卧式煤粉燃烧试验台的研制

详细介绍了卧式煤粉试验台的研制过程，讲述了该试验台的结构和控制原理，并在该试验台上进行了煤粉的燃烧试验。试验结果表明，该试验台能够很好地进行煤粉的燃烧特性和污染物生成的研究，同时也证明了该套试验监控系统的实用性和稳定性。     

煤粉锅炉燃烧系统的模糊控制研究

本文研究了煤粉锅炉燃烧系统的控制方案，提出了热负荷系统的串级模糊控制，及送风回路的模糊自寻优控制，仿真结果证实了该方案的可行性。     

合成气燃烧数值模拟与验证

以整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)系统中的合成气燃烧室为研究对象,针对天然气改烧合成气后非预混火焰的燃烧特性开展数值模拟与实验验证,经与实验数据对比,结果显示大涡模拟能够准确预测燃烧室内的平均流场与温度场、速度脉动分布,对燃烧过程产物OH自由基的预测与实验结果有所偏差,为后续分析工作奠定基础。通过将数值模拟与实验测量相结合,对同一喷嘴结构燃烧室内使用天然气、氢气、一氧化碳以及合成气等不同燃料时的燃烧特性进行了对比分析,结果表明该喷嘴结构适用于合成气燃烧,与天然气火焰相比,合成气火焰在喷嘴出口位置形成的高温区对改善合成气燃烧室的不稳定性具有积极的意义,同时燃烧室壁面的热负荷更高。     

基于大涡仿真的V锥流量计三维流场分析

研究V锥流量计测试精度优化问题.针对垃圾焚烧发电过程中管路结构对测量精度的影响,对流量计最佳测量位置进行研究.使用大涡方法(LES)对不同雷诺数(Re)下的V锥流量计测试流场进行了三维数值仿真,以明确测量过程中对管道结构的要求.通过使用大涡仿真方法能够获得更接近实验值测试的流量系数.在雷诺数(Re)不同时,由于流场中湍...     

中小型煤粉锅炉燃烧系统优化控制

针对现有的煤粉锅炉燃烧系统存在供粉量不均匀、结渣、燃烧不充分和负压不稳等问题,以一台20 t的导热油炉为控制对象,提出了一种煤粉锅炉燃烧系统集散控制系统的设计方案;详细介绍了该系统的硬件及软件设计。测试结果表明,导热油炉运行稳定,各项技术指标符合设计要求,实现了煤粉锅炉燃烧系统的优化控制。     

锅炉燃烧及NOx生成特性的数值仿真

针对煤燃烧排放NOx污染物造成污染,为了能准确地预测NOx的生成及提出更有效的控制NOx排放的措施,提出建立了煤粉锅炉的三维物理模型,并将炉膛分区域进行合理的网格划分.应用涡团耗散概念(EDC)模型耦合对化学反应机理对炉膛内煤粉的流动、燃烧及NOx的生成特性进行研究,炉内各组分的浓度分布与NOx的生成分布存在很强的对应关系,采用EDC模型耦合反应动力学机理进行仿真.结果表明方法可以很好地反映NOx的生成特性.可以较为准确地模拟NOx的生成特性,可准确预测和有效控制NOx的排放,为优化设计提供了理论基础.     

炉膛安全监视系统在六角燃烧煤粉炉的实现

对六角燃烧锅炉采用DCS实现炉膛安全监视系统进行了介绍，重点探讨了该炉型实现失去全部火焰的保护逻辑，运行表明该套逻辑简单、可靠。     

合成气非预混燃烧的数值模拟

针对合成气非预混火焰结构开展数值模拟和试验验证,分析天然气改烧合成气后燃烧特性的变化规律.结果表明,大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)在速度分布和温度分布的预测中与试验结果比较吻合,而在对燃烧过程产物(如OH自由基)预测中则与试验结果有所差异.采用数值模拟与试验测量相结合的方法,探讨和分析合成气燃烧特性的变化规律:与天然气火焰相比,合成气燃烧时高温区域更大,火焰稳定性较好;随着当量比提高,燃烧室热负荷不断增大,同时最高回流速度增大,火焰根部受到压缩,逐渐呈现出推举火焰特征.     

