Influence of substrate temperature on the structural,optical and electrical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis

The influence of substrate temperature on the structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO films prepared by the spray pyrolysis method using aqueous solution of zinc acetate has been investigated. The films are polycrystalline and X-ray diffraction measurements show a strong preferred orientation along the [002] plane which is strongly dependent on the substrate temperature. Optical absorption spectra, show high transparency of the film (90–95% transmission) in the visible range, with a sharp absorption edge around 375 nm wavelength of light which closely corresponds to the intrinsic band gap of ZnO (3.3 eV). ZnO films with the lowest resistivity, which is due to the increased mobility resulting from the improvement of the crystallinity of the films, can be prepared at a substrate temperature of 490 °C.     

Influence of solution rate and substrate temperature on the properties of lead iodide films deposited by spray pyrolysis

Polycrystalline lead iodide (PbI₂) thin films have been deposited by spray pyrolysis method using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent as a function of several deposition parameters. DMF is used as an alternative to water due to the larger solubility limit of PbI₂ in this solvent. In this work, the solution rate during the deposition time of 3 h was varied in the range of 0.11 cm³/min up to 0.30 cm³/min. A growth rate varying from 19 Å s^?1 up to 47 Å s^?1 was obtained as a function of solution rate. Dark current as a function of temperature for the final films reveals that for larger solution rates smaller values of electrical resistivity is obtained. For a solution rate of 0.30 cm³/min, an electrical transport activation energy (E _a) of about 0.65 eV was measured for the whole temperature range. On the other hand, for the sample deposited with a solution rate of 0.11 cm³/min, two main transport mechanisms can be observed with an activation energy of about 1.23 eV for temperatures above 50 °C. The effect of substrate temperature is also discussed. Samples were deposited in the temperature range of 170 °C up to 250 °C with a fixed solution rate of 0.16 cm³/min. In addition, the films were exposed to X-ray irradiation in the mammography diagnosis region, using a molybdenum (Mo) anode and a peak tube potential between 26 and 36 kV (equivalent photon energies between 10 keV and 15 keV).     

Influence of substrate temperature on ultraviolet emission of ZnO films prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

ZnO films were deposited on MgO substrates (ZnO/MgO) by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Substrate temperature varied from 200 to 350°C. The crystallographic properties and surface morphologies of the ZnO/MgO films were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The properties of photoluminescence (PL) for the films were investigated by dependence of PL spectra on the substrate temperature and the ambient temperature. Ultraviolet (UV) emission peak (3.37 eV) was dominantly detected at 18 K, which sustained at 300 K with a reduced value of the peak energy. The ZnO/MgO films prepared at 350°C showed the strongest UV emission peak at 18 and 300 K among the films in this study.     

Characterization of Tin disulphide thin films prepared at different substrate temperature using spray pyrolysis technique

Thin films of tin disulphide on glass substrates were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique using precursor solutions of SnCl₂·2H₂O and n–n dimethyl thiourea at different substrate temperatures varied in the range 348–423 K. Using the hot probe technique the type of conductivity is found to be n type. X ray diffraction analysis revealed the polycrystalline nature with increasing crystallinity with respect to substrate temperature. The preferential orientation growth of SnS₂ compound having hexagonal structure along (002) plane increased with the substrate temperature. The size of the tin disulphide crystallites with nano dimension were determined using the Full Width Half Maximum values of the Bragg peaks and found to increase with the substrate temperature. The surface morphology had been observed on the surface of these films using scanning electron microscope. The optical absorption and transmittance spectra have been recorded for these films in the wavelength range 400–800 nm. Thickness of these films was found using surface roughness profilometer. The absorption coefficient (α) was determined for all the films. Direct band gap values were found to exist in all the films deposited at different substrate temperatures. The value of room temperature resistivity in dark decreased from 5.95 × 10³ Ω cm for the amorphous film deposited at low temperature (348 K) to 2.22 × 10³ Ω cm for the polycrystalline film deposited at high temperature (423 K) whereas the resistivity values in light decreased from 1.48 × 10³ to 0.55 × 10³ Ω cm respectively, which is determined using the four probe method. Activation energy of these thin films was determined by Arrhenius plot.     

