计及电压稳定的自适应协调低频减载策略

为了提高资源利用率,电网经常处在临界稳定的运行状态,大停电事故往往在系统重负荷运行时发生,多表现为多个电气量协同作用下的系统崩溃。提出一种计及电压稳定的自适应协调低频减载策略。根据功率缺额的动态计算值对扰动的严重程度进行分类,以期有针对性地采取不同的控制措施。若发生严重故障则需要进行两阶段的减载,先基于各负荷母线的频率调节效应来指导阶段1的选址定容,然后应用有功网损灵敏度来获取电压薄弱区域信息,计及时延后实施阶段2的减载;若发生一般故障则直接进行阶段2的减载过程。仿真对比验证了所提策略的有效性和优越性,该策略可以自适应不同严重程度的故障扰动,并能及时有效地保证系统频率稳定以及各母线处的电压稳定。     

Adaptive virtual synchronous generator control using optimized bang-bang for Islanded microgrid stability improvement.

In this paper, a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) controller is applied to a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) containing a battery energy storage system and supercapacitor storage system for maintaining the frequency stability of an isolated microgrid. The microgrid contains a photovoltaic generation system and a diesel generator in addition to the HESS and two constant impedance loads that are fed through a medium voltage radial feeding system. The adaptive virtual inertia constant (H) with constant virtual damping coefcient (D) based on‘ bang-bang’ control for the microgrid’s frequency stability enhancement is investigated and compared with the constant parameter VSG. In addition, the bang-bang control is modifed to adapt the D beside the adaptive H, and the system response is investigated and compared with the conventional adaptive H technique. The VSG parameters are evaluated based on two diferent methods. The frst is a computational method based on the simplifed small signal stability analysis, while the other is based on an optimization method using two diferent objective functions and the particle swarm optimization technique. This paper also investigates the superiority of the proposed technique compared to other techniques in enhancing frequency stability, accelerating steady-state frequency restoration, and reducing the energy requirement of the HESS. The required power from the HESS is shared between the two energy storages using the low pass flter technique so as to reduce battery peak current     

Load shedding scheme based on rate of change of frequency and ranked stability index for islanded distribution system connected to mini hydro

This paper presents a load shedding scheme for a distribution network connected to mini hydro generations. The proposed scheme uses the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF ) to estimate the power imbalance and voltage stability (VS ) to prioritize the load that is to be shed. The load with the most critical voltage stability (which is based on a special index) is given the first priority to be disconnected from the network in order to avoid voltage collapse. By performing load shedding based on the combination of the ROCOF and VS techniques, a better system frequency and enhanced voltage magnitudes can be achieved. The performance of the proposed scheme is validated on existing Malaysian network interconnected with a mini hydro generator. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme not only successfully stabilizes system frequency, but also simultaneously stabilizes the voltage magnitude of the buses within an acceptable limit. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Battery energy storage system for frequency support in microgrids and with enhanced control features for uninterruptible supply of local loads

This paper proposes a battery energy storage system (BESS) to support the frequency control process within microgrids (MG) with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES). The solution includes features that enhance the system’s stability and security of supply. The BESS can operate connected to MG or islanded and the transition between the two states is seamlessly coordinated by an original method. The BESS active power response is governed by an improved frequency controller on two layers, namely primary and secondary. It responds to frequency deviations by combining a conventional droop control method with a virtual inertia function to improve the system’s stability. The proposed BESS may also compensate the power of the local loads, so that the MG frequency transients can be reduced and, depending on the remaining inverter capacity, voltage support in the point of common coupling with the MG may be provided. If the MG power quality degrades in terms of the voltage and frequency, the BESS and the local load are disconnected from the MG and continue operating islanded. The BESS is reconnected to the MG after a smoothly resynchronization of the local voltage with the MG, without disturbing the local loads supply. Simulation and experimental results assesses the proposed control solutions.     

