重水堆核电厂典型严重事故氢气风险分析

核电厂严重事故下的氢气控制一直是核电厂关注的热点问题之一。本文采用重水堆一体化事故分析程序建立了主热传输系统(PHTS)模型、排管容器及端屏蔽系统、堆腔以及安全壳模型。分别选取代表高压熔堆和低压熔堆的全厂断电及出口集管大破口失水事故始发严重事故序列,从堆芯氧化产氢以及系统热工水力行为出发,对重水堆产氢特性及点火器的消氢效果进行了研究。分析表明:严重事故下随着堆芯冷却恶化,排管容器内发生锆水反应而产生氢气,排管容器和堆腔内的水对氢气产生有较长时间的抑止作用,随着排管容器和堆腔内水的逐渐烧干,排管容器蠕变失效,熔融堆芯落入堆腔发生堆芯熔融物与混凝土的相互作用而产生大量氢气。当氢气点火器失效时,安全壳隔间内氢气体积份额持续增加,存在燃爆风险;点火器开启时,隔间中的氢气混合气体在较低浓度下点燃,氢气燃烧模式处于慢速燃烧区。     

对CANDU6型核电厂应急堆芯冷却系统抗震设计要求的思考

1CANDU6堆应急堆芯冷却系统的抗震设计要求CANDU堆是用天然铀作燃料、用重水作慢化剂和冷却剂的一种反应堆（见图1）。堆芯的压力边界是由数百根直径为10cm的压力管组成，每个压力管内装有12或13根短的燃料棒束（0．sin）在墨厚为0．44cm压力管的外边套有厚为014cm的排管容器排管，在排管容器排管和压力管之间是隔热的充气环形气隙，用来减少传至侵化剂的热量损失。重水冷却剂流经压力管带走核裂变产生的热量，而排管容器排管浸泡在重水慢化剂中。应急难芯冷却系统（ECCS）是一旦出现冷却剂装量减少到不能保证燃料冷却时用于冷却难内…     

TACR压力管与排管间辐射换热分析

辐射换热是钍基先进CANDU型反应堆(TACR)压力管和排管间换热的主要途径.本文以灰体辐射模型和电网络分析方法为基础建立了TACR压力管和排管间辐射换热的计算模型,利用该模型计算了给定温度边界和热流密度边界的情况下,压力管和排管间的辐射换热能力.计算结果表明,该模型可以用于TACR压力管和排管间辐射换热能力的计算.     

聚乙烯高整体容器多年累积剂量的近似计算方法

高整体容器(HIC)是一种经特殊设计制造的具有高强度、高密封性、高化学稳定性和高热稳定性的低、中水平放射性废物处置容器。对于聚乙烯材料制作的高整体容器,其在设计和使用过程中存在一个重要的指标,即辐照稳定性。本文介绍一种高整体容器累积剂量的计算方法,并使用此方法对AP1000核电工程中使用的聚乙烯高整体容器累积剂量进行估算。通过与Micro Shield、MCNP程序计算的结果比较,证明该方法是一种保守的、偏安全的并可用于实践的高整体容器累积剂量计算方法。     

SCALE5.1程序系统中蒙特卡罗方法模块与离散纵坐标模块在乏燃料运输容器屏蔽计算中的比较分析

以某型乏燃料运输容器为计算模型,分别利用SCALE5.1程序系统中的一维离散纵标法程序和三维蒙特卡罗方法程序对运输容器进行了屏蔽计算,计算结果表明,两种方法的总当量剂量率结果相对偏差在10%以内。最后对两个模块的应用特点及差异进行了比较分析,为其在乏燃料容器屏蔽计算中的应用提供参考。     

新燃料组件运输容器的力学和临界设计研究

介绍了一种新燃料组件运输容器在设计过程中的力学和临界计算。根据相关设计法规和标准,首先对该型容器进行力学仿真,考察其在极限工况下的堆叠性能,开展了容器的模态分析以及在公路运输工况下的随机振动响应及疲劳失效计算。之后,对该型容器开展了各工况下单个及阵列条件下的临界计算。相关的力学和临界计算结果为该型容器的最终设计定型提供了依据。     

蒙特卡罗方法在乏燃料运输容器屏蔽中的应用

本文主要应用蒙特卡罗方法进行了屏蔽计算的研究.在开展蒙特卡罗方法的实际应用中,对大亚湾第一炉换料乏燃料运输容器进行了屏蔽计算.源项应用ORIGEN-Ⅱ程序的计算结果,应用MCNP程序对乏燃料运输容器(STC)进行屏蔽计算,并将计算结果与实测值进行了比较分析.考虑到今后可能会运输更高燃耗的乏燃料,本文对这类乏燃料的运输也进行了计算.     

