胺基化壳聚糖树脂吸附2,4-二氯苯酚

改性制得的胺基化壳聚糖用于对2,4-二氯苯酚吸附的研究中,最佳吸附条件为在30℃、pH为4、吸附时间为1 h,胺化剂用量为0.1 g以及二氯苯酚浓度为0.09 mol/L。通过对Langmuir等温吸附方程及Freundlich等温吸附方程的分析得出吸附更加符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。     

HDX-8树脂对2,4-二氯苯酚吸附的研究

研究了HDX-8树脂对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附性能。结果表明,静态条件下在pH2~6范围内,对2,4-二氯苯酚具有良好的吸附性能,最大静态吸附量为9.725 mg 2,4-二氯苯酚/g树脂。等温吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程式,相关系数均在0.99以上;柱长8 cm,内径1.0 cm,内装2.5 g HDX-8树脂的吸附柱对流速为5 mL/min,浓度为20μg/mL的2,4-二氯苯酚溶液的吸附率达到99%;负载柱可用1 mol/mL的NaOH洗脱。     

乙酰苯胺修饰的吸附树脂对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附研究

通过后交联反应,用乙酰苯胺修饰氯甲基化的低交联大孔聚苯乙烯-二乙烯(氯球),合成了一种超高交联吸附树脂ZH-05。用活性炭GAC和Amberlite XAD-4树脂作为参照,测试了ZH-05吸附树脂对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附性能。讨论了静态平衡吸附行为和化学吸附特征的证实。结果表明:吸附等温线都能用Langmu ir方程很好的拟合,且2,4-二氯苯酚在ZH-05吸附树脂上的吸附是一个吸热过程,吸附量随吸附温度的升高而增加,和活性炭一样,ZH-05树脂对水溶液中2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附过程中同时存在着物理吸附和化学吸附。     

2,4-二氯苯酚在黄土性土壤中的吸附与解吸

采用静态与动态实验相结合的方法,研究了2,4-二氯苯酚在黄土性土壤中的吸附和解吸规律,测定吸附动力学和吸附热力学曲线,获得吸附热力学模型。研究表明,2,4-二氯苯酚在黄土性土壤中吸附等温线可用Freundlich和Langmuir方程描述,其中q0描述饱和吸附量,由Langmuir吸附等温式拟合数据可以看出:TS-2土的饱和吸附量大于TM-1土(这是因为2,4-二氯苯酚在土壤中的吸附量与土壤中有机质的含量密切相关);由Freundlich吸附等温式拟合得到的常数,1/n均1,证明是优惠吸附;根据吸附符合Langmuir方程,说明在土壤表面,2,4-二氯苯酚为单分子层吸附;吸附-解吸具有一定的可逆性,黄土性土壤对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附能力不强,2,4-二氯苯酚极易穿透土壤,污染地下水。     

有机改性膨润土对镉离子及苯酚的吸附性能研究

膨润土是一种广泛存在的自然资源,其价格低廉,比表面积大,具有良好的膨胀性、可塑性、粘结性和阳离子交换性能,是处理废水的理想材料。实验用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、聚丙烯酰胺对膨润土进行复合改性,并研究其对镉离子和苯酚的吸附作用。结果表明,有机改性膨润土对镉离子的吸附率可达97%以上,对苯酚的吸附率可达76%以上。     

微波一步法合成颗粒有机膨润土及其柱试验吸附废水中2,4-二氯酚

以膨润土粉末为原料制得颗粒膨润土,在微波作用下,用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)对其改性,合成了颗粒有机膨润土.SEM图表明改性后的膨润土片层变小,由XRD测定结果计算出改性后颗粒膨润土层间距由0.91 nm增加到1.02 nm.通过柱试验考察了CTMAB用量对有机膨润土颗粒吸附2,4-二氯酚效果的影响,结果表明,当CTMAB用量由25％ CEC增加到100％ CEC时,吸附柱被穿透的时间由80 min延长到220 min.再生试验表明颗粒有机膨润土可以重复利用.     

