后生元的制备方法及其应用

人体微生物组对人体短期和长期的健康都至关重要。微生物组和免疫系统的早期发育息息相关,并决定了成年期的免疫功能、肠道微生物组和整体健康状况。近年来益生菌类产品数量激增,这些产品宣称能影响人体不同部位微生物组的组成和功能,从而改善人体健康。这些产品的类型主要包括益生菌、益生元、合生制剂以及后生元等。随着人们对微生物与健康研究越来越密切,后生元一词在许多文献和产品在出现频繁。人们开始总结后生元的定义及其包含的成分。基于国内外研究的现状,将后生元定义为对宿主健康有益的遗传背景明确的灭活微生物和/或菌体成分,包括或不包括菌体代谢产物的制品;化学合成的成分以及病毒/噬菌体及其产物除外。本文综述了后生元的定义,并对后生元的灭活方式进行总结,还探讨了后生元对宿主-微生物的作用中起到的影响,及在食品行业的应用发展,为后生元在今后食品行业中的发展提供参考。     

后生元功效及机制的研究进展

后生元是指对宿主健康有益的无生命微生物或其成分的制剂。与广泛研究的益生菌相比,后生元具有保质期长、后加工性能力强、便于运输与包装等优势,即使进入人体后,经过唾液、胃酸等处理,仍保持较高的生理活性。后生元通过多种信号分子对人体健康产生作用,对炎症调节、免疫代谢、抗高血压、抑制异常的细胞增殖和抗氧化活性等方面有一定效果。部分经过筛选测试的后生元,对机体免疫能力的增强优于原活菌,这篇综述讨论了关于后生元的功效研究的最新进展。     

后生元在肠道健康中的研究进展

后生元是指对宿主起有益作用的灭活菌或菌体成分。相对于益生菌来说,后生元既具有益生菌调节肠道健康的益生功能,同时又有良好的安全性、且成本相对低廉,是一种可替代益生菌安全有效的潜在肠道调节佐剂。本文对后生元的组成成分、对人体健康的益生作用及其在肠道健康方面的应用研究现状进行了阐述,对后生元改善儿童轮状病毒肠炎、炎症性肠病、肠应激综合征、结直肠癌以及新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的肠道健康等相关研究进行了归纳总结,以期为其通过肠-肺轴,肠-脑轴等多器官轴的生物活性作用在预防相关疾病方面的实际应用提供参考。     

后生元制备技术及益生效应研究进展

2021年国际益生菌和益生元科学协会发表共识,将后生元定义为对宿主健康具有促进作用的无生命微生物和/或其成分的制剂。自此,关于后生元的研究进入热潮。相较于益生菌,后生元的益生特性不依赖于菌株活性,使其相较于活体微生物具有更高的稳定性和安全性,因此便于大规模生产及容易被消费者接受。作者概述了后生元制备技术,主要包括热加工技术（巴氏杀菌、高温灭菌、欧姆加热）及非热加工技术（脉冲电场、超声波、电离辐射）,并重点综述了后生元在维持肠道健康、预防肥胖、维护皮肤健康、治疗便秘、抗糖尿病、改善口腔健康等方面的益生作用,以期为未来后生元的工业生产及明确后生元益生效应机制提供参考。     

后生元的功能及应用研究进展

后生元是指给宿主带来健康益处的无生命的微生物或其成分的制剂,是微生态制剂领域的新兴概念。后生元具有平衡肠道菌群、增强肠道上皮屏障功能、增强免疫调节和促进新陈代谢等多种功效,并且具有稳定性高、安全性高以及易储存等优点,使其在食品、保健品、化妆品、饲料等领域应用前景广阔。目前对后生元的研究和开发应用尚处于起步阶段,在阐明活性成分及剂量、明确作用机制及靶点,以及制定相应的法规与标准等方面仍需进行更深入的探索。该文从后生元的功能特性、制备方法、鉴定方法、市场应用等方面进行阐述,为后生元的研究及开发应用提供参考。     

研究表明益生菌对人体作用因人而异

正益生菌是一类对宿主有益的活性微生物,是定植于人体肠道、生殖系统内,能产生确切健康功效从而改善宿主微生态平衡、发挥有益作用的活性有益微生物的总称。人体、动物体内有益的细菌或真菌主要有:酪酸梭菌、乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、放线菌、酵母菌等。目前世界上研究的功能最强大的产品主要是以上各类微生物组成的复合活性益生菌,其广泛应用于生物工程、工农业、食品安全以及生命健康领域。     