秦山三期CANDU核电厂堆芯结构

详细描述了秦山三期ＣＡＮＤＵ核电厂的堆芯结构，堆内构件的组成及其功能。这些堆内构件包括排管容器，堆腔室，燃料通道组件和反应性能控制组件。     

以钠冷快堆为热源催化热解甲烷制氢储氢系统

以钠冷快堆为热源催化热解甲烷制氢储氢系统，主要包括钠冷快堆、钠泵、热交换器、反应炉、反应排管、催化剂容器、自动抓取装置、碳纳米管储氢容器、高压气瓶、膜分离器、甲烷容器等。钠冷快堆内的液态钠冷却剂在钠泵的作用下进入热交换器，并将热量传递给甲烷，吸收液态钠热量后的甲烷进入反应排管内，在碳纳米管负载镍金属催化剂的作用下催化热解生成氢气和碳纳米管。本发明利用清洁能源为热源，成本低，环境污染小；采用高效催化剂，提高了甲烷的转化率以及制氢的效率；生成的产物碳纳米管，是一种非常优秀的储氢材料，具有很好的经济效益和社会效益。     

印度将更换反应堆冷却剂管道

【英国《国际核工程》1996年1月号第9页报道】 印度核电公司(NPC)近日宣布,该公司将在1996年第二季度开始更换拉贾斯坦2号机组(PHWR)上的306根冷却剂管道。更换这些冷却剂管道的原因是,经过多年运行,这些管道已经变长,并且在这些压力管与其周围的排管容器内管接触时,受到了老化效应的影响。     

基于热胀冷缩原理的TACR压力管与排管间非能动热开关设计

提出了一种可应用于钍基先进CANDU型反应堆(TACR:Thorium-based Advanced CANDU Reactor)压力管与排管间的非能动热开关设计方案.该方案应用金属的热胀冷缩性质,通过热胀冷缩部件推动开关滑块移动来控制压力管与排管间的传热介质种类,以改变压力管与排管之间的热阻.该方案在满足TACR正常运行工况下对压力管和排管间高热阻要求的同时,能够在事故工况下降低二者之间的热阻导出余热.由于利用了金属热胀冷缩性质作为推动力,并利用改变传热介质种类来改变热阻,因此,高度的可靠性和有效性是该方案设计的特点.     

On the thermal analysis of pressure tube/calandria tube contact in CANDU reactors

Under abnormal conditions contact between a pressure tube and the surrounding calandria tube in the core of a CANDU reactor may take place. The resulting temperature field may adversely affect the hydrogen diffusion characteristics in the pressure tube material. This paper is concerned with the thermal aspects of contacting pressure and calandria tubes. A critical review of existing thermal interfacial conductance correlations and their applicability to this problem was carried out. Experiments were also carried out to obtain detailed temperature distribution in the walls of typical pressure and calandria tubes in contact under simulated operating conditions. The thermal fields in both tubes were obtained as functions of the contact pressure and system temperatures. The results showed that the heat flow within the contact area is essentially one-dimensional. The data was used to calculate the interfacial thermal conductance as a function of contact pressure. The results were compared with available interfacial conductance correlations and an assessment of their applicability was accordingly made.     

钍基先进CANDU堆燃料循环方式研究

在钍基先进CANDU堆的概念设计中，钍燃料的循环利用方式是一重要问题。文章采用中心两圈为钍燃料、外面两圈为稍加浓缩铀燃料的CANFLEX燃料棒束，通过对燃料棒束栅元物理特性的研究，提出了一套切实可行的直接自身再循环的燃料棒束循环方案。     

Dynamic response analysis of tube array in calandria to rotational vault motion

An efficient procedure has been presented for dynamic response analysis of horizontal tube array in partially filled calandria including hydrodynamic interaction effects (S.P. Joshi, A. Goyal, Dynamic response analysis of tube array in partially filled calandria, Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 28 (1999) 287–309). The procedure is general enough to consider transfer of energy between the fluid-coupled tubes and effects of moderator sloshing on the magnitude and the distribution of hydrodynamic forces. It can also simulate the added damping effects due to hydrodynamic interaction. In this paper, the procedure, originally developed for translational excitations of the calandria vault, is extended to include the rotational excitations of the vault. The procedure uses semi-analytical approach for the evaluation of hydrodynamic terms that leads to considerable economy in the computation.     

