高架轨道交通噪声的分析与控制技术研究

轨道交通是大城市公共交通方式的首选,其产生的噪声可能污染沿线地区的环境,高架轨道交通噪声的分析、预测和控制成为建造高架轨道交通必须解决的问题。首先用传声器阵列分析了上海轨道交通9号线列车噪声级沿高度的指向性,研究了各1/3倍频程对总噪声的贡献量,归纳了列车等效声功率级与列车速度的关系。然后建立了一套适用于高架轨道交通噪声辐射的预测模型,将列车视作一个移动的均匀线声源,采用单极子和偶极子传播模型拟合轻轨列车的通过噪声,并用高架轨道交通线附近的测量数据,验证了不同测点情形下模型的适用性,为预测高架轨道交通线的噪声辐射提供了一种实用方法。最后,介绍了新开发的道间声屏障和动力吸振阻尼钢轨技术,以及工程应用效果。     

Understanding TES microcalorimeter noise and energy resolution

We have performed numerical calculations of the noise in voltage-biased superconducting transition edge-based X-ray microcalorimeters, using a finite-element model. Details of the model are discussed, as well as results for different absorber geometries. The results are in agreement with an analytical model and show that the amount of internal thermal fluctuation noise can be reduced by using a segmented absorber. The simulation also agrees well with experimental data, which, for our detectors, contain no major unidentified noise sources. Furthermore, the discrepancy between the (small-signal) theoretical and the measured energy resolutions for 5.9 keV X-rays, for our sensors typically a factor of 2, is explained by a more accurate modelling of the sensor responsivity, taking into account the large signal behaviour.     

Image compression in signal-dependent noise

The performance of an image compression scheme is affected by the presence of noise, and the achievable compression may be reduced significantly. We investigated the effects of specific signal-dependent-noise (SDN) sources, such as film-grain and speckle noise, on image compression, using JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) standard image compression. For the improvement of compression ratios noisy images are preprocessed for noise suppression before compression is applied. Two approaches are employed for noise suppression. In one approach an estimator designed specifically for the SDN model is used. In an alternate approach, the noise is first transformed into signal-independent noise (SIN) and then an estimator designed for SIN is employed. The performances of these two schemes are compared. The compression results achieved for noiseless, noisy, and restored images are also presented.     

考虑影响声传播因素的车用交流发电机气动噪声预测

为了更准确地预测车用交流发电机的气动噪声,基于计算流体力学及声类比理论,考虑影响声传播的因素,对实验室安装条件下的某型车用交流发电机气动噪声进行研究。利用大涡模拟方法计算了交流发电机内部三维非稳态流场;依据Lighthill声类比思想,将转子表面的压力脉动等效为旋转偶极子源点集;考虑发电机机壳及实验台面对声传播的影响,建立了以机壳内表面为声源边界的半自由声场计算模型,进而预测了发电机的远场气动噪声;最后,利用实测数据对发电机气动噪声仿真结果进行了验证。结果表明:交流发电机气动噪声的辐射声场具有明显的偶极子指向特性;仿真计算结果与实验测试结果具有很好的一致性。所提的研究方法能更准确地预测发电机的气动噪声,同时可为实车安装条件下的车用交流发电机气动噪声预测提供参考。     

Measurement of noise (cross-) power spectra for frequency-domainsystem identification purposes: large-sample results

Several frequency-domain estimators of parametric transfer function models assume that the (cross-) power spectra of the disturbing noise sources are known. This paper presents a time-efficient method to measure these noise (cross-) power spectra and studies its influence on the asymptotic properties of the estimated model parameters     

Very sensitive measurement method of electron devices current noise

The problem of measuring very low levels of current noise in bipoles (linear or not) is dealt with, and a measurement technique is proposed. This technique allows the measurement of noise power spectra 6-10 dB lower than the equivalent input power spectrum of the amplified necessary to perform the measurement. An improvement of 16-20 dB in the sensitivity is obtained with respect to the one of conventional methods, which, for an acceptable accuracy, require the noise of the bipole under test to be 10 dB larger than the equivalent input one of the amplifier. The present method is based on the accurate measurement of the amplifier transimpedance with respect to the input current noise sources and on the precise evaluation and subtraction of the contribution from all the spurious sources to the total noise. The whole procedure is implemented by means of a dual-channel signal analyzer and almost completely automated. The technique has been tested by using it to measure the power spectra of the noise given by known generators, of the Nyquist noise produced by bipoles made up of resistors and capacitors, and of shot noise in p-n junctions. The experimental results agree very well with theoretical predictions     

