SO_4~(2-)-TiO_2/Al_2O_3超强酸催化合成新型香料

通过浸渍法制备了SO42--TiO2/Al2O3固体超强酸催化剂,用Hammett指示剂法测定了其酸强度;以乙酰乙酸乙酯和1,3-丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇为原料,合成了新型香料2-甲基-2-乙酸乙酯基-1,3-二氧六环和2,4-二甲基-2-乙酸乙酯基-1,3-二氧六环,考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、TiO2的负载量、反应温度、反应物配比、催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性。结果表明,在425～575℃温度范围内,SO42--TiO2/Al2O3体系可以形成超强酸;在新型香料的合成中具有催化活性高、催化速率快、化学稳定性好,重复使用性佳、无环境污染;在最佳条件下,两种香料的收率分别可达83.5％和83.6％,质量分数为99.1％。     

SO2-4-TiO2/Al2O3超强酸催化合成新型香料

通过浸渍法制备了SO2-4-TiO2/Al2O3固体超强酸催化剂,用Hammett指示剂法测定了其酸强度;以乙酰乙酸乙酯和1,3-丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇为原料,合成了新型香料2-甲基-2-乙酸乙酯基-1,3-二氧六环和2,4-二甲基-2-乙酸乙酯基-1,3-二氧六环,考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、TiO2的负载量、反应温度、反应物配比、催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性.结果表明,在425～575℃温度范围内,SO2-4-TiO2/Al2O3体系可以形成超强酸;在新型香料的合成中具有催化活性高、催化速率快、化学稳定性好,重复使用性佳、无环境污染;在最佳条件下,两种香料的收率分别可达83.5%和83.6%,质量分数为99.1%.     

SO4^2—Ti02／A1203固体超强酸催化合成苹果酯—A和苹果酯—B的研究

通过浸渍法制备了SO4^2-TiO2/Al2O3固体超强酸催化剂，用Hammett指示剂法测定了其酸强度；以乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙二酵、1，2—丙二醇为原料，合成了苹果酯-A和苹果酯-B，考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、130h的负载量、反应温度、反应物配比、催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性。结果表明，在425—575℃温度范围内，SO4^2-TiO2/Al2O3体系可以形成超强酸；在苹果酯—A和苹果酯—B合成中具有催化活性高、催化速率快、化学稳定性好，重复使用性佳、无环境污染；在最佳条件下，苹果酯-A和苹果酯—B的收率分别可达89．3％和91．5％，质量分数为97％—99％。     

SO4^2-／MxOy型催化剂在缩醛反应中的应用

以纳米氧化物为前驱体制备固体超强酸催化剂SO4^2-/Fe2O3、SO4^2-,Al2O3、SO4^2-/TiO2和SO4^2-/ZrO2,其Hammett酸强度常数均小于-12．14。将固体超强酸SO4^2-/Fe2O3、SO4^2-,Al2O3、SO4^2-/TiO2和SO4^2-/ZrO3用于催化苯甲醛与乙酸酐的缩醛反应,考察催化剂制备过程中硫酸浓度和活化温度对缩醛收率的影响,结果表明：采用SO4^2-/Fe2O3为催化剂,硫酸浓度为1．0mol／L、活化温度为500℃时催化效果最好,缩醛收率达99．2％。     

催化合成新型十六烷值改进剂草酸二正丁酯

采用直接浸渍-焙烧法制备了SO4^2- - TiO2/Al2O3新型固体超强酸催化剂（简称SO4^2- - TiO2/Al2O3催化剂）,用Hammett指示剂法测定了SO4^2- - TiO2/Al2O3催化剂的酸强度;以草酸和正丁醇为原料合成了新型柴油十六烷值改进剂-草酸二正丁酯。考察了SO4^2- - TiO2/Al2O3催化剂的焙烧温度、TiO2负载量、SO4^2- - TiO2/Al2O3催化剂用量、原料配比、回流时间、带水剂甲苯用量对反应的影响。最佳的反应条件为：TiO2负载量（质量分数）10％、SO4^2- - TiO2/Al2O3催化剂焙烧温度500℃、催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的4．0％、n（正丁醇）：n（草酸）=2．4：1、带水剂甲苯20mL、回流时间1．5h;在最佳反应条件下,草酸二正丁酯的收率可达99．3％,产品的纯度为99．6％。     