130t/h煤粉锅炉计算机模糊控制的开发及投运

介绍了锅炉计算机监控系统的设计，系统的特点、设备的配置及功能，系统控制策略和实现方法，投运结果表明节能效果良好。     

自然燃烧火焰的快速仿真

从自然燃烧的火焰的现象出发,采用面向对象的方法,提出了一种基于粒子系统的自然燃烧的火焰的快速数值模拟算法.首先,讨论了形成火焰燃烧的动态场景图像的基本原理,给出了火焰图像与背景图融合的算法,并建立了用于火焰仿真的两种火焰颜色模型.然后,建立了用于火焰仿真的火焰粒子、火苗与火焰系统的面向对象模型,给出了各对象的燃烧行为的快速模拟方法.接着,对实现动感火焰的方法进行了讨论,指出了算法.最后给出了通过该文算法进行模拟实验的效果图.该算法准确度较高,速度快,效果较好.     

Large Eddy Simulation and the variational multiscale method

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) formulation is developed from the variational multiscale method. Modeling is confined to the effect of a small-scale Reynolds stress, in contrast with classical LES in which the entire subgrid-scale stress is modeled. All other effects are accounted for exactly. It is argued that many shortcomings of the classical LES/constant-coefficient Smagorinsky model are eliminated by the scale separation inherent ab initio in the present approach. Received 3 June 1999 / Accepted: 20 September 1999     

600MW燃煤锅炉一维数值仿真

应用小室模型对600MW燃煤锅炉炉内流动、燃烧、传热及污染物排放进行了一维数值仿真研究,得出了炉内温度和各个不同组分沿炉膛高度的分布.不同负荷下的仿真计算表明该模型能够反映不同负荷下炉膛内的热流密度分布的不同,从而弥补了零维模型和三维模拟的不足.仿真结果表明,炉内温度分布的高温区和低温区与各气体成份的分布存在很强的对应关系,同时表明采用小室模型可以对炉内复杂的物理化学过程进行有效的模拟,该模型可为锅炉设计、改造和运行提供理论指导.     

On the consistency of the Rational Large Eddy Simulation model

In this paper we consider the Rational Large Eddy Simulation model for turbulent flows (RLES in the sequel), introduced by Galdi and Layton [11]. We recall some analytical results regarding the RLES model and the main result we will prove is the convergence of the strong solutions to the RLES model to those of the Navier–Stokes (in some Sobolev spaces), as the averaging radius goes to zero. Estimates on the rates of convergence are also obtained. These results give more weight to the validity of the method in either computational or physical experiments.We also consider the error arising from the derivation of the model in presence of boundaries. In particular, the equations present an extra-term involving the boundary value of the stress tensor. By using some recent estimates on this commutation error we show that, with a Smagorinsky sub-grid scale term, the kinetic energy remains bounded.     

Application of Compact Schemes to Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Jets

We present 3-D large eddy simulation (LES) results for a turbulent Mach 0.9 isothermal round jet at a Reynolds number of 100,000 (based on jet nozzle exit conditions and nozzle diameter). Our LES code is part of a Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA) methodology that couples surface integral acoustics techniques such as Kirchhoff's method and the Ffowcs Williams– Hawkings method with LES for the far field noise estimation of turbulent jets. The LES code employs high-order accurate compact differencing together with implicit spatial filtering and state-of-the-art non-reflecting boundary conditions. A localized dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid-scale (SGS) model is used for representing the effects of the unresolved scales on the resolved scales. A computational grid consisting of 12 million points was used in the present simulation. Mean flow results obtained in our simulation are found to be in very good agreement with the available experimental data of jets at similar flow conditions. Furthermore, the near field data provided by the LES is coupled with the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings method to compute the far field noise. Far field aeroacoustics results are also presented and comparisons are made with experimental measurements of jets at similar flow conditions. The aeroacoustics results are encouraging and suggest further investigation of the effects of inflow conditions on the jet acoustic field.     

