圆形隧道中的辐射场。该方法相比于解析法,简化了计算程序,提高了结果的精确度,并且易于实现。 仿真结果表明在圆形隧道中,泄漏同轴电缆不存在传统天线所具有的通信盲区的缺点,可以实现与外部空间的全方位双工通信。     

Using a pair of phased antennas to improve UHF reception/transmission in tunnels

UHF propagation inside tunnels improves considerably if a pair of phased antennas is used as a fixed antenna system, instead of a single antenna. In this article, we have analyzed the causes of signal deterioration in a tunnel due to slow fading and fast fading. We obtained simple relations for their calculation, which are valid for a rectangular tunnel. We then demonstrated that the pair of phased antennas can reduce fast fading. The measurements performed on pilot projects in actual tunnels confirmed that the pair of phased antennas is capable of reducing fast fading, which is usually the real limiting factor for transmission in tunnels.     

Propagation and radiation of VHF radio signals in motorway tunnels

A functional land mobile service requires that radio communications be ensured outside as well as inside of motorway tunnels. An experimental investigation about radiation and propagation of VHF radio waves in a 150-m motorway tunnel is presented. Three radiating systems, to convey radio signals into and out of the tunnel, are examined: antennas slotted coaxial cable balanced two-wire line. Results are presented in the form of total attenuation (total attenuation is the transmission loss (radiation and heat loss) plus coupling loss) versus distance curves and also as cumulative distribution curves of coupling loss, in the case of the radiating lines. A comparison among these three systems is also given.     

风洞实验室自动化控制系统的电磁兼容

介绍了某风洞自动化控制系统中,变频器干扰测控系统的实例分析及干扰处理方法。通过在变频器输入、输出端以及其他控制部分电路中加装匹配的滤波器,及对整个供电系统进行屏蔽和良好接地,有效解决了变频器工作时产生的电磁干扰。     

Wide-band measurements and characterization at 2.1 GHz while entering in a small tunnel

The wide-band complex transfer function and propagation characteristics in a small passageway tunnel for nonline-of-sight are studied in this paper. A two-dimensional wide-band model based on the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) and geometric optics (GO) is implemented and a network analyzer is used to perform measurements. In order to obtain the power delay profile, a correction factor is used, which adjusts the deviation caused by the windowing and zero padding performed in frequency domain. The UTD model predicts quite well the averaged path loss, power delay profile, root-mean-square (rms) delay spread and coherence bandwidth, even when the curved tunnel is approximated to two straight lines. Furthermore, it is shown that the position of the transmitter is crucial in the performance of the system: the path loss slope and rms delay spread are increased when the inclination of the transmitter is increased. In all cases, the rms delay spread is lower than 40 ns, where the coherence bandwidth decreases to 20 MHz. This parameter is proposed to estimate the excitation zone inside a tunnel.     

Electrical characteristics of oxide-nitride-oxide films formed ontunnel-structured stacked capacitors

Current conduction mechanism of oxide-nitride-oxide films formed on tunnel-structured stacked capacitor (TSSC) was studied. At positive and negative bias, the Poole-Frenkel (P-F) conduction of holes in the nitride (SiN_x) film dominates the total leakage current. From the P-F plot, the relative dielectric constant of the SiN_x was calculated. The electric field inside the structure was also calculated by assuming the model that characterizes the electrode shape inside the tunnel. From the results, the reason why the reliability of the TSSC is not lowered in comparison with the conventional stacked capacitor is discussed