Interferometric measurement using bimorph actuated staggered mirror (BASM) microsensor

For physical and chemical sensing applications, a bimorph actuated staggered mirror (BASM) microsensor was designed and fabricated by surface micromachining using a transparent quartz substrate. While the conventional cantilever sensors have angular deflection, BASM’s moving mirror performs piston-type pure vertical motion in response to environmental stimuli like temperature change and surface stress change due to molecular adsorption. Since the sensor itself has a fixed or reference mirror as well as a moving mirror, 1) an interferometric measurement is possible without an additional reference mirror in off-axis measurement setup, and 2) vibration measurement noise can be reduced. For preliminary test purposes, interferometric measurement using an optical setup was performed for temperature change. At He-Ne line (632.8 nm), a temperature change of ∼0.8 K caused a minimum-to-maximum interferometric light intensity change which corresponds to ∼144 nm shift of the moving mirror part. An optical diffraction analysis was performed and optimal device parameters were found to maximize the sensor sensitivity.     

高灵敏度分束干涉型LCD盒间隙厚度测量仪

本文报道一种高灵敏度分束干涉型ＬＣＤ盒间隙厚度测量仪（以下简称测厚仪），并重点介绍其两项关键技术：干涉条纹级次的彩色识别法和光楔干涉定标法。要精确测量液晶盒间隙厚度，必须准确测定基准和测量这两组干涉条纹间的距离，因而必须准确识别干涉条纹的级次。强度识别法的测量精度易受随机噪声的影响。本文提出条纹级次的彩色识别法，利用这种方法，测量精度可以大幅度提高。定标是测厚仪的另一关键技术。本文提出独特的光楔干涉定标法。文中给出了光楔干涉法定标精度的理论估算，同时制成一光楔并应用于高精度测厚仪的实际定标     

激光干涉测长系统中导轨——床身系统的二维动刚度实验研究

实践表明,激光干涉测长系统中的导轨—床身系统的动刚度对其测量精度有重大影响,但由于缺乏可靠、高精度的测量方法而往往未能在设计中,或使用中,予以避免或补偿。本文提出了一种采用双路激光干涉仪测试方法,成功地测量了三层结构的导轨—床身系统的二维动刚度。文中介绍了它的原理及装置,并对最终的测量结果进行了讨论。     

Piezoelectric and optical setup to measure an electrical field: application to the longitudinal near-field generated by a tapered coax

We propose a new setup to measure an electrical field in one direction. This setup is made of a piezoelectric sintered lead zinconate titanate film and an optical interferometric probe. We used this setup to investigate how the shape of the extremity of a coaxial cable influences the longitudinal electrical near-field generated by it. For this application, we designed our setup to have a spatial resolution of 100 microm in the direction of the electrical field. Simulations and experiments are presented.     

A proposal for dichroic experiments in the electron microscope

Building upon the similarities between inelastic electron scattering and X-ray absorption we show that dichroism can be observed in electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Natural or magnetic linear dichroism can be studied in electron scattering experiment with definite wave vector transfer in the interaction.The detection of circular dichroism in the TEM relies on interferometric EELS in a particular scattering geometry that allows extraction of the mixed dynamic form factor from energy loss spectra. Similarities between dichroic signals in energy loss near edge structures and X-ray absorption near edge structures are discussed, and a new experimental setup for dichroic measurements in the TEM is proposed.     

Twin optical traps for two-particle cross-correlation measurements: eliminating cross-talk

The correlated motions of two micron-sized particles reflect the (micro-) rheological properties of a fluid and can be conveniently detected using two optical traps in combination with interferometric displacement detection. When the correlations become small, cross-talk between the two beams becomes important. We have used dual optical traps created by either two orthogonally polarized laser beams derived from one laser source, or by two independent lasers of different wavelengths for microrheology experiments. High numerical aperture lenses (objective and condenser) in the optical path can introduce depolarization, and polarizing beam splitters are not perfect, both of which can lead to optical cross-talk. We have characterized the cross-talk in our setup and demonstrate that the use of two independent laser eliminates cross-talk entirely.     