Thickness dependent electrical properties of CdO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method

A large number of thin films of cadmium oxide have been prepared on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis method. The prepared films have uniform thickness varying from 200–600 nm and good adherence to the glass substrate. A systematic study has been made on the influence of thickness on resistivity, sheet resistance, carrier concentration and mobility of the films. The resistivity, sheet resistance, carrier concentration and mobility values varied from 1·56–5·72×10⁻³ Ω-cm, 128–189 Ω/□, 1·6–3·9×10²¹ cm⁻³ and 0·3–3 cm²/Vs, respectively for varying film thicknesses. A systematic increase in mobility with grain size clearly indicates the reduction of overall scattering of charge carriers at the grain boundaries. The large concentration of charge carriers and low mobility values have been attributed to the presence of Cd as an impurity in CdO microcrystallites. Using the optical transmission data, the band gap was estimated and found to vary from 2·20–2·42 eV. These films have transmittance around 77% and average reflectance is below 2·6% in the spectral range 350–850 nm. The films aren-type and polycrystalline in nature. SEM micrographs of the CdO films were taken and the films exhibit clear grains and grain boundary formation at a substrate temperature as low as 523 K.     

Optical constants of CdS thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis

CdS thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis techniques. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry was used for optical constant calculations. Multiple angle measurements were taken in the most sensitive angle of incidence region. The sensitive regions of angle of incidence were obtained theoretically using 3-dimensional graph ofδψ andδΔ. Real partn and imaginary partk of the complex refractive index of the samples were calculated in the wavelength range 470–650 nm, taking into account surface roughness. Bruggeman’s effective medium approximation is used for analysis of the surface rough layer of the thin films.     

Ag diffusion in ZnS thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis

ZnS thin films were deposited by spray pyrolysis method on glass substrates. Diffusion of Ag in ZnS thin films was performed in the temperature range 80-400 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The diffusion of Ag is determined with XRF, and the obtained concentration profile allows to calculate the diffusion coefficient. The temperature dependence of Ag diffusion coefficient is determined by the equation D = 8 × 10^− 9 exp(− 0.10 eV / kT). It was found that the as-grown undoped high resistive n-type ZnS thin films were converted to the p-type upon Ag doping with a slight increase in resistivity only by rapid thermal annealing at 400 °C in N₂ atmosphere. In addition, the band gap of the p-type film was decreased as compared with the undoped sample annealed under the same conditions. The results were attributed to the migration of Ag atoms in polycrystalline ZnS films by means of both along intergrain surfaces and intragrain accompanied by interaction with native point defect.     

Role of precursors on morphology and optical properties of ZnS thin films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis

This study investigates the effect of different growth parameters on the structural and optical properties of ZnS thin films, prepared using spray pyrolysis. The films were prepared using different Zn:S ratios (between 1:1 and 1:6) and in different growth solutions: (A), zinc chloride and thiourea and (B) dehydrated zinc acetate and thiourea, both in distilled water.By varying the Zn:S ratio in the films, the optical properties (absorption and photoluminescence) show that different species are created during film growth. This was deduced from the wide emission band appearing in the green region of the photoluminescence spectra, and from the change in band gap, which varies between 3.2 and 3.5 eV. Films formed from solution (A) with a Zn:S ratio of 1:3 or 1:4 show the best morphology and transmission. ZnS has a wider band gap than other conventional II-VI semiconductors utilized in various electronic and optical devices and can be expected to provide a useful window layer of solar cells which leads to an improvement in overall efficiency by decreasing absorption loss.     

Morphologies and properties of nickel particles prepared by spray pyrolysis

Nickel particles were prepared by spray pyrolysis of aqueous solutions of NiCl₂·6H₂O with reducing gas. Wet pyrolysis lowered the onset and the finishing temperatures of the individual chemical transformations by at least 100°C to contribute high conversion to nickel and its completion of sintering. Densification by increasing the furnace set temperature outweighed the adverse effects of the dry sintering and short residence time of the precursor particles. The initial salt concentration increased the size of the nickel particles with their densification, resulting from the enhanced rate of nickel nucleation.     

Growth and characterization of indium oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis

Highly transparent and conducting indium oxide thin films are prepared on glass substrates from precursor solution of indium chloride. These films are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical transmission. The preferential orientation of these films is found to be sensitive to deposition parameters. A comparative study has been made on the dependence on the thickness of the film on substrate temperatures with aqueous solution and 1:1 C₂H₅OH and H₂O as precursors. Films deposited at optimum conditions have 167 nm thickness and exhibited a resistivity of 2.94 × 10⁻⁴ Ω m along with transmittance better than 82% at 550 nm. The analytical expressions enabling the derivation of the optical constants of these films from their transmission spectrum only have successfully been applied. Finally, the refractive index dispersion is discussed in terms of the single-oscillator Wemple and Didomenico model.     