光储直流微电网系统协调控制策略研究

为了更好地控制、管理和使用随机性较大的分布式可再生能源和需求波动较大的负载,文章对光储直流微电网系统内不同的变换器提出不同控制策略,通过不同控制策略控制变换器协调运行来保证系统的稳定运行,同时利用基于超级电容和蓄电池的互补特性设计了级联的拓扑结构组成混合储能系统,使系统稳定性进一步提高;并将系统分为多个运行模式,在所提控制策略下系统在多个模式间实现平滑稳定切换。最后对运行中出现的分布式光伏电源输出波动和负载变化情况在MATLAB/Simulink进行了仿真实验。结果表明,所提策略能有效抑制系统直流母线电压波动和优化混合储能的运行,提高了系统的可靠性和稳定性,验证了控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

From microgrids to aggregators of distributed energy resources. The microgrid controller and distributed energy management systems

Microgrids are a collection of distributed energy resources (DER) within a specific boundary, with a control system for their management and operations at the point of interconnection with the distribution utility. As microgrid concepts evolve, they are being applied to aggregations of DER outside boundaries with appropriate controls for operation with transmission and distribution utilities and participation in markets. This article marks this evolution and points towards the common functionalities of microgrid controllers and distributed energy management systems for integration of DER into transmission and distribution operations and markets.     

A new under‐voltage load shedding scheme for islanded distribution system based on voltage stability indices

Under‐voltage load shedding (UVLS) is an important technique to maintain the voltage stability and frequency of a power system network. UVLS has been applied widely in transmission systems to avoid system blackouts. However, with increasing penetration of distributed generation such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, the application of UVLS becomes important for islanded distribution systems. Under this condition, the network does not have a frequency reference as when it is connected to the grid. In this condition, when the load demand exceeds the PV capacity, UVLS is the only option to stabilize the system by shedding the load based on the changes of the voltage magnitude. In this work, a new UVLS scheme based on voltage stability indices is proposed. Four voltage stability indices are used as indicators for load shedding. Based on the stability indices, the loads that have the highest tendency of voltage collapse shall be the first ones to be shed. The proposed scheme is tested on a practical distribution network energized by a grid, a mini hydro generator, and a PV system. The test results on various scenarios prove that the proposed method is able to restore the system stability. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

含分布式电源和储能装置的微电网控制技术

大多数分布式发电系统存在发电功率及负荷随机性强、波动性大的特点,造成了分布式电源的应用难题。而配置了合理储能环节的微网,作为分布式电源的主要载体,为分布式电源并入传统电网提供了可能。研究了含分布式电源的微网控制技术,采用了基于改进下垂特性的控制技术来实现分布式电源的功率平衡,有效地保证了微网运行的可靠性。同时采用相应的控制技术对微网的储能装置进行改造,提高了能量缓冲的功能,保证了系统的安全性。     

微电网改进负荷功率分配策略与并网稳定性分析

由于低压微电网孤岛运行受线路阻抗特性等因素的影响,采用传统下垂控制无法按分布式电源(DG)单元容量合理分配功率,且孤岛微电网的电压和频率与大电网不同,并网前需进行同步控制。在分析并联逆变器功率分配机理的基础上,提出了改进的负荷功率分配控制策略。重新设计了Q-U下垂控制环,增加无功误差积分修正项,优化了微电网内部的功率分配。对微电网进行了并网同步控制,并建立了控制系统小信号模型,对改进负荷功率分配策略与并网同步控制的系统稳定性进行了分析。仿真结果表明采用所提控制策略后,无功功率可被合理分配,并网暂态过程平滑稳定。     

发输电系统可靠性评估的启发式就近负荷削减模型

为提高发输电系统可靠性评估的计算效率,提出了一种启发式就近负荷削减模型,其基本思想是:按照就近原则在故障元件附近的一定区域内通过潮流追踪搜寻能有效缓解系统故障情况的负荷削减节点集。该模型避免了在整个系统范围内进行全局优化以求取最优负荷削减量,因此具有较高的计算效率。通过对RBTS和IEEE-RTS79可靠性测试系统的计算分析表明,该模型能在保持较高精度的前提下大幅度提高计算速度,为缓解发输电系统可靠性评估的计算瓶颈提供了良好的解决方案。     