TiO2／SO4^2- —HZSM-5催化合成乙酸乙酯

以固体超强酸TiO2/SO4^2- —HZSM-5沸石分子筛为催化剂，应用常压液固相酯化反应合成了乙酸乙酯。考察了催化剂用量，醇酸比、反应温度和反应时间对酯产率的影响。结果表明，催化剂用量为2g，醇酸比为1：2．5，反应温度为100-110℃，反应时间为3h，酯收率为84％。     

3,4,5-三羟基苯甲酸丙酯的合成

3，4，5-三羟基苯甲酸丙酯，俗名称没食子酸丙酯，本文以固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2为催化剂合成没食子酸丙酯，研究了催化剂在没食子酸与正丙醇反应中的催化活性，考察了焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响以及酸醇物质的量比对酯收率的影响。实验结果表明：焙烧温度在500℃的条件下，制得的催化剂活性最高；没食子酸：正丙醇的物质的量比为1：15，1．8g固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2，在120℃下，反应时间2．5h。收率达96．3％。     

SO42-TiO2/Al2O3固体超强酸催化合成呋喃酚中间体

通过直接浸渍焙烧法等过程，制备了SO4^2--TiO2／Al2O3新型固体超强酸催化剂，用Hammett指示剂法测定了其酸强度；以邻苯二酚和异丁醛为原料合成了呋喃酚中间体2-异丙基-1,3-苯并二氧五环；考察了催化剂的活化温度、TiO2的担载量、催化剂用量、原料配比和带水剂等因素对反应的影响。结果表明，在425℃～575℃温度范围内焙烧的SO4^2--TiO2／Al2O3样品可以形成固体超强酸体系，且在邻苯二酚与异丁醛的缩合反应中具有较高的催化活性、化学稳定性好、无环境污染。在最佳反应条件下，产品收率可达91.5％。     

SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的研究

利用中心组合设计试验考察醇酸比、反应温度、催化剂用量和反应时间4个因素对SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的影响,运用响应面法对其工艺参数进行优化。研究结果表明,根据试验数据建立的二次回归数学模型具有高度显著性（P〈0．0001）,相关系数R^2=0．9854．说明预测值和试验值之间具有很好的拟合度,可用此模型来分析和预测SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的转化率。通过对二次回归数学模型解逆矩阵得到SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的最优化条件为：醇酸比3：1、反应温度84．98℃、催化剂用最3．02％和反应时间3h,在此条件下,乙酸转化率的预测值为96．45％。试验值为85．87％,二者相对偏差为0．60％。因此,利用响应面分析法进行SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的工艺参数的优化是可行可靠的,可以较好地预测乙酸的转化率。     

SO4^2-／TiO2-MoO3-La2O3催化合成环己酮1，2-丙二醇缩酮

报道了以固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2-MoO3-La2O3为多相催化剂，通过环己酮和1，2-丙二醇反应合成了环己酮1，2-丙二醇缩酮，探讨SO4^2-／TiO2-MoO3-La2O3对缩酮反应的催化活性，较系统地研究了酮醇量比，催化剂用量，反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：SO4^2-／TiO2-MoO3-La2O3是合成环己酮1，2-丙二醇缩酮的良好催化剂，在n(酮)：n(醇)=1：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1．0％，环己烷为带水剂，反应时间1．0h的优化条件下，环己酮1，2-丙二醇缩酮的收率可达84．2％。     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

ZrB2质与TiB2质耐火材料

介绍了ZrB     

Properties of char particles obtained under O2/N2 and O2/CO2 combustion environments

Pulverized coal combustion in O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ environments was investigated with a drop tube furnace. Results present that the reaction rate and burn-out degree of O₂/CO₂ chars (obtained in O₂/CO₂ environments) are lower than that of O₂/N₂ chars (obtained in O₂/N₂ environments) under the same experimental condition. It indicates that a higher O₂ concentration in O₂/CO₂ environment is needed to achieve the similar combustion characteristic to that in O₂/N₂ environment. The main differences between O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ chars rely on the pore structure determined by N₂ adsorption and chemical structure measured by FT-IR. For O₂/CO₂ char, the surface is thick and the pores are compact which contribute to the fragmentation reduction of particles burning in O₂/CO₂ environment. The organic functional group elimination rate from the surface of O₂/CO₂ chars is slower or delayed. The present research results might have important implications for further understanding the intrinsic kinetics of pulverized coal combustion in O₂/CO₂ environment.     