后生元的作用机制及其在食品中应用

随着科学家们对益生菌研究的不断深入,“后生元”一词逐渐进入公众视野。后生元是一类对人体有益的灭活的微生物制剂,本文从后生元的概念,后生元的作用机制及其与食品的联系等方面对其进行介绍,探讨后生元对人体健康的影响以及其在食品中的发展潜力。     

凝结芽孢杆菌调节肠道健康的研究进展

凝结芽孢杆菌作为一种具有高耐受性的益生菌,其对人体肠道健康的调节功能已成为近十年国内外研究的热点。本文主要对凝结芽孢杆菌的微生物特性及其调节宿主肠道健康的功能和临床应用进行了综述,探讨了未来凝结芽孢杆菌调节宿主肠道健康的发展方向。     

后生元的研究现状及产业应用

随着科学家对微生物与人体健康关系研究的深入,发现有的灭活菌体、菌体成分及其代谢产物等对人体有健康作用,由此提出“后生元”的概念。目前,在我国尚未明确“后生元”的定义。本文基于国内外研究现状,提出“后生元”的术语定义,综述其健康作用机制、标准法规、产业应用中的现状与挑战等,以期为“后生元”的科学研究及产业发展提供参考。     

后生元的研究进展

后生元指益生菌在发酵过程中产生的对健康有益的生物活性化合物（包括益生菌代谢物、细胞组分,或它们的混合物）,如短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids, SCFA)、色胺、肽、磷壁酸、肽聚糖、多糖、有机酸和脂质等。通过重点对后生元的产生途径、生产菌、生物活性、潜在作用机制以及其在食品中的应用前景概述表明,与益生菌相比,后生元具有化学结构清晰、安全剂量高、保质期长等优点;后生元具有抗炎、抑菌、免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肥胖、抗高血压、降血脂、保肝、促进伤口愈合等生物活性,在开发新型健康功能食品方面具有广阔前景,但其生理作用确切的机制尚未完全阐明。     

Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field

BackgroundIt has been recognized that a number of mechanisms mediating the health benefits of beneficial bacterial cells do require viability. However, new terms such as paraprobiotic or postbiotic have emerged to denote that non-viable microbial cells, microbial fractions, or cell lysates might also offer physiological benefits to the host by providing additional bioactivity.Scope and approachThis review provides an overview of the postbiotic concept, evidence of their health benefits and possible signaling pathways involved in their protective effects, as well as perspectives for applications in foods and pharmaceuticals.Key findings and conclusionsPostbiotics refers to soluble factors (products or metabolic byproducts), secreted by live bacteria, or released after bacterial lysis, such as enzymes, peptides, teichoic acids, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides, polysaccharides, cell surface proteins, and organic acids. These postbiotics have drawn attention because of their clear chemical structure, safety dose parameters, long shelf life and the content of various signaling molecules which may have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-obesogenic, antihypertensive, hypocholesterolemic, anti-proliferative, and antioxidant activities. These properties suggest that postbiotics may contribute, to the improvement of host health by improving specific physiological functions, even though the exact mechanisms have not been entirely elucidated.     

食品中后生元的研发和应用研究进展

后生元概念将原本混乱的灭活益生菌概念进行了统一,引起了更广泛的关注。目前,可制备后生元的菌株仍以传统益生菌为主,但随着下一代益生菌研究的深入,符合后生元概念的菌株也不断更新。首先,介绍了后生元最主要的健康功效是改善肠道健康,包括缓解肠道炎症、改善肠道菌群、缓解便秘等。其次,阐释了后生元还能够作用于其他组织,发挥改善代谢异常、维护口腔健康等功能。功效因子的揭示是阐明后生元多样化功能的关键。传统认为功效组分主要是细菌结构组分,如胞外多糖、肽聚糖等,然而近年来的研究证实短链脂肪酸、胞内蛋白、氨基酸代谢物等也发挥了重要的作用,后生元也被认为是多种功效组分的集合体。这也意味着它能够同时激活多类别的细胞表面受体,引发协同效应或交叉反应,从而发挥更直接、更广泛的生物活性作用。最后阐述了,从产业化角度,后生元有安全性更高、储运更方便、作用更直接等独特的优势,在功能性膳食补充剂、食品品质改良剂、防腐剂等方面具有很好的应用前景。但是,在产业转化过程中也出现了一些问题和困难,主要集中在后生元功效循证并不充分,配套的安全评估方法、定性定量检测方法欠缺、法律法规缺乏支撑等方面。     

