Average Coset Weight Distribution of Combined LDPC Matrix Ensembles

In this paper, the average coset weight distribution (ACWD) of structured ensembles of low-density parity-check (LDPC) matrices, which are called combined ensembles, is discussed. A combined ensemble is composed of a set of simpler ensembles such as a regular bipartite ensemble. Two classes of combined ensembles have prime importance; a stacked ensemble and a concatenated ensemble. The ACWD formulas of these ensembles are shown in this paper. Such formulas play a key role to evaluate the average weight distribution of some classes of combined ensembles     

Performance of low-density parity-check codes with linear minimum distance

This correspondence studies the performance of the iterative decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) code ensembles that have linear typical minimum distance and stopping set size. We first obtain a lower bound on the achievable rates of these ensembles over memoryless binary-input output-symmetric channels. We improve this bound for the binary erasure channel. We also introduce a method to construct the codes meeting the lower bound for the binary erasure channel. Then, we give upper bounds on the rate of LDPC codes with linear minimum distance when their right degree distribution is fixed. We compare these bounds to the previously derived upper bounds on the rate when there is no restriction on the code ensemble.     

Finite-length analysis of low-density parity-check codes on thebinary erasure channel

In this paper, we are concerned with the finite-length analysis of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes when used over the binary erasure channel (BEC). The main result is an expression for the exact average bit and block erasure probability for a given regular ensemble of LDPC codes when decoded iteratively. We also give expressions for upper bounds on the average bit and block erasure probability for regular LDPC ensembles and the standard random ensemble under maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding. Finally, we present what we consider to be the most important open problems in this area     

Linear Time Encoding of LDPC Codes

In this paper, we propose a linear complexity encoding method for arbitrary LDPC codes. We start from a simple graph-based encoding method ?label-and-decide.? We prove that the ?label-and-decide? method is applicable to Tanner graphs with a hierarchical structure-pseudo-trees-and that the resulting encoding complexity is linear with the code block length. Next, we define a second type of Tanner graphs-the encoding stopping set. The encoding stopping set is encoded in linear complexity by a revised label-and-decide algorithm-the ?label-decide-recompute.? Finally, we prove that any Tanner graph can be partitioned into encoding stopping sets and pseudo-trees. By encoding each encoding stopping set or pseudo-tree sequentially, we develop a linear complexity encoding method for general low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes where the encoding complexity is proved to be less than 4 ·M ·((k?- 1), where M is the number of independent rows in the parity-check matrix and k? represents the mean row weight of the parity-check matrix.     

在BIAWGN信道下规则LDPC码的设计与仿真分析

LDPC码是一种逼近香农限 ,实现容易 ,系统复杂度低的优秀的线性纠错码。奇偶校验矩阵 H是决定一个 LDPC码性能的关键。本文针对规则 LDPC码 ,提出了两种随机构造 H的方式 :行列都均匀的 evenboth和仅列均匀的 evencol。通过仿真分析发现 ,由 evenboth方式生成的规则 LDPC码性能更好。本文还对规则 LDPC码与卷积码的性能进行了对比 ,证明了规则 LDPC码在中短帧传输下的优异性能。这对 LDPC码投入实际应用具有重要的意义     

有限平面LDPC码的停止集

有限平面LDPC码是一类重要的有结构的LDPC码,在利用和积算法(SPA)等迭代译码方法进行译码时表现出卓越的纠错性能。众所周知,次优的迭代译码不是最大似然译码,因而如何对迭代译码的性能进行理论分析一直是LDPC码的核心问题之一。近几年来,Tanner图上的停止集(stopping set)和停止距离(stopping distance)由于其在迭代译码性能分析中的重要作用而引起人们的重视。该文通过分析有限平面LDPC码的停止集和停止距离,从理论上证明了有限平面LDPC码的最小停止集一定是最小重量码字的支撑,从而对有限平面LDPC码在迭代译码下的良好性能给出了理论解释。     

Average Stopping Set Weight Distributions of Redundant Random Ensembles

In this paper, redundant random ensembles are defined and their average stopping set (SS) weight distributions are analyzed. A redundant random ensemble consists of a set of binary matrices with linearly dependent rows. These linearly dependent rows significantly reduce the number of stopping sets (SS) of small size. Upper and lower bounds on the average SS weight distribution of the redundant random ensembles are proved based on a combinatorial argument. Asymptotic forms of these bounds reveal asymptotic behavior of the average SS weight distributions. From these bounds, a tradeoff between the number of redundant rows (corresponding to decoding complexity of belief propagation on binary erasure channel) and the average SS weight distribution (corresponding to decoding performance) can be derived.      