A Parallel Overset Grid High-Order Flow Solver for Large Eddy Simulation

This work describes the development and validation of a parallel high-order compact finite difference Navier–Stokes solver for application to large-eddy simulation (LES) and direct numerical simulation. The implicit solver can employ up to sixth-order spatial formulations and tenth-order filtering. The parallelization of the solver is founded on the overset grid technique. LES were then performed for turbulent channel flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from Re _τ=180 to 590, and flow past a circular cylinder with a transitional wake at Re _D =3900. The channel flow solutions were obtained using both an implicit LES (ILES) approach and a dynamic sub-grid scale model. The ILES method obtained virtually identical solutions at half the computational cost. The original vector and new parallel solvers produce indistinguishable mean flow solutions for the circular cylinder. Repeating the cylinder simulation on a much finer mesh resulted in significantly better agreement with experimental data in the near wake than the coarse grid solution and other previous numerical studies.     

Large Eddy Simulation of a turbulent non-premixed propane-air reacting flame in a cylindrical combustor

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is applied to investigate the turbulent non-premixed combustion flow, including species concentrations and temperature, in a cylindrical combustor. Gaseous propane (C₃H₈) is injected through a circular nozzle which is attached at the centre of the combustor inlet. Preheated air with a temperature of 773 K is supplied through the annulus surrounding of this fuel nozzle. In LES a spatial filtering is applied to the governing equations to separate the flow field into large-scale and small-scale eddies. The large-scale eddies which carry most of the turbulent energy are resolved explicitly, while the unresolved small-scale eddies are modelled using the Smagorinsky model with C_s = 0.1 as well as dynamically calibrated C_s. The filtered values of the species mass fraction, temperature and density, which are the functions of the mixture fraction (conserved scalar), are determined by integration over a beta probability density function (β-PDF). The computational results are compared with those of the experimental investigation conducted by Nishida and Mukohara [1]. According to this experiment, the overall equivalence ratio of 0.6, which is calculated from the ratio of the air flow rate supplied to the combustion chamber to that of the stoichiometric reaction, is kept constant so that the turbulent combustion at the fuel nozzle exit starts under the fuel-rich conditions.     

High-order Implicit Large Eddy Simulation of gaseous fuel injection and mixing of a bluff body burner

Implicit Large Eddy Simulation (ILES) with high-resolution and high-order computational modelling was applied to a turbulent mixing fuel injector flow. In the ILES calculation, the governing equations for three dimensional, non-reactive, multi-species compressible flows were solved using a finite volume Godunov-type method. Up to ninth-order spatial accurate reconstruction methods were examined with a second order explicit Runge–Kutta time integration. Mean and root mean square velocity and mixture fraction profiles showed good agreement with experimental data, which demonstrated that ILES using high-order methods successfully captured complex turbulent flow structure without using an explicit subgrid scale model. The effects of grid resolution and the influence of order of spatial accuracy on the resolution of the kinetic energy spectrum were investigated. An k^−5/3 decay of energy could be seen in a certain range and the cut-off wavenumbers increased with grid resolution or order of spatial accuracy. The effective cut-off wavenumbers are shown to be larger than the maximum wavenumbers appearing on the given grid for all test cases, implying that the numerical dissipation represents sufficiently the energy transport between resolved and unresolved eddies. The fifth-order limiter with a 0.6 million grid points was found to be optimal in terms of the resolution of kinetic energy and reasonable computational time.     

Study of hydrogen auto-ignition in a turbulent air co-flow using a Large Eddy Simulation approach

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is applied to the auto-ignition of an hydrogen jet issuing into a turbulent co-flowing air stream. A 19 step, 9 species detailed mechanism is used for modelling the chemical reactions. The influence of sub-grid fluctuations is accounted for by a sub-grid joint probability density function (PDF) for the reactive scalars. A Eulerian Stochastic Field method is used to solve the modelled form of the PDF transport equation. The model is able to reproduce ignition lengths and different regimes observed experimentally without adjustment of the sub-grid scale model parameters.     

真实感火焰模拟

针对火焰的计算机模拟难以实现真实感和实时性的问题,提出一种基于物理模型与图形处理器(GPU)通用计算相结合的火焰模拟方法.该方法首先采用半拉格朗日法求解流体方程,运用基于3D纹理的体绘制对火焰进行三维渲染.然后,根据光照和密度场将光谱转换成颜色分布来模拟火焰颜色,并在GPU上加速实现,使得真实感和实时性之间达到了平衡.