包裹型缓／控释肥对冬小麦产量、土壤无机氮和氮肥利用效率的影响

采用超大区田间试验,以不施氮、传统氯素管理方式和优化氮素管理方式为对照,研究冬小麦施用包裹型缓／控释肥（包裹肥料）对产量、土壤无机氮和氮肥利用效率的影响,并对冬小麦施用包裹型缓／控释肥效果进行评价,结果表明：与传统氮素管理方式相比,优化氮素管理方式和包裹肥料处理在分别节省了78％和67％的氮肥的条件下,获得了和传统氮素管理方式相似的冬小麦子粒产量;采用氮素优化管理模式和施用包裹肥料显著降低了土壤无机氮残留和氮素表观损失,从而显著提高了氮肥利用率;与优化氮素管理方式相比,施用包裹肥料可一次性基施,省时省力,提高了经济效益。     

控释掺混肥对小麦产量、氮素利用率及土壤氮平衡的影响

利用不同类型和不同氮素水平的控释掺混肥与普通复合肥进行对比试验,研究了不同施氮水平对大田小麦产量、氮素利用率和土壤氮平衡的影响。结果表明,控释掺混肥既能够显著提高小麦产量和氮素利用率,又明显减少了氮素损失量,以比常规施氮量减少20%、控氮比75%的控释掺混肥(CRF4)效果最显著,产量增加10.08%,氮素利用率提高15.23百分点,氮素损失量减少75.26 kg/hm2。     

Spatial variability of n fertilizer application and wheat yield

The spatial distribution of two N fertilizer applications (one liquid and one solid) and the yield of winter wheat of a 1 ha field was analyzed at 247 locations. The N fertilizations, as well as their sum, were lognormally distributed, the grain yield showed a normal frequency distribution. Bidirectional semivariograms of all data sets indicated no range of autocorrelation. As a consequence, all data within each set could be considered as being spatially independent for distances larger than the smallest sampling spacing (2.5 m). The semivariograms of the fertilizer applications showed an anisotropic behavior with the largest variability perpendicular to the direction of movement of the spreader. This was caused by strips which had received less, or more, N fertilizer than the intended rate. On the other hand, the theoretical model of the semivariogram of the grain yield could be considered to be an isotropic pure nugget effect, indicating a high degree of spatial homogeneity. This homogeneity results from a yield decline whenever less as well as more than the maximum fertilizer amount was given, as could be concluded out of the yield response curve. The latter, constructed with all 247 measurements, allowed the calculation of the yield loss due to an uneven N fertilizer spreading: 71 kg grain ha⁻¹ at P = 0.09. The number of samples required to estimate the mean value of the N fertilizations and grain yield with a probability of 95% and a precision of 5% was 153, 65 and 9 for the liquid fertilization, the solid fertilization and the grain yield, respectively. These samples could best be located randomly within the field.     

Manure and fertilizer contributions to soil mineral nitrogen and the yield of forage maize

Fifteen field trials were conducted to evaluate soil mineral N measurement as a means for quantifying the total N supply to forage maize and so to form the basis for fertilizer recommendations on a crop-specific basis. In every trial, 4 rates of cattle manure N (nominally 0, 80, 160, 240 kg N per ha) and 4 rates of ammonium nitrate (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N per ha) were factorially combined. Soil mineral N measurements were made before manure application, at the time of maize drilling, 7-10 weeks after drilling and after harvest. Measurements on control treatments which received no manure or ammonium nitrate showed extensive net mineralisation of soil N (mean 140 kg N per ha) in the 7-10 weeks after drilling followed by a decrease due to crop uptake, and probably net immobilisation, of approximately the same amount by harvest. This net mineralisation was probably the reason why only one trial showed a significant dry-matter yield response to ammonium nitrate. Results indicated that , to be useful for N recommendations, soil mineral N measurements should be taken 7-10 weeks after drilling. Only if the amount of mineral N at this time is less than expected crop N offtake should fertilizer N be applied. A mean of around 64% of the N applied in ammonium nitrate could be accounted for in soil mineral N after harvest of the maize, although this was reduced to 24% in the single trial where a dry-matter response to ammonium nitrate was recorded.     