Rice信道下LDPC码密度进化的研究

应用低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码译码消息的密度进化可以得到码集的噪声门限,依此评价不同译码算法的性能,并可以用来优化非正则LDPC码的次数分布对。该文首先以Rice信道下正则LDPC码为例,讨论了不同量化阶数及步长时BP,BP-based 和offset BP-based 3种译码算法的DDE(Discrete Density Evolution)分析,接着在offset BP-based译码算法的DDE分析基础上,采用差分进化方法对Rice信道下非正则LDPC码的次数分布对进行了优化,得出了相应的噪声门限。最后,给出了Rice信道下码率为1/2的优化非正则LDPC码的概率聚集函数(PMF)进化曲线。     

LDPC-coded cooperative relay systems: performance analysis and code design

We treat the problem of designing low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes to approach the capacity of relay channels. We consider an efficient analysis framework that decouples the factor graph (FG) of a B-block transmission into successive partial FGs, each of which denotes a two-block transmission. We develop design methods to find the optimum code ensemble for the partial FG. In particular, we formulate the relay operations and the destination operations as equivalent virtual MISO and MIMO systems, and employ a binary symmetric channel (BSC) model for the relay node output. For AWGN channels, we further develop a Gaussian approximation for the detector output at the destination node. Jointly treating the relay and the destination, we analyze the performance of the LDPC-coded relay system using the extrinsic mutual information transfer(EXIT) chart technique. Furthermore, differential evolution is employed to search for the optimum code ensemble. Our results show that the optimized codes always outperform the regular LDPC codes with a significant gain; in the AWGN case, when Protocol-II is employed and the relay is close to the source, the optimized code performs within 0.1dB to the capacity bound.     

Results on the Improved Decoding Algorithm for Low-Density Parity-Check Codes Over the Binary Erasure Channel

In this correspondence, we first investigate some analytical aspects of the recently proposed improved decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the binary erasure channel (BEC). We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the improved decoding algorithm to successfully complete decoding when the decoder is initialized to guess a predetermined number of guesses after the standard message-passing terminates at a stopping set. Furthermore, we present improved bounds on the number of bits to be guessed for successful completion of the decoding process when a stopping set is encountered. Under suitable conditions, we derive a lower bound on the number of iterations to be performed for complete decoding of the stopping set. We then present a superior, novel improved decoding algorithm for LDPC codes over the binary erasure channel (BEC). The proposed algorithm combines the observation that a considerable fraction of unsatisfied check nodes in the neighborhood of a stopping set are of degree two, and the concept of guessing bits to perform simple and intuitive graph-theoretic manipulations on the Tanner graph. The proposed decoding algorithm has a complexity similar to previous improved decoding algorithms. Finally, we present simulation results of short-length codes over BEC that demonstrate the superiority of our algorithm over previous improved decoding algorithms for a wide range of bit error rates     

Joint channel-state estimation and decoding of low-density parity-check codes on the two-state noiseless/useless BSC block interference channel

We apply the density-evolution technique to determine the thresholds of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes when the sum-product algorithm is employed to perform joint channel-state estimation and decoding. The channel considered is the two-state noiseless/useless binary symmetric channel (BSC) block interference channel, where a block of h consecutive symbols shares the same channel state, which is either a noiseless BSC (crossover probability 0) or a useless BSC (crossover probability 1/2). The channel state is selected independently and at random from block to block, according to a known prior distribution. The threshold of the joint channel-state estimation/decoding scheme when used over such a channel is shown to be greatly superior to that of a decoder that makes no attempt to estimate the channel state. These results are also confirmed by simulation. The maximum-likelihood (ML) performance of LDPC codes when used over this channel is investigated. Lower bounds on the error exponents of regular LDPC codes, when ML decoded, are shown to be close to the random coding channel error exponent when the LDPC variable node degree is high.     

On asymptotic ensemble weight enumerators of LDPC-like codes

For LDPC-like codes such as LDPC, GLDPC, and DGLDPC codes, it is well known that the error floor can be caused by the codewords of small weights or stopping sets of small sizes. In this paper, we investigate the computation of asymptotic weight enumerators such that it becomes a convenient tool to determine a good distribution of code ensembles. In addition, by analyzing the first order approximation, we derive a condition to obtain a negative asymptotic growth rate of the codewords of small linear-sized weights, which is an important constraint for distribution optimization. Also the weight enumerators of turbo and repeat-accumulate codes are investigated. Furthermore, we extend our results to nonbinary DGLDPC codes. Generalization to N-layer and convolutional code based LDPC-like codes are also developed.     

The rate of regular LDPC codes

We find the rate of a typical code from the regular low-density parity-check (LDPC) ensemble. We then show that the rate of a code from the ensemble converges to the design rate in quadratic mean and almost surely.     