可视化噪声源识别技术

简要回顾了噪声源识别的传统方法和基于信号处理的方法,阐述了可视化声源识别技术的基本原理,然后利用各种重建算法在三维空间中进行声场重构并将结果用图形表示出来。按噪声信号采集方式、重建算法和结果表示方式对该技术进行了分类。对常用的三类重建算法Fourier方法、Helmholtz-Kirchhoff积分方程法和等效源法进行了详细的比较,重点分析了等效源法,指出它目前存在的研究困难。给出了一种应用可视化噪声源识别技术的系统解决方案。     

Oscillator phase noise: systematic construction of an analytical model encompassing nonlinearity

This paper offers a derivation of phase noise in oscillators resulting in a closed-form analytic formula that is both general and convenient to use. This model provides a transparent connection between oscillator phase noise and the fundamental device physics and noise processes. The derivation accommodates noise and nonlinearity in both the resonator and feedback circuit, and includes the effects of environmental disturbances. The analysis clearly shows the mechanism by which both resonator noise and electronics noise manifest as phase noise, and directly links the manifestation of phase noise to specific sources of noise, nonlinearity, and external disturbances. This model sets a new precedent, in that detailed knowledge of component-level performance can be used to predict oscillator phase noise without the use of empirical fitting parameters.     

An improved levelized incomplete Lu method and its application to 2d semiconductor device simulation

Abstract

Numerical simulation of semiconductor devices plays a very important role in the design and development of integrated circuits. We will present a new circuit simulator with an improved Levelized Incomplete LU method to perform such simulations. To have an environment for evaluating the interaction between a semiconductor device and a circuit, we use the equivalent circuit approach. This approach allows for simple representation carrier transport models of devices through equivalent circuit elements such as voltage controlled current sources and capacitors. Therefore, we can perform mixed‐level simulation in general circuit simulators. We will take a PN diode switching circuit and MOSFET as examples to test our equivalent circuit model and the improved circuit simulator. The comparison between improved matrix solution method and the conventional method will be demonstrated too. We will also show our method yields better matrix solutions than conventional methods     

Noise analysis in air-coupled PVDF ultrasonic sensors

In this paper we analyze the noise generated in a piezo-polymer based sensor for low frequency ultrasound in air. The sensor includes two curved PVDF transducers for medium and short range applications. A lumped RLC equivalent circuit was derived from the measurement of the transducer's electrical admittance, in air, by taking into account both mechanical and dielectric losses, which we suppose are the major sources of noise in similar devices. The electrical model was used to study and optimize the noise performance of a 61 kHz transducer and to simulate the electrical behavior of the complete transmitter-receiver system. The validity of the overall electrical model with low noise was confirmed after verifying, with Pspice, agreement of the practical and theoretical results.     

汽车空调的气动噪声分析与降噪方案设计

利用数值仿真和试验相结合的方法,开展在研车型空调系统气动噪声的研究。运用宽频噪声源模型和计算气动声学方法(CAA),对某汽车空调系统的气动噪声进行数值模拟,得到空调内部的噪声源分布情况,仿真和试验的频谱变化趋势比较吻合,风量最大偏差为3.5%。给出优化风道型面、改变蜗舌形状、风道包裹吸声棉等降噪措施。     

Determination of HEMT's noise parameters versus temperature usingtwo measurement methods

A simplified approach for the determination of the noise parameters of high electron-mobility transistors (HEMT's) at microwave frequencies has already been presented for devices tested at room temperature. Such method relies on the extraction of a noisy circuit model from measurements of the scattering parameters and the noise figure at the fixed source impedance of 50 Ω (namely, F₅₀ ). The noise parameters of the device are then computed by model simulation. They exhibited a very good agreement with the noise parameters determined by the experimental procedure. In the present work, commercial pseudomorphic HEMT'S have been characterized at different temperatures in the 6 GHz to 18 GHz frequency range for validating the use of a further simplified procedure. We here show how to determine the complete noise performance of the devices from a very reduced set of measurements, i.e., the scattering parameters at each selected temperature and the F₅₀ noise figure at room temperature. The computed noise parameters are compared with those determined by application of the measurement procedure. The results show that the very simplified method can be employed with a good degree of accuracy whenever rapid noise testing of HEMT's versus temperature is needed     