Fertilizer nitrogen balance study on sandy loam with winter wheat

The uptake of labelled nitrate was studied under field conditions using a sandy loam soil and winter wheat as the crop. Thirty per cent of the added labelled nitrate was found in the grain, 13% in the straw plus chaff and only 2% in the harvested roots. The labelled nitrogen in the plant comprised about 6% of labelled fertilizer origin, and about 94% from the soil. By analysing the soil after harvest, it was shown that 16% of the fertilizer nitrogen was in the 0–6 cm layer, 19% in the 6–12 cm layer, 6% in the 12–25 cm layer and 5% in the 25–50 cm layer. This means a total residual fertilizer nitrogen of 46%. A study was made of the border effect by analysing the plants of the first and second row around the fertilized plot. The results show that the plants of the first row took up 1.4% of the added fertilizer and those of the second row only 0.4%. The total recovery of the added fertilizer in soil and plant was 93.1%, indicating that 6.9% was lost under conventional cultivation practice.     

A simple model for estimating the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of a cereal crop

A static model that predicts the nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirement of grain sorghum or wheat crops is described. Inputs required by the model are soil nitrate-N (kg ha^–1) in the profile at sowing, total N (%) in the plough layer, available water in the profile at sowing (mm) plus rainfall during the growing season (mm). Output includes fertilizer N required for both maximum yield and optimum economic yield.The model was tested by using published field data from Nebraska and Kansas (U.S.A.), South Australia and Northern Territory (Australia), and Saskatchewan (Canada). The model was accurate when no fertilizer N was required, and when large amounts were required, but quantitative prediction of moderate requirements was only fair. Predictions for grain sorghum were better than for winter wheat, probably because total water use was a better predictor of yield potential for grain sorghum than for winter wheat. Further refinement for specific environments should make the model practical for dryland cereal crops.     

控释氮比例不同的缓控释掺混肥对小麦生长和土壤性状的影响

通过在麦田土壤施用控释氮比例（CNR）不同的缓控释掺混肥料,研究其对小麦生长和土壤性状的影响。结果表明,CNR分别为25％、40％的低氮处理（23—11-6）能显著增加小麦生物产量,二者与普通掺混肥处理（添加颗粒有机肥,MF）均能显著降低土壤体积质量,提高土壤持水性;MF处理小麦产量显著高于其他各处理;对照处理小麦植株全磷含量显著高于其他各施肥处理,说明不施肥条件下,能够促进小麦对磷素的吸收。     

Effects of rate and timing of nitrogen dressings on grain yield formation of winter wheat (T. aestivum L.)

A field experiment with the winter wheat cultivar Donata was carried out on a fine-textured river clay soil in 1978. The rates of nitrogen dressing ranged from 0 to 160 kg N per ha and were split over from one up to three application times: autumn, early spring and late spring.Total above-ground dry matter and grain dry-weight yields ranged from 9.1 to 13.7 tons per ha and from 4.17 to 6.35 tons per ha, respectively. Late top-dressings increased the harvest-index, whereas an autumn dressing had the opposite effect. Number of culms per m², grain weight (mg) and grain number per m² increased from 350 to 430, from 35.5 to 36.8 and from 11 680 to 16 980, respectively, as the nitrogen dosage was raised from 0 to 160 kg N per ha.The linear rate of grain growth ranged from 111 to 172 kg dry matter per ha per day with nitrogen doses from 0 to 160 kg N per ha. Differences in rate of grain growth per unit area were mainly related to number of grains per m². The association between grain number and grain yield was reflected by a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (n = 32). A higher level of nitrogen dressing enhanced the leaf area index and leaf area duration. However, we could not derive an effect of nitrogen on the duration of grain growth.Total nitrogen yield ranged from 71 to 166 kg N per ha and grain nitrogen yield from 54 to 122 kg N per ha with nitrogen dosages of 0 and 160 kg N per ha, respectively. The nitrogen concentration of the grains varied between 1.3 and 2.0 N.An autumn dressing of 40 kg N per ha generally showed only minor effects on yield and yield components. Top dressings during spring resulted in a higher recovery and efficiency of the applied nitrogen. Therefore, it may be concluded from this experiment and literature that on fertile soils an autumn dressing of nitrogen will not be economical, but split-dressings in spring are very beneficial. In particular, a late nitrogen application during the boot stage increased grain number, harvest-index and grain yield as well as protein concentration of the grain.     