组合式电子互感器的理论和实验研究

基于反射式偏振干涉原理和模间干涉原理，研制出一种新型的可同时测量母线上的电流和电压的组合式互感器。这种互感器绝缘结构简单，电压测量与电流测量间无相互干扰，为消除外界干扰、提高系统的测量精度提供了理论根据。     

A high sensitivity ultralow temperature RF conductance and noise measurement setup

We report on the realization of a high sensitivity RF noise measurement scheme to study small current fluctuations of mesoscopic systems at milli-Kelvin temperatures. The setup relies on the combination of an interferometric amplification scheme and a quarter-wave impedance transformer, allowing the measurement of noise power spectral densities with gigahertz bandwidth up to five orders of magnitude below the amplifier noise floor. We simultaneously measure the high frequency conductance of the sample by derivating a portion of the signal to a microwave homodyne detection. We describe the principle of the setup, as well as its implementation and calibration. Finally, we show that our setup allows to fully characterize a subnanosecond on-demand single electron source. More generally, its sensitivity and bandwidth make it suitable for applications manipulating single charges at GHz frequencies.     

A simple and effective setup for in situ investigations of the surface magnetooptic Kerr effect in ultrahigh vacuum

A simple and inexpensive device rather sensitive to studies of magnetic properties of very thin (0.5–0.6 nm) ferromagnetic films by the surface magnetooptic Kerr effect (SMOKE) method in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions is described. The system is intended for measuring both longitudinal and transversal Kerr effects. The special vacuum-tight electromagnet system of the SMOKE device is quite compatible with other surface-sensitive methods. When an additional external magnet system is used, the same optical and electronic system can be also employed for ex situ investigations. Examples demonstrating the high sensitivity of this setup and its efficiency during studies of the magnetic anisotropy are given.     

表面微观轮廓的高分辨率光学测量方法

较全面地介绍了用于表面微观轮廓测量的几种高分辨率甚至可达亚纳米的光学测量方法及其最新进展.文中重点描述了以扫描共焦显微检测法、离焦误差检测法为代表的光触针法,以TOPO轮廓仪、Nomarski显微镜、外差干涉轮廓仪、双焦干涉轮廓仪和同轴干涉轮廓仪为代表的干涉测量法和以扫描近场光学显微镜及光子扫描隧道显微镜为代表的近场光学法三种适用于表面微观轮廓测量的光学测量方法,分别介绍了其工作原理、特性、发展现状及存在问题,通过对这些方法的对比和总结,阐述了表面微观轮廓纳米级光学测量的发展趋势.     

Study on the effect of measuring methods on incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells by home-made setup

An experimental setup is built for the measurement of monochromatic incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of solar cells. With this setup, three kinds of IPCE measuring methods as well as the convenient switching between them are achieved. The setup can also measure the response time and waveform of the short-circuit current of solar cell. Using this setup, IPCE results of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are determined and compared under different illumination conditions with each method. It is found that the IPCE values measured by AC method involving the lock-in technique are sincerely influenced by modulation frequency and bias illumination. Measurements of the response time and waveform of short-circuit current have revealed that this effect can be explained by the slow response of DSCs. To get accurate IPCE values by this method, the measurement should be carried out with a low modulation frequency and under bias illumination. The IPCE values measured by DC method under the bias light illumination will be disturbed since the short-circuit current increased with time continuously due to the temperature rise of DSC. Therefore, temperature control of DSC is considered necessary for IPCE measurement especially in DC method with bias light illumination. Additionally, high bias light intensity (>2?sun) is found to decrease the IPCE values due to the ion transport limitation of the electrolyte.     

基于SIPM的旋光色散波长测量方法

提出了一种利用旋光色散进行波长测量的方法。采用高灵敏度的硅光电倍增管(SIPM)探测线偏振光通过旋光物质和无旋光物质时的输出光强随步进电机旋转而发生的变化,由此测出旋光物质的比旋光度,从而根据比旋光度的色散特征方程求出对应光源波长。大量实验证明,该波长测量装置的精度为1nm,标准差为0.06nm,该波长检测方法具有良好的可行性与稳定性,并且该测量装置具有结构简单、易于调节等特点。     

ST-Developer10的特征库建立方法研究

介绍了STEP开发工具ST Developer10,并研究了用其中的SDAI接口和ROSE接口建立特征库的方法,研究了EXPRESS到SQLServer2000的映射方法。其目的是建立基于新的NC编程接口标准STEP NC的数据库,为实现STEP NC标准提供条件。     

Moving bed reactor setup to study complex gas-solid reactions

A moving bed scale reactor setup for studying complex gas-solid reactions has been designed in order to obtain kinetic data for scale-up purpose. In this bench scale reactor setup, gas and solid reactants can be contacted in a cocurrent and countercurrent manner at high temperatures. Gas and solid sampling can be performed through the reactor bed with their composition profiles determined at steady state. The reactor setup can be used to evaluate and corroborate model parameters accounting for intrinsic reaction rates in both simple and complex gas-solid reaction systems. The moving bed design allows experimentation over a variety of gas and solid compositions in a single experiment unlike differential bed reactors where the gas composition is usually fixed. The data obtained from the reactor can also be used for direct scale-up of designs for moving bed reactors.     