微网中混储/柴协调运行策略研究

提出一种基于混储/柴的专家协调控制系统和算法。目的是在研究混合储能和微网中可调度单元在相同容量下,与传统单一储能和其他调度单元策略对比,以最大化微电网整体运行经济性和延长储能寿命。模型对比传统含单一储能协调控制策略,拟定负荷波动指标,将微网调度分为上层决策和下层实时调度,求解微网可调度单元的合理组合运行方式。采用费用折算耦合微网运行成本、环境效益和储能寿命量化为单目标函数,结合分阶段优化算法和自适应遗传算法求解。通过对实际算例分析,验证了该方法能有效提高电池使用效率,延长寿命,同时提高微网整体运行的经济性。     

提升海上风电经VSC-MTDC接入的低惯量系统频率稳定综合控制策略

规模化海上风电经多端柔性直流输电(VSC-MTDC)接入的低惯量系统存在同步发电机(SG)占比小、惯量水平低、功率互济能力弱等问题,为此提出一种VSC-MTDC与海上风电协调配合的低惯量系统频率稳定综合控制策略。首先将含原动机-调速环节的SG聚合为单机系统频率响应模型,构建换流站的虚拟系统频率响应(VSFR)控制器,并借助劳斯稳定判据分析经典参数下VSFR闭环控制的稳定性。然后针对海上风电并网系统功率支援能力不足导致的VSC-MTDC电压越限问题,设计适用于多风速场景的双馈风机附加桨距角与转速控制,通过调整海上风电出力对低惯量系统进行支援,提高海上风电并网系统功率互济能力,保障VSC-MTDC安全运行。最后在海上风电经三端柔性直流输电接入的低惯量系统中对所提控制策略进行分析验证。结果表明：所提控制策略的频率响应和功率支援能力强,可提高低惯量系统的频率稳定性。     

PV-based virtual synchronous generatorwith variable inertia to enhance powersystem transient stability utilizing theenergy storage system

The Photovoltaic (PV) plants are significantly different from the conventional synchronous generators in terms of physical and electrical characteristics, as it connects to the power grid through the voltage-source converters. High penetration PV in power system will bring several critical challenges to the safe operation of power grid including transient stability. To address this problem, the paper proposes a control strategy to help the PVs work like a synchronous generator with variable inertia by energy storage system (ESS). First, the overall control strategy of the PV-based virtual synchronous generator (PV-VSG) is illustrated. Then the control strategies for the variable inertia of the PV-VSG are designed to attenuate the transient energy of the power system after the fault. Simulation results of a simple power system show that the PV-VSG could utilize the energy preserved in the ESS to balance the transient energy variation of power grid after fault and improve the transient stability of the power system.     

大型光伏储能电站与同步发电机励磁的非线性协调控制策略

在大规模光伏储能电站接入系统的容量和比重不断增加的情况下,光伏电站应具备一定的电压和功率调节能力来支撑电网的稳定运行。以大型光伏储能电站接入的多机电力系统为研究对象,推导其微分代数系统结构模型,提出了采用光伏储能电站逆变器与同步发电机励磁协调来提高系统稳定水平的非线性控制策略。该策略避免了不同控制器单独设计造成的配合不协调问题,同时可以对电压和有功等多个目标量进行控制。由于采用非线性设计方法,控制器可在大范围适用而不局限于设计点附近。仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器可以有效提高系统的电压和功率调节能力,保障系统安全稳定运行。     

发电机励磁系统数学模型及参数对电网动态稳定性分析结果影响的研究

针对发电机及其励磁系统的数学模型及参数对电网动态稳定分析结果的影响,选取2007年安徽电网夏季高峰方式数据文件,采用中国电科院版动态稳定仿真程序,对影响电网动稳定较大的几个因素分四种方案作了详细计算分析,指出采用不同的发电机励磁系统模型及参数,动态稳定分析结论差别较大,其中实测模型参数最多的方案计算结果与实际运行工况基本接近,且随着电网规模的扩大,电网内发电机使用经典模型及经典参数会使动态稳定分析结果失真。     