钙镁磷肥复式包膜尿素对冬小麦产量和氮肥效率的影响

通过连续 3年 ( 1999～ 2 0 0 0年 )大田试验 ,研究了钙镁磷肥复式包膜尿素对冬小麦产量、氮效率〔包括 :氮素效率比 ( NER) ,氮吸收效率 ( NUp E) ,氮素使用效率 ( NUE)和氮肥利用效率 ( Nf UE)〕的影响。结果表明 ,钙镁磷肥复式包膜尿素与普通尿素的生物量、籽粒和秸秆量均显著大于对照处理 ;氮素使用效率 ( NUE)和氮肥利用率均显著高于对照。包膜尿素处理的产量和氮效率最高 ,其籽粒、秸秆、生物量平均值比普通尿素处理分别高 9.0 9%～15 .0 6 %、13.11%～ 14 .96 %、11.73%～ 14 .99% ,氮肥利用率高 15～ 16个百分点。在本试验条件下 ,相对于通常氮肥施用量 ( 15 0 kg N/hm2 ) ,少量增加氮肥施用量 (氮肥用量增加 8% )对产量和氮效率 ( NE)没有显著影响 ;而大量增加氮肥施用量 (增加 2 0 % ) ,能明显增加小麦产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率     

肥料中硝态氮、铵态氮、总氮的研究

研究仅含硝态氮、铵态氮的肥料,结果表明,用GB/T8572-2010《复混肥料中总氮含量的测定蒸馏后滴定法》检测含有硝态氮、铵态氮的肥料中铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量(差减法总氮含量-铵态氮含量=硝态氮含量)(标准GB/T8572-2010《复混肥料中总氮含量的测定蒸馏后滴定法》中没有体现总氮含量-铵态氮含量=硝态氮含量,这是根据铵态氮与硝态氮性质总结研究出来的)与标准NY/T1116-2014《肥料硝态氮、铵态氮、酰胺态氮含量的测定》单独检测铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量结果无显著性差异。GB/T8572-2010检测总氮含量与SN/T0736.5-2010《进出口化肥检验方法第5部分:氮含量的测定》检测总氮含量无显著性差异。     

小麦拔节期追施磷钾肥产量效应研究

小麦拔节期追施磷、钾肥试验研究表明:把适量的磷、钾肥后移至拔节期追施,有利于提高小麦的产量和穗数,且有一定的经济效益。在土壤磷、钾供肥能力分别为86.1%、82.1%,施磷量120kg/hm2,施钾量90kg/hm2的条件下,其中27.3%磷肥追施、31.9%钾肥追施的产量最高,为6169.7kg/hm2,增产12.65%,增收1021.7元/hm2。     

Yield,water use and nitrogen uptake for different water and N levels in winter wheat

In an effort to establish an optimum combination of water and nitrogen for winter wheat a field investigation was carried out on a coarse loamy sand soil during 1984–85 and 1985–86 to assess effects of irrigation regime (IR) and N application on yield, water use and N uptake. The treatments compromised all combinations of three irrigation regimes (IR) based on ratios of irrigation water to cumulative pan evaporation viz.1.2 (I-1), 0.9 (I-2) and 0.6 (I-3) and four rates of N, viz. 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha^–1. Grain yield increased with increase in frequency of irrigation. In spite of wide differences in weather during the two years, scheduling of irrigation at IW/CPE = 1.2 gave the highest wheat yield on the coarse-textured soil. During 1984–85, the rainless year, grain yield under I-1 was 20 and 32 per cent higher than I-2 and I-3, respectively. With increasing N rate the yield and water use efficiency increased progressively upto 180 kg N under I-1 and upto 120 kg N ha^–1 under I-2 and I-3 regimes. During 1985–86, the wet year, grain yield response to IR was relatively low. Irrespective of IR, yield increased progressively upto 180 kg N ha^–1 during the wet year. Irrigation water regimes and N application also influenced leaf area index and root growth of wheat. The yield of unfertilized wheat was relatively less affected by seasonal rainfall and IR.Both N uptake and grain yield of wheat were found to increase linearly with increase in water use. Water use efficiency was highest under I-1 regime at all levels of N in the dry season of 1984–85 and under I-3 regime in the wet season of 1985–86. Increase in N uptake with increasing N rates was significantly higher under I-1 than I-2 and I-3 regimes. The N use efficiency being maximum at 60 kg N ha^–1, decreased at higher N levels irrespective of IR.     

Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat using the Danish simulation model DAISY

A dynamic simulation model for the soil plant system is described. The model includes a number of main modules, viz., a hydrological model including a submodel for soil water dynamics, a soil temperature model, a soil nitrogen model including a submodel for soil organic matter dynamics, and a crop model including a submodel for nitrogen uptake. The soil part of the model has a one-dimensional vertical structure. The soil profile is divided into layers on the basis of physical and chemical soil characteristics. The simulation model was used to simulate soil nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat grown at two locations at various levels of nitrogen fertilization. The simulated results were compared to experimental data including concentration of inorganic nitrogen in soil, crop yield, and nitrogen accumulated in the aboveground part of the crop. Based on this validation it is concluded that the overall performance of the model is satisfactory although some minor adjustments of the model may prove to be necessary.     

缓释肥对冬小麦增产与提高氮肥利用率的研究

大田条件下以不施氮肥(CK 1)、尿素基施(CK 2)和尿素基追比1∶1(CK 3)3个处理做对照,对施用3种包膜缓释肥(SRF 1、SRF 2和SRF 3)冬小麦产量、不同时期植株含氮量及肥料利用率进行比较。结果表明:与CK 2相比,3种包膜缓释肥料产量提高3.4%~20.2%,肥料利用率提高7.65%~15.45%,除苗期外其他时期冬小麦的植株含氮量也有所提高,但均比CK 3稍低;3种缓释相比较,SRF I和SRF 2各种指标均优于SRF 3。说明缓释肥一次性施用基本可以满足小麦整个生长期的需要。     

Use of electroultrafiltration (EUF) method for investigating the behaviour of phosphate fertilizers in tropical soils

The solubility of superphosphate and rock phosphate was studied in six soils differing widely in pH, clay content, and type of clay minerals. Soils were incubated with increasing amounts of phosphate fertilizer for 1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks at 60% maximum water capacity and then extracted by means of electroultrafiltration (EUF). In the acid soils (pH-H₂ O: 4.3 to 5.6) the phosphate quantities extracted did not differ much between fertilizer types. In the neutral soils (pH-H₂ O: 6.6 to 6.9) 2 to 10 times as much was extracted from the superphosphate treatments as from the rock phosphate treatments. A fractionated EUF extraction (change of extraction time and voltage) showed that in the acid soils, rock phosphate was more soluble than superphosphate, but in neutral soils the opposite was true. In five of the six soils investigated the solubility of superphosphate declined during an incubation period of 24 weeks, whereas the solubility of rock phosphate showed no clear trend in relation to the time of incubation.

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Zusammenfassung Die Lölichkeit von Superphosphat und Rohphosphat wurde in 6 Böden untersucht, die sich beachtlich in ihrem pH-Wert, in ihrem Tongehalt und in ihren Tonmineraltypen unterschieden. Die Böden wurden mit steigenden Phosphatmengen für die Dauer von 1, 4, 12, und 24 Wochen bei 60% der maximalen Wasserkapazität inkubiert und dann mittels Elektroultrafiltration (EUF) extrahiert. In den sauren Böden (pH-H₂O): 4.3 bis 5.6) unterschieden sich die Phosphatmengen nicht wesentlich, die von den beiden Phosphatdüngemitteln extrahiert wurden. In den neutralen Böden (pH-H₂ O: 6.6 bis 6.9) wurde von den Superphosphatvarianten 2 bis 10 fach mehr Phosphat extrahiert als von den Rohphosphatvarianten. Eine fractionierte EUF-Extraktion (Änderung der Desorptionszeit und der Spannung) zeigte, daß in den sauren Böden das Rohphosphat besser löslich war als das Superphosphat; in den neutralen Böden wurde die umgekehrte Beziehung gefunden. In 5 von den 6 untersuchten Böden nahm die Löslichkeit des Superphosphates im Verlaufe der 24 wöchigen Inkubationsdauer ab. Die Löslichkeit des Rohphosphates zeigte keinen klaren Trend in Abhängigkeit von der Inkubationsdauer.