ZrO2/SiO2- and La2O3/Al2O3-supported platinum catalysts for CH4/CO2 reforming

Surface-phase ZrO₂ on SiO₂ (SZrOs) and surface-phase La₂O₃ on Al₂O₃ (SLaOs) were prepared with various loadings of ZrO₂ and La₂O₃, characterized and used as supports for preparing Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts. CH₄/CO₂ reforming over the Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts was examined and compared with Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂ catalysts. CO₂ or CH₄ pulse reaction/adsorption analysis was employed to elucidate the effects of these surface-phase oxides.

The zirconia can be homogeneously dispersed on SiO₂ to form a stable surface-phase oxide. The lanthana cannot be spread well on Al₂O₃, but it forms a stable amorphous oxide with Al₂O₃. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts showed higher steady activity than did Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ by a factor of three to four. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts were also much more stable than the Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts for long stream time and for reforming temperatures above 700 °C. These findings were attributed to the activation of CO₂ adsorbed on the basic sites of SZrOs and SLaOs.     

Modeling char conversion under suspension fired conditions in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres

The aim of this investigation has been to model combustion under suspension fired conditions in O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ mixtures. Experiments used for model validation have been carried out in an electrically heated Entrained Flow Reactor (EFR) at temperatures between 1173 K and 1673 K with inlet O₂ concentrations between 5 and 28 vol.%. The COal COmbustion MOdel, COCOMO, includes the three char morphologies: cenospheric char, network char and dense char each divided between six discrete particle sizes. Both combustion and gasification with CO₂ are accounted for and reaction rates include thermal char deactivation, which was found to be important for combustion at high reactor temperatures and high O₂ concentrations. COCOMO show in general good agreement with experimental char conversion profiles at conditions covering zone I-III. From the experimental profiles no effect of CO₂ gasification on char conversion has been found. COCOMO does however suggest that CO₂ gasification in oxy-fuel combustion at low O₂ concentrations can account for as much as 70% of the overall char consumption rate during combustion in zone III.     

Partial oxidation of methane to CO and H2 over nickel and/or cobalt containing ZrO2, ThO2, UO2, TiO2 and SiO2 catalysts

The influence of different metal oxide supports (i.e. ZrO₂, ThO₂, UO₂, TiO₂ and SiO₂) on the performance of Ni- and/or Co-containing catalysts [Ni and/or Co/MO₂ mole ratio (where M=Zr, Th, U, Ti or Si)=1.0] in the oxidative methane-to-syngas conversion at very low contact time (GHSV=5.2×10⁵ cm³ g⁻¹ h⁻¹ at STP) was investigated. The nickel-containing ZrO₂, ThO₂ and UO₂ catalysts (with or without pre-reduction by hydrogen at 500°C) showed good performance in the process; the order of their performance is NiO–ThO₂>NiO–UO₂>NiO–ZrO₂. The NiO–TiO₂ showed appreciable catalytic activity only after its reduction at 800°C. However, this catalyst and the NiO–SiO₂ catalyst showed poor performance in the process. These two catalysts are also deactivated very fast, mostly because of sintering of Ni and/or formation of catalytically inactive binary metal oxide phases by solid–solid reaction at the high catalyst calcination and/or catalytic reaction temperature. Although the Ni-containing ThO₂, UO₂ and ZrO₂ catalysts showed good performance, carbon deposition on them during the process is fast. However, because of the addition of cobalt to these catalysts (with Co/Ni=1.0), the rate of carbon deposition on them in the process is drastically reduced. This Co addition however resulted in a significant decrease in both the conversion and selectivity; the decrease in the selectivity was small.     