储能电池与常规机组配合参与一次调频的自适应控制策略

为充分发挥电池储能系统与常规机组在一次调频中的各自优势,文中对储能采用下垂控制与虚拟惯性控制结合的控制策略,通过设置随频率偏差变化而调整的下垂系数,实现增发功率在常规机组与储能之间的合理分配;为避免储能电池发生过充过放现象,提出一种考虑SOC反馈调整出力的自适应控制策略;电网中储能容量配置不如常规机组,设计一种储能适时投入与退出调频的控制策略,使储能在频率急剧变化或偏移至常规机组一次调频能力范围外时投入调频;在频率基本稳定时储能平稳退出调频以保持SOC。最后利用Digsilent/PowerFactory软件对区域电网分别进行阶跃负荷扰动和连续负荷扰动仿真实验,结果表明在阶跃扰动下该控制策略可显著改善暂态频率特性,在连续扰动下可以兼顾频率偏移指标与SOC的保持。     

含分布式电源的配电网供电恢复模型及改进贪婪算法

分布式电源及储能系统的并网运行使配电网供电恢复更加复杂。基于功率可控分布式电源及储能系统倍率放电、荷电状态与孤岛运行时间等因素,提出了孤岛运行约束条件及孤岛备用容量模型;提出了以恢复供电负荷最大为目标函数,考虑孤岛运行备用容量约束、无电磁环网运行约束、支路潮流及节点电压约束的配电网供电恢复模型。结合配电网辐射状网络、负荷依次接入的特征,提出了逐步最优的改进贪婪算法,分别以可供电功率最大与线损微增率最小为选择判据,求解故障后配电网网络重构与孤岛划分。通过算例验证了考虑孤岛并网备用容量的供电恢复模型与改进贪婪算法,并对算法效率进行了比较分析。     

基于功率补偿量及下垂系数衰减的直流微电网并网转离网无缝切换控制策略

无缝切换控制策略是保证直流微电网稳定可靠运行的关键。针对传统并网转离网切换控制方法存在母线电压恢复慢、电能质量较差的问题,提出一种基于功率补偿量及下垂系数衰减的直流微电网并网转离网无缝切换控制策略。孤岛检测期间,并网变流器工作在电压控制模式,储能变流器(Energy Storage Converter, ESC)工作在下垂控制模式。通过建模分析,证明采用下垂控制时孤岛检测期间直流母线电压是可控的,由此得到下垂系数选择方法。孤岛检测完成后,以固定函数衰减ESC功率补偿量和下垂系数,实现ESC下垂控制和定电压控制的无缝切换,防止因ESC控制模式的突变而引起直流母线电压波动和ESC电流冲击。讨论了衰减函数的选择方法。仿真结果表明,所提无缝切换控制策略能够有效解决孤岛检测期间直流母线电压不可控的问题,抑制孤岛检测完成后因ESC模式切换时所产生的电流冲击。     

考虑储热装置的风电-热电机组联合优化运行策略

基于日前供热负荷预测和风电出力预测,考虑储热装置运行机理,研究风电场与热电机组联合运行的优化方法。将含储热装置的热电厂和风电场组成一个发电利益集合体,在满足地区供热负荷和提升风电消纳的同时,通过调节热电机组和储热装置的出力最大化发电利益集合体的收益。考虑热电机组的热-电耦合特性和储热装置的运行约束,建立了日前调度模型并进行求解。在此基础上,考虑风电出力的随机性,建立了相应的随机优化模型。算例分析表明,考虑储热的风电-热电机组联合优化所获得的收益高于风电场和热电机组单独运行获得的总收益,并且可在现行"以热定电"运行机制下提高风电的消纳能力。同时采用随机优化模型能有效降低系统联合出力的不确定性,可较好地解决风功率预测中的不确定性问题。     

基于云策略和MMS协议的智能变电站继电保护设备自动测试系统

针对部分继电保护装置检测过程存在需要大量人力、测试时间长、准确性差等问题,研究了一套智能变电站继电保护设备自动测试系统。在测试系统中引入云存储和物联网标签技术,智能获取待测保护装置的相关参数,自动生成测试列表。同时将MMS协议集成在测试系统中,可实现测试过程中的实时自动读写保护装置定值、设置测试参数、投退装置软压板来配合当前的测试项目,并自动完成整个测试过程。该系统在整体提升二次系统安全性的同时,可以避免人力、物力的浪费,有效提升实验室检测效率以及现场调试效率,减少基建、检修阶段的时间和开支,对智能变电站的推广应用具有十分重要的意义。