Evolutionary concepts in the functional biotics arena: a mini-review

Over the years, the attempts to elucidate the role of beneficial microorganisms in shaping human health are becoming fairly apparent. The functional impact conferred by such microbes is not only transmitted by viable cells or their metabolites but also through non-viable cells. Extensive research to unveil the protective action of such wonder bugs has resulted in categorizing the beneficial microflora and their bioactive metabolites into a variety of functional biotic concepts based on their intended applications in various forms. In the modern era, these are often termed as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, next-generation probiotics, psychobiotics, oncobiotics, pharmabiotics, and metabiotics. Currently, the concept of traditional probiotics is being widened to include microbes beyond lactic acid bacteria. Indeed, this diversification has broadened the functional food portfolio from food to pharmaceuticals. In this context, the present review aims to summarize the existing biotic concepts and their differences thereof.     

功能性益生菌的筛选及在食品中应用进展

益生菌是指能够促进宿主健康,对机体有益的一类活性微生物。目前存在的益生菌一类是动物体内本身就存在的,另一类是从发酵食品和自然界中筛选的有益于人体健康的菌种。因益生菌可以通过抑制肠道病原菌、降血脂血糖血压、增强机体免疫力、抗氧化等不同的途径对人体机体有益,从而在世界各地不断的有新的益生菌被筛选出来和进行开发应用。该文通过综述益生菌的定义、种类、功能;益生菌的筛选标准;不同益生菌的筛选途径、功能性益生菌在食品中的开发应用和发展趋势,以期为功能性益生菌的进一步研究开发提供理论借鉴。     

Where to Look into the Puzzle of Polyphenols and Health? The Postbiotics and Gut Microbiota Associated with Human Metabotypes

The full consensus on the role of dietary polyphenols as human‐health‐promoting compounds remains elusive. The two‐way interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota (GM) (i.e., modulation of GM by polyphenols and their catabolism by the GM) is determinant in polyphenols’ effects. The identification of human metabotypes associated with a differential gut microbial metabolism of polyphenols has opened new research scenarios to explain the inter‐individual variability upon polyphenols consumption. The metabotypes unequivocally identified so far are those involved in the metabolism of isoflavones (equol and(or) O‐desmethylangolesin producers versus non‐producers) and ellagic acid (urolithin metabotypes, including producers of only urolithin‐A (UM‐A), producers of urolithin‐A, isourolithin‐A, and urolithin‐B (UM‐B), and non‐producers (UM‐0)). In addition, the microbial metabolites (phenolic‐derived postbiotics) such as equol, urolithins, valerolactones, enterolactone, and enterodiol, and 8‐prenylnaringenin, among others, can exert differential health effects. The knowledge is updated and position is taken here on i) the two‐way interaction between GM and polyphenols, ii) the evidence between phenolic‐derived postbiotics and health, iii) the role of metabotypes as biomarkers of GM and the clustering of individuals depending on their metabotypes (metabotyping) to explain polyphenols’ effects, and iv) the gut microbial metabolism of catecholamines to illustrate the intersection between personalized nutrition and precision medicine.     

Effectiveness of probiotics,prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components in common functional foods

The bioactive ingredients in commonly consumed foods include, but are not limited to, prebiotics, prebiotic‐like components, probiotics, and postbiotics. The bioactive ingredients in functional foods have also been associated with beneficial effects on human health. For example, they aid in shaping of gut microflora and promotion of immunity. These functional components also contribute in preventing serious diseases such as cardiovascular malfunction and tumorigenesis. However, the specific mechanisms of these positive influences on human health are still under investigation. In this review, we aim to emphasize the major contents of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components commonly found in consumable functional foods, and we present an overview of direct and indirect benefits they provide on human health. The major contributors are certain families of metabolites, specifically short‐chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by probiotics, and prebiotics, or prebiotic‐like components such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamins that are found in functional foods. These functional ingredients in foods influence the gut microbiota by stimulating the growth of beneficial microbes and the production of beneficial metabolites that, in turn, have direct benefits to the host, while also providing protection from pathogens and maintaining a balanced gut ecosystem. The complex interactions that arise among functional food ingredients, human physiology, the gut microbiota, and their respective metabolic pathways have been found to minimize several factors that contribute to the incidence of chronic disease, such as inflammation oxidative stress.     

膳食纤维及短链脂肪酸对肠道微生物组成的影响

膳食纤维是一类不能被胃肠道分解的碳水化合物，但它可以被肠道微生物降解成短链脂肪酸。膳食纤维和短链