出口集管LLOCA始发严重事故分析

采用一体化分析程序建立了包括热传输系统、慢化剂系统、端屏蔽系统、蒸汽发生器二次侧系统的重水堆核电厂的严重事故分析模型。并选取出口集管发生双端剪切断裂的大破口失水事故（LLOCA）,同时叠加低压安注失效,辅助给水强制关闭的严重事故序列进行热工水力分析。由于主热传输系统环路隔离阀的关闭,使得两个环路的热工水力响应过程不同。最终由于低压安注的失效,慢化剂系统逐渐被加热,最终导致堆芯熔化、排管容器蠕变失效。在LLOCA事故序列中叠加向排管容器中注水的缓解措施,可以终止事故进程,使堆芯保持安全、稳定的状态。     

Severe accident development modeling and evaluation for CANDU

Romania as UE member got new challenges for its nuclear industry. Romania operates since 1996 a CANDU nuclear power reactor and since 2007 the second CANDU unit. In EU are operated mainly PWR reactors, so, ours have to meet UE standards. Safety analysis guidelines require to model nuclear reactors severe accidents.Starting from previous studies, a CANDU degraded core thermal hydraulic model was developed. The initiating event is a LOCA, with simultaneous loss of moderator cooling and the loss of emergency core cooling system (ECCS). This type of accident is likely to modify the reactor geometry and will lead to a severe accident development. When the coolant temperature inside a pressure tube reaches 1000 °C, a contact between pressure tube and calandria tube occurs and the decay heat is transferred to the moderator. Due to the lack of cooling, the moderator, eventually, begins to boil and is expelled, through the calandria vessel relief ducts, into the containment. Therefore the calandria tubes (fuel channels) uncover, then disintegrate and fall down to the calandria vessel bottom. All the quantity of calandria moderator is vaporized and expelled, the debris will heat up and eventually boil. The heat accumulated in the molten debris will be transferred through the calandria vessel wall to the shield tank water, which surrounds the calandria vessel. The thermal hydraulics phenomena described above are modeled, analyzed and compared with the existing data.     

TACR燃料通道的子通道分析

用COBRA程序对TACR中装载旧钍燃料和新钍燃料的燃料通道进行了子通道分析,揭示了TACR燃料通道在这两种堆芯装料情况下热工水力情况的异同.为TACR堆芯热工水力设计提供了参考.     

Methodology for developing channel disassembly criteria under severe accident conditions for PHWRs

This paper presents a methodology to develop a model for disassembly of the coolant channels in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors under severe accident conditions. This model gives criteria to decide when under severe accident condition coolant channels will rupture due to deterioration in material properties at high temperatures and increase in load due to creep sag of channels above it and hence get disassembled. Presently available severe accident codes use simplistic and optimistic criteria based on a predefined temperature to predict failure of fuel channels and an explicit criterion for disassembly of the channel is not covered. The coolant channel disassembly model developed in this paper is based on modeling the sag and pile up of channels. A uniform temperature along the length of the channel is assumed. The disassembly of the channel is assumed when the total strain at any location exceeds the failure strain for a given temperature. A 3D failure surface which is a plot of time to failure, temperature of the calandria tube and load on the calandria tubes (on account of no of channels piled up) is developed. This failure surface can be used as an input to severe accident codes to predict the progress of the core disassembly. A set of failure surfaces is recommended to be used if metal–water reaction on the outer surface is to be accounted for loss in ductility due to metal water reaction. The temperature transient of the calandria tube for a severe accident obtained from system thermal hydraulic codes can be mapped onto the failure surface. The time at which the mapped transient crosses the failure surface gives the time at which the calandria tube is disassembled. This disassembly model is an engineered model which is much more realistic as compared to the current temperature based conservative model for predicting severe accident progression.     

Computation and measurement of calandria tube sag in pressurized heavy water reactor

Calandria tubes and liquid injection shutdown system nozzles in a pressurized heavy water reactor are to sag due to irradiation creep and growth during plant operation. When the sag of calandria tube becomes bigger, the calandria tube possibly comes in contact with liquid injection shutdown system tube crossing beneath the calandria tube. The contact subsequently may cause the damage on the calandria tube resulting in unpredicted outage of the plant. It is therefore necessary to check the gap between the two tubes in order to periodically confirm no contact by using a proper measure during the plant life. An ultrasonic gap measurement probe assembly which can be inserted into two viewing ports of the calandria was developed in Korea and utilized to measure the sag between both tubes in the reactor. It was found that the centerlines of calandria tubes and liquid injection shutdown system tubes can be precisely detected by ultrasonic wave. The gaps between two tubes were easily obtained from the relative distance of the measured centerline elevations of the tubes. Based on the irradiation creep equation and the measurement data, a computer program to calculate the sags was also developed. With the computer program, the sag at the end of plant life was predicted.