     

一次基施缓释肥对小麦产量和效益的影响

通过不同缓释肥与普通肥料进行肥效试验,结果表明:一次性施用缓释肥比普通复合肥增产效果明显,小麦增产幅度在2.6%~17.1%;提高了小麦有效穗数和穗粒数;经济效益增幅在598.6~2 683.8元/hm2;缓释肥施用量减少15%的施肥条件下,小麦保持稳产。     

Effect of superphosphate and nitrogen on yield and take-all of wheat

Wheat was grown continuously in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate and with 4 levels of urea at 3 sites. The incidence and severity of take-all, caused byGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, declined with increasing rates of application of both superphosphate and urea.In both years, the severity of take-all on plants receiving neither superphosphate nor urea was about 40% while at the highest level of superphosphate and urea supply the take-all severity was approximately halved at 22%.There was an increase in grain yield in response to applied superphosphate and urea to the highest level of each nutrient. There was also an increase in the 1,000-kernal weights with superphosphate and urea fertilizer application.     

河北冬小麦和夏玉米施用化肥品种结构分析

20 0 0年和 2 0 0 2年对河北农户冬小麦和玉米施用肥料品种结构的调查结果表明 ,施肥中普遍存在重冬小麦而轻夏玉米的现象。冬小麦基肥主要是磷酸二铵 ,追肥主要是尿素 ;夏玉米追肥用量高于基肥 ,主要品种是尿素 ;磷酸二铵和三元复合肥则是基肥的主要品种。提高河北省冬小麦、夏玉米的肥料利用率 ,一方面要指导农民科学施肥 ,平衡区域施肥量 ;另一方面化肥企业也应针对不同农作物的特点 ,开发、生产适宜的肥料品种     

Response of wheat to nitrogen fertilization,a data set to validate simulation models for nitrogen dynamics in crop and soil

A data set originating from winter wheat experiments at three locations during two years is described. The purpose is to provide sufficient data for testing simulation models for soil nitrogen dynamics, crop growth and nitrogen uptake. Each experiment comprised three different nitrogen treatments, and observations were made at intervals of two or three weeks. The observations included measurements of soil mineral nitrogen content, soil water content, groundwater table, dry matter production and dry matter distribution, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen distribution and root length density.     

The effect of zinc fertilizer on take-all and the grain yield of wheat grown on zinc-deficient soils of the Esperance region,Western Australia

Wheat plants were grown in field experiments with five levels of zinc (Zn) fertilizer applied to plots in 1983. The plots were continuously cropped with wheat to allow the build up ofGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici (Ggt). For experiments 1 and 2, there were high levels of Ggt in the second and third years while for experiment 3 there were high levels of Ggt incidence in the third and fourth year of continuous cropping. The Zn status of the wheat plants, grain yield, and the incidence and severity of take-all were measured for every experiment each year.The Zn-deficient wheat plants were more severely infected by Ggt. However, increasing the Zn supply beyond that required for maximum grain yield had no further effects on decreasing the severity of take-all. The Zn concentration in the youngest emerged blade (YEB) suggested that the Zn status of the wheat plant ranged from severely Zn-deficient through marginal deficiency to sufficiency.The Zn-deficient wheat plant was more susceptible to Ggt infection than Zn-adequate plants. The severity of take-all in the final year was still high in Zn-adequate plants, suggesting high levels of applied Zn (11.2 kg Zn/ha in 1983) had no fungistatic effect on Ggt.