Influence of deposition and annealing parameters on some properties of YBCO films prepared by spray pyrolysis

Superconducting YBCO films were prepared by chemical deposition of aerosol generated from nitrate solutions by pneumatic and ultrasonic atomizers. Single crystalline YSZ and MgO substrates were used. Two different substrate temperatures were applied, with the chemical composition of starting solutions being adjusted accordingly. Deposited precursor films were thermally processed under two basically different conditions, i.e., either in atmospheric O₂ atT900°C, or in atT600°C. The influence of these different deposition and annealing parameters onT _c andJ _c values, microstructure, and surface morphology is reported. By optimizing our technological procedure, a real possibility exists to prepare (by means of aerosol deposition) YBCO films withJ _c values of at least 10⁴–10⁵ A/cm², at processing temperatures (both deposition and annealing as well) not exceeding 600–700°C.     

Growth and characterization of indium oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis

Highly transparent and conducting indium oxide thin films are prepared on glass substrates from precursor solution of indium chloride. These films are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical transmission. The preferential orientation of these films is found to be sensitive to deposition parameters. A comparative study has been made on the dependence on the thickness of the film on substrate temperatures with aqueous solution and 1:1 C₂H₅OH and H₂O as precursors. Films deposited at optimum conditions have 167 nm thickness and exhibited a resistivity of 2.94 × 10⁻⁴ Ω m along with transmittance better than 82% at 550 nm. The analytical expressions enabling the derivation of the optical constants of these films from their transmission spectrum only have successfully been applied. Finally, the refractive index dispersion is discussed in terms of the single-oscillator Wemple and Didomenico model.     

Influence of substrate temperature on crystalline copper aluminium oxide thin films synthesized through chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique

Copper aluminium oxide (CuAlO₂) of well ordered crystalline films were deposited on to glass substrates with Cu/Al ratio r = 0.8 at the substrate temperatures of 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 °C. Films which were characterized had a thickness of the order of few micrometers. Films deposited at the optimized deposition temperature (450 °C) revealed well-crystalline CuAlO₂ phase with XRD peak at 2θ = 31.7° corresponds to (006) reflection. The peak positions of the core level XPS spectra, confirm the presence of delafossite CuAlO₂ phase. The optical transmission of 80 % has been observed in the visible spectrum. The obtained band gap energy is 4.1 eV. From the observed results it was evidenced that the substrate temperature has strong influence on the structural and optical properties of the spray pyrolysed copper aluminium oxide films.     

Substrate temperature effects on the tin oxide films prepared by spray pyrolysis

Indium-doped tin oxide films were prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique at different substrate temperatures ranging from 400–525 C. Texture coefficients for (200) and (112) reflections of tetragonal SnO₂ were calculated. The surface morphology of the prepared films was revealed by using scanning electron microscopy. A dendrite structure was observed in the films deposited at a substrate temperature of 525 C. The obtained specific resistances were correlated with those obtained from X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. A study of the effect of film thickness on the plane of preferred orientation was carried out.     

Low substrate temperature synthesis of carbon nanowalls by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

In this paper, we report the synthesis of two-dimensional wall like carbon nanostructures (i.e. carbon nanowalls) by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of ethanol and fullerene mixture. At higher temperature carbon nanofibers were formed on the substrate placed at the center of the reactor tube, whereas carbon nanowalls were observed on the substrate placed downstream of the tube below 100 °C. Spaces between the nanowalls changed with distance of the substrates from the furnace. Qualitative analysis of materials was performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.     

Synthesis and characterization of zinc stannate thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique

The zinc stannate thin films were synthesized by simple and inexpensive spray pyrolysis technique on the glass and fluorine doped tin oxide coated conducting glass substrates. The as deposited films were further annealed at 500 °C temperature for 12 h. The structural optical and morphological characterization of as prepared and annealed films was carried out by XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM and AFM techniques respectively. The structural analysis shows that films are polycrystalline and crystallized in cubic inverse spinel crystal structure. SEM studies show that grain size increases after annealing and exhibits spherical morphology. AFM study shows that roughness is higher for the post annealed film. Further the samples were tested for testing their applicability for dye sensitized solar cells. The as prepared, annealed and CNT doped samples exhibits photoconversion efficiencies 2.7, 2.8 and 3.1 % respectively.     

Impact of yttrium on structural,optical and electrical behavior of CuO thin film prepared by JN spray pyrolysis technique for diode application

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - The thin films of CuO with yttrium as a dopant at 1, 3, and 5wt% are prepared using a simple and economic JNS spray pyrolysis technique at...     

超声雾化热分解法制备超细SnO2粉体及其形貌和粒度控制

以SnCl4·5H2O为原料,采用喷雾热分解法制备超细SnO2粉体,结果表明,通过控制反应炉温、前驱体溶液浓度、载气流量,选择合适的添加剂可以有效调控粉体的粒度与形貌.当反应条件为温度600℃、前驱体盐溶液浓度0.4mol/L、载气流量124L/h和柠檬酸浓度0.004mol/L,得到的SnO2颗粒大小在1.4μm左右,粒度分布均匀,结晶度高,球形度好.