Gas-solid oxidations with RuO2---TiO2 and RuO2---SiO2 membranes

The activity of the RuO₂---TiO₂ and RuO₂---SiO₂ membrane catalysts in oxidation with air of the isopropylic alcohol was determined at temperatures ranging from 40 to 120°C. The RuO₂---TiO₂ and RuO₂---SiO₂ membranes were prepared by the sol-gel process and supported on microporous glass membranes. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies.     

Adsorption of CO2 from dry gases on MCM-41 silica at ambient temperature and high pressure. 2: Adsorption of CO2/N2, CO2/CH4 and CO2/H2 binary mixtures

Adsorption equilibrium capacity of CO₂, CH₄, N₂, H₂ and O₂ on periodic mesoporous MCM-41 silica was measured gravimetrically at room temperature and pressure up to 25 bar. The ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST) was validated and used for the prediction of CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄, CO₂/H₂ binary mixture adsorption equilibria on MCM-41 using single components adsorption data. In all cases, MCM-41 showed preferential CO₂ adsorption in comparison to the other gases, in agreement with CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄, CO₂/H₂ selectivity determined using IAST. In comparison to well known benchmark CO₂ adsorbents like activated carbons, zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MCM-41 showed good CO₂ separation performances from CO₂/N₂, CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/H₂ binary mixtures at high pressure, via pressure swing adsorption by utilizing a medium pressure desorption process (PSA-H/M). The working CO₂ capacity of MCM-41 in the aforementioned binary mixtures using PSA-H/M is generally higher than 13X zeolite and comparable to different activated carbons.     

Kinetics of CO and H2 oxidation over CuO-CeO2 catalyst in H2 mixtures with CO2 and H2O

The kinetics of CO and H₂ oxidation over a CuO-CeO₂ catalyst were simultaneously investigated under reaction conditions of preferential CO oxidation (PROX) in hydrogen-rich mixtures with CO₂ and H₂O. An integral packed-bed tubular reactor was used to produce kinetic data for power-law kinetics for both CO and H₂ oxidations. The experimental results showed that the CO oxidation rate was essentially independent of H₂ and O₂ concentrations, while the H₂ oxidation rate was practically independent of CO and O₂ concentrations. In the CO oxidation, the reaction orders were 0.91, −0.37 and −0.62 with respect to the partial pressure of CO, CO₂ and H₂O, respectively. In the H₂ oxidation, the orders were 1.0, −0.48 and −0.69 with respect to the partial pressure of H₂, CO₂ and H₂O, respectively. The activation energies of the CO oxidation and the H₂ oxidation were 94.4 and 142 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate expressions of both oxidations were able to predict the performance of the PROX reactor with accuracy. The independence between the CO and the H₂ oxidation suggested different sites for CO and H₂ adsorption on the CuO-CeO₂ catalyst. Based on the results, we proposed a new reaction model for the preferential CO oxidation. The model assumes that CO adsorbs selectively on the Cu⁺ sites; H₂ dissociates and adsorbs on the Cu⁰ sites; the adsorbed species migrates to the interface between the copper components and the ceria support, and reacts there with the oxygen supplied by the ceria support; and the oxygen deficiency on the support is replenished by the oxygen in the reaction mixture.     

New acrylic monolithic carbon molecular sieves for O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 separations

The modification of activated carbon fibres prepared from a commercial textile acrylic fibre into materials with monolithic shape using phenolic resin as binder was studied. The molecular sieving properties for the gas separations CO₂/CH₄ and O₂/N₂ were evaluated from the gas uptake volume and selectivity at 100 s contact time taken from the kinetic adsorption curves of the individual gases. The pseudo-first order rate constant was also determined by the application of the LDF model. The samples produced show high CO₂ and O₂ rates of adsorption, in the range 3-35 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹, and in most cases null or very low adsorption of CH₄ and N₂ which make them very promising samples to use in PSA systems, or similar. Although the selectivity was very high, the adsorption capacity was low in certain cases. However, the gas uptake in two samples reached 23 cm³ g⁻¹ for CO₂ and 5 cm³ g⁻¹ for O₂, which can be considered very good. The materials were heat-treated using a microwave furnace, which is a novel and more economic method, when compared with conventional furnaces, to improve the molecular sieves properties.