双官能基修饰的超高交联吸附树脂对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附性能研究

合成了用2-氨基酚修饰的新型双官能基聚苯乙烯-二乙烯苯吸附树脂MOAPR-1和MOAPR-2,研究了其在288~318 K下对水溶液中2,4-二氯苯酚的静态吸附和静态脱附特征。结果表明,2,4-二氯苯酚在两种树脂上存在化学吸附现象,符合Freundlich等温吸附方程。利用半经验分子轨道法计算了几种吸附剂的近似结构和2,4-二氯苯酚的前线轨道能级,并对吸附过程进行了合理的解释。     

2,4-二氯苯酚的分离纯化

采用固-液萃取法分离纯化2,4-二氯苯酚。其中的杂质成分与正丙醇胺结合溶解于水中,留下固体状态的2,4-二氯苯酚。纯化所得2,4-二氯苯酚的纯度大于99%,收率大于90%。该方法操作简便,成本低,收率高,适于工业化生产。     

2,4-二氯苯酚降解研究进展

2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)常用于农药生产,在水体和土壤中分布广泛,是一种难降解高毒性有机物,文章围绕近年来对2,4-DCP的各种降解方法,分析了2,4-DCP的降解机理,探讨了不同降解方法的适用范围及影响因素,并提出了进一步研究的方向。     

氯化铁改性椰壳活性炭去除2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附性能研究

以椰壳活性炭为原料,进行氯化铁改性,探究其对2,4-二氯苯酚吸附性能影响的研究。通过静态吸附实验得到了最佳改性条件,使得对2,4-二氯苯酚吸附性能进一步得到提升,并结合实际水体酸碱性探究,对模拟废水实验进行了pH探究,进一步优化了材料对实际水体的适用性。研究表明,氯化铁浓度为0.8 mol/L、改性时间为24 h条件下改性得到的炭材料(BC-F)吸附性能最佳,吸附剂的最佳使用量应为0.04 g,吸附过程应在弱酸或碱性环境中进行,在实际水体中实用性较好;且该吸附过程符合准一级动力学和Freundlich等温吸附方程,以化学吸附为主。     

改性沸石和膨润土对氟离子吸附性能研究

选用高温焙烧、硫酸、硫酸镁改性天然沸石和膨润土,考察了3种改性方法对沸石和膨润土吸附氟离子性能的影响。实验结果表明,高温焙烧、硫酸改性和硫酸镁改性均提高了沸石和膨润土对氟离子的吸附能力。改性沸石对氟离子的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;硫酸改性、硫酸镁改性膨润土对氟离子的吸附可用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型描述,高温焙烧改性膨润土对氟离子的吸附则符合Freundlich模型。     

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol on metal-nitrate modified activated carbon

To remove 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution, the surface of the activated carbon was first treated with HCl and then the surface was modified by using various metal ions (Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Mg). Metal doping significantly enhanced the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon, an effect that was further increased by HCl treatment of the modified activated carbons. Of all the preparations, the zinc(II)-modified activated carbon with HCl treatment showed the highest adsorption capacity for 2,4-DCP. Analysis of the zinc(II)-modified activated carbon by SEM and BET showed a surface area and micropore volume of around 1,154.69 m²/g and 0.291 cm³/g, respectively, values about 20% higher than in the starting material. In the pH range of 2.0–11.0, the maximum uptake of 2,4-DCP from an initial concentration of 1,000 mg/L was 508 mg/g at pH 4.0.     

Adsorption of humic acid onto pillared bentonite

Pillared bentonite, a clean and cost-effective adsorbent with high specific areas of 111.3 m²/g and high basalspacing of 1.98 nm, was prepared for the removal of humic acid from water. It is effective for the removal of humic acid with a high adsorption capacity of 537 mg/g, and adsorption is favored under acid conditions. Adsorption is dependent on ionic strength and dissolved NaCl enhanced adsorption. Over 97% removal was observed under natural pH conditions from humic acid solutions containing 10 mg/L Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺, which suggests that pillared bentonite can be an effective adsorbent for the removal of humic acid for drinking water purification. Pillared bentonite can be regenerated with NaOH, and the regeneration efficiency reaches 83% and 85% when the concentration of NaOH reaches 0.025 and 0.05 mol/L. The mechanism for adsorption of humic acid to pillared bentonite is discussed.     

Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by adsorption using LABORATORIES-modified bentonite (organo-bentonite)

Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the adsorption of copper ions from an aqueous solution using linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LABORATORIES) modified bentonite (organo-bentonite) are reported. Modification of bentonite was performed via microwave heating with a concentration of LABORATORIES surfactant equivalent to 1.5 times that of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the raw bentonite. Experimental parameters affecting the adsorption process such as pH, contact time and temperature were studied. Several adsorption equations (e.g., Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Toth) with temperature dependency were used to correlate the equilibrium data. These models were evaluated based on the theoretical justifications of each isotherm parameter. The Sips model had the best fit for the adsorption of copper ions onto organo-bentonite. For the kinetic data, the pseudo-second order model was superior to the pseudo-first order model. Thermodynamically, the adsorption of copper ions occurs via chemisorption and the process is endothermic (ΔH⁰>0), irreversible (ΔS⁰>0) and nonspontaneous (ΔG⁰>0).     

复合改性膨润土的制备及吸附苯胺的特性

选用不同碳链长度及不同类型的表面活性剂与聚合羟基铝对膨润土进行复合改性,表明长碳链表面活性剂制备的复合改性样品相对于短碳链表面活性剂制备的复合改性样品对苯胺有较好的吸附效果,阴离子表面活性剂制备的复合改性样品比阳离子表面活性剂制备的复合改性样品对苯胺有更好的吸附效果。采用正交试验得到的最优复合改性样品吸附苯胺,表明样品对苯胺的吸附符合准二级动力学模型(R2≈1),粒内扩散并不是控制吸附的惟一限速步骤,Freundlich等温线模型比Langmuir等温线模型更适合描述吸附过程,吸附过程为吸热物理过程(△Hθ=9.39 k J·mol-1)。     

Electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol on a palladium modified gas-diffusion electrode

Pd/C catalyst was prepared by hydrogen reduction method and used for the Pd/C gas-diffusion electrode. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol was investigated in a diaphragm electrolysis system, feeding firstly with hydrogen gas then with air, using the Pd/C gas-diffusion electrode and the carbon/polytetrafluoroethylene (C/PTFE) gas-diffusion electrode as a cathode, respectively. The results indicated that the self-made Pd/C gas-diffusion cathode can not only reductively dechlorinate 2,4-dichlorophenols by feeding hydrogen gas, but also accelerate the two-electron reduction of O₂ to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by feeding air. Therefore, both the removal efficiency and the dechlorination degree of 2,4-dichlorophenol reached about 100% after 80 min, and the average removal efficiency of 2,4-dichlorophenol in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) exceeded 76% after 160 min by using Pd/C gas-diffusion cathode, which were better than that of the C/PTFE gas-diffusion cathode. The analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified that 4-chlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, and phenol were the dechlorination products, and hydroquinone, benzoquinone, maleic, fumaric, crylic, malonic, oxalic, acetic and formic acids were the main oxidation intermediates. A reaction scheme involving all these intermediates was proposed.     

Simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, uric acid and homovanillic acid at copper modified electrode

The copper was deposited on glassy carbon (GC) and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes by electrochemical method. The copper structures on electrode were characterized by atomic force microscope, X-ray diffractometeric pattern and differential pulse voltammetric studies. Optimal conditions for uniform growth of copper structures on the electrode were established. Voltammetric sensor was fabricated using the copper deposited GC electrode for the simultaneous detection and determination of uric acid (UA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the presence of excess concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA). The voltammetric signals due to AA and UA oxidation were well separated with a potential difference of 400 mV and AA did not interfere with the measurement of UA and HVA at the GC/Cu electrode. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range 1-40 μM for AA and 20-50 μM for UA at physiological pH and a detection limit of 10 nM of UA in the presence of 10-fold excess concentrations of AA was achieved. The simultaneous detection of submicromolar concentrations of AA, UA and HVA was achieved at the GC/Cu electrode. The practical utility of the present GC/Cu modified electrode was demonstrated by measuring the AA content in Vitamin C tablet, UA content in human urine and blood serum samples with satisfactory results.