光热低相干干涉法测量大气气溶胶吸收

研究了气溶胶粒子的光热敏效应和热感应光致折射率变化,提出了通过增加光热作用区个数来提高探测灵敏度及用低相干干涉法降低成本的方法。建立了光热低相干干涉法测量大气气溶胶吸收系数的数学模型,分析了干涉仪正交状态测量和干涉条纹细分探测两种方式下的探测灵敏度,讨论了低相干偏振干涉情况下的探测限。结果显示,在典型条纹细分情况下理论探测灵敏度可达1×10-6 m-1;增加光热作用区m个,探测灵敏度理论值可提高m倍。理论和方法研究证明光热低相干干涉法具有可直接测量大气气溶胶吸收系数、在线原位、低成本,易于进行温度修正等优点。     

Logarithmic based optical delay for time-resolved data collection

A method has been established that generates values spaced according to a mathematical function, specifically the logarithm function that can be applied to a stepper motor. Here, it is applied to yield logarithmically spaced time delay points for subnanosecond interferometric time-resolved experiments using a stepper motor controlled translation stage. Application of this method is discussed in terms of three input parameters: the optical delay stage time resolution, dt; the time of maximum delay, d(stop); and the desired number of data points, N. The method improves the efficiency of interferometric time-resolved data collection while providing data collection effective to determine decay parameters. In principle, this technique could be generalized to any mathematical function.     

A genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for no-wait flow shop problem with separable setup times and makespan criterion

This paper considers the problem of no-wait flow shop scheduling, in which a number of jobs are available for processing on a number of machines in a flow shop context with the added constraint that there should be no waiting time between consecutive operations of a job. Each operation has a separable setup time, meaning that the setup time of an operation is independent on the previous operations; and the machine can be prepared for a specific operation and remain idle before the operation actually starts. The considered objective function in this paper is the makespan. The problem is proven to be NP-hard. In this paper, two frameworks based on genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization are developed to deal with the problem. For the case of no-wait flow shop problem without setup times, the developed algorithms are applied to a large number of benchmark problems from the literature. Computational results confirm that the proposed algorithms outperform other methods by improving many of the best-known solutions for the test problems. For the problems with setup time, the algorithms are compared against the famous 2-Opt algorithm. Such comparison reveals the efficiency of the proposed method in solving the problem when separable setup times are considered.     

Density measurements using coherence imaging spectroscopy based on Stark broadening

A coherence imaging camera has been set up at Pilot-PSI. The system is to be used for imaging the plasma density through the Stark effect broadening of the H(γ) line. Local density values are then obtained by the Abel inversion of the measured interferometric fringe contrast. This report will present the instrument setup and proof-of-principle demonstration. The inverted spatial electron density profiles obtained near the cascaded arc source of Pilot-PSI in discharges with axial magnetic field of B=0.4?T are compared with an independent measurement of electron density by Thomson scattering and good agreement is found.     

Cryogenic resonant acoustic spectroscopy of bulk materials (CRA spectroscopy)

The capability to measure Q factors at cryogenic temperatures enhances the ability to study relaxation processes in solids. Here we present a high-precision cryogenic setup with the ability to measure Q factors of at least 10(9). This level of sensitivity offers new potential for analyzing relaxation processes in solids and for correlating mode shape and relaxation strength. Our improved method of mechanical spectroscopy, cryogenic resonant acoustic spectroscopy of bulk materials, is verified by identifying relaxation processes in low-loss quartz crystals. For the first time, we observe additional damping peaks. The mechanical Q factors of different modes of cylindrical crystalline quartz substrates were measured from 300 down to 6 K. Resonant modes with frequencies between 10 and 325 kHz were excited without contact to the substrates and the ring down of the amplitudes was recorded using an interferometric vibration readout.     

一种高功率LED热阻的测试方法

叙述了利用动态电学测试方法测量高功率LED热阻和结温的原理、试验装置、测量步骤和影响测试结果的因素。研究结果表明,该方法具有测试结构简单、稳定性高等特点,可作为高功率LED热阻和结温的标准测试方法。