重量分布式约束的LDPC码性能研究

本文对"重量分布式约束的码集合内码性能"这一命题进行了初步研究,分别得到了码集合性能的上限和下限,本文给出了性能下限码的Fill-Shift构造方法,而且由LDPC码校验矩阵不变性可以对LDPC码的校验矩阵作必要的初等变换,这样可以在保持码性能不变的前提下降低编码复杂度和实现系统编码;此外,还可以利用该性质加强对重要信息符号的差错保护.     

Results on Punctured Low-Density Parity-Check Codes and Improved Iterative Decoding Techniques

This paper first introduces an improved decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over binary-input-output-symmetric memoryless channels. Then some fundamental properties of punctured LDPC codes are presented. It is proved that for any ensemble of LDPC codes, there exists a puncturing threshold. It is then proved that for any rates R₁ and R₂ satisfying 012<1, there exists an ensemble of LDPC codes with the following property. The ensemble can be punctured from rate R₁ to R₂ resulting in asymptotically good codes for all rates R₁lesRlesR₂. Specifically, this implies that rates arbitrarily close to one are achievable via puncturing. Bounds on the performance of punctured LDPC codes are also presented. It is also shown that punctured LDPC codes are as good as ordinary LDPC codes. For BEC and arbitrary positive numbers R₁2<1, the existence of the sequences of punctured LDPC codes that are capacity-achieving for all rates R₁ lesRlesR₂ is shown. Based on the above observations, a method is proposed to design good punctured LDPC codes over a broad range of rates. Finally, it is shown that the results of this paper may be used for the proof of the existence of the capacity-achieving LDPC codes over binary-input-output-symmetric memoryless channels     

基于停止集的喷泉编码有限长性能估计

喷泉编码是一类基于删除信道、面向数据分组的前向纠错编码技术。该文分析了停止集的尺度分布对固定码率喷泉编码解码性能的影响,提出了一种估算低误码条件下喷泉编码有限长性能的方法以及一种低复杂度的停止集尺度分布搜索算法。比较结果表明,该文给出的喷泉码解码性能上下界与实际仿真结果非常接近。     

基于ACE的准循环LDPC码构造

介绍了LDPC码的结构类型和译码实现,分析了环的连接性对误码性能的影响,详细阐述了停止集、EMD(Extrinsic Message Degree)、ACE(Approximate Cycle EMD)的关系,之后提出一种基于ACE的准循环LDPC码的构造方法,该方法可最大化围长和小停止集.仿真证明该方法具有良好的性能.     

Efficient Puncturing Method for Rate-Compatible Low-Density Parity-Check Codes

In this paper, we propose an efficient puncturing method for LDPC codes. The proposed algorithm provides the order of variable nodes for puncturing based on the proposed cost function. The proposed cost function tries to maximize the minimum reliability among those provided from all check nodes. Also, it tries to allocate survived check nodes evenly to all punctured variable nodes. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm prevents the formation of a stopping set from the punctured variable nodes even when the amount of puncturing is quite large. Simulation results show that the proposed punctured LDPC codes perform better than existing punctured LDPC codes.     

Error rate estimation of low-density parity-check codes on binary symmetric channels using cycle enumeration

The performance of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes decoded by hard-decision iterative decoding algorithms can be accurately estimated if the weight J and the number |E_J| of the smallest error patterns that cannot be corrected by the decoder are known. To obtain J and |E_J|, one would need to perform the direct enumeration of error patterns with weight ι ⩽ J. The complexity of enumeration increases exponentially with J, essentially as η^J, where η is the code block length. This limits the application of direct enumeration to codes with small η and J. In this letter, we approximate J and |E_J | by enumerating and testing the error patterns that are subsets of short cycles in the code's Tanner graph. This reduces the computational complexity by several orders of magnitude compared to direct enumeration, making it possible to estimate the error rates for almost any practical LDPC code. To obtain the error rate estimates, we propose an algorithm that progressively improves the estimates as larger cycles are enumerated. Through a number of examples, we demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately estimate both the bit error rate (BER) and the frame error rate (FER) of regular and irregular LDPC codes decoded by a variety of hard-decision iterative decoding algorithms.     

LDPC码的改进及其应用的研究

在介绍LDPC(Low Density Parity Code)低密度校验码的基本原理的基础上，针对任意离散无记忆信道的传输，从两个方面对其结构进行了改进。这种改进的LDPC码是定义在有限域GF(q)上的非正则LDPC码，较之正则LDPC码具有更好的性能。采用改进的非正则LDPC码，经过最大似然概率译码，能够实现以任意逼近任何离散无记忆信道容量的速率的可靠通信。同时，讨论了对应于这种码结构的实际的迭代译码方法，并简单介绍了这种改进的非正则LDPC码在OFDM系统、压缩图像传输等方面的应用。