Origin of 1/f PM and AM noise in bipolar junction transistor amplifiers

In this paper we report the results of extensive research on phase modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation (AM) noise in linear bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifiers. BJT amplifiers exhibit 1/f PM and AM noise about a carrier signal that is much larger than the amplifiers thermal noise at those frequencies in the absence of the carrier signal. Our work shows that the 1/f PM noise of a BJT based amplifier is accompanied by 1/f AM noise which can be higher, lower, or nearly equal, depending on the circuit implementation. The 1/f AM and PM noise in BJTs is primarily the result of 1/f fluctuations in transistor current, transistor capacitance, circuit supply voltages, circuit impedances, and circuit configuration. We discuss the theory and present experimental data in reference to common emitter amplifiers, but the analysis can be applied to other configurations as well. This study provides the functional dependence of 1/f AM and PM noise on transistor parameters, circuit parameters, and signal frequency, thereby laying the groundwork for a comprehensive theory of 1/f AM and PM noise in BJT amplifiers. We show that in many cases the 1/f PM and AM noise can be reduced below the thermal noise of the amplifier.     

Modeling phase noise in multifunction subassemblies

Obtaining requisite phase noise performance in hardware containing multifunction circuitry requires accurate modeling of the phase noise characteristics of each signal path component, including both absolute (oscillator) and residual (non-oscillator) circuit contributors. This includes prediction of both static and vibration-induced phase noise. The model (usually in spreadsheet form) is refined as critical components are received and evaluated. Additive (KTBF) phase noise data can be reasonably estimated, based on device drive level and noise figure. However, accurate determination of component near-carrier (multiplicative) and vibration-induced noise usually must be determined via measurement. The model should also include the effects of noise introduced by IC voltage regulators and properly discriminate between common versus independent signal path residual noise contributors. The modeling can be easily implemented using a spreadsheet.     

声学风洞中的高速列车模型气动噪声试验研究

研究借助气动-声学风洞试验平台,首先针对某高速列车的1：8缩尺比例的三车编组模型建立了气动噪声试验方法和突显不同的噪声源的模型处理方法,并结合流场外自由场传声器和传声器阵列的测量结果,分析了模型上的主要噪声源特性及对整个模型的贡献量大小。研究表明：转向架和受电弓噪声是模型的最主要噪声源,其次是车连接部位间隙,再次是鼻尖和排障器,最后是尾车,同时,并给出了这些噪声源的特性,这对于认识高速列车气动噪声和改善设计有重要的参考价值。研究也说明所提出的试验研究方法是一种研究高速列车气动噪声较为有效地方法。     

One-port noise model of a crystal oscillator

This paper presents a one-port noise model of a crystal oscillator combined with equivalent impedances of a resonator and linearized feedback amplifier. Based on the noise conversion technique, we translate the thermal additive and flicker noise of both the resonator and amplifier into the oscillator signal amplitude and phase. The generic transformation coefficients for the noise are derived, and the power spectral density (psd) function of the oscillator signal phase is analyzed in detail. The remarkable property of the model is demonstrated by determining the separate contribution of each noise source to the oscillator performance. Some important rules for shaping the phase psd are noted. The consistency with Leeson's model also is reported.     

基于CFD和声学FEM的旋转式双缸压缩机所配分液器单极子吸气噪声分析

旋转式压缩机广泛应用于家用空调器,是制冷系统的动力源,也是空调系统中主要噪声源。本文针对双缸压缩机吸气噪声,建立CFD模型,通过数值计算得到单、双吸气方式的质量流率。在此基础上,建立不同单、双吸气方式分液器声学FEM模型,分析不同分液器的单极子吸气噪声,并与测试结果进行对比。结果表明,单吸气方式在降低双缸压缩机单极子吸气噪声方面较双吸气方式具有一定优势,在本例中,分液器吸气噪声降低2 dB(A)以上。     

Comparison of noise sources in dual- and single-beam Fourier-transform near-infrared spectrometry

We report the results of noise source investigations and stability tests in both dual- and single-beam Fourier-transform near-infrared operation. The noise sources are divided into two parts: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic noise sources, which include detector system noise, are common for both modes of operation. The extrinsic sources, which include variations in ambient conditions (room temperature, atmospheric gaseous components, and source scintillations), are shown to be smaller in dual-beam operation than in single-beam operation by a factor of 2-10. The results are based on interferograms measured in specified time intervals. The root-mean-square values are calculated at each retardation point. The values obtained near the centerburst and average values obtained for the dual-beam operation are compared with the intrinsic noise value obtained for single-beam operation. The dual-beam advantage is observed in both open-beam and liquid cell measurements, and it corresponds well with earlier results based on multivariate calibration techniques applied on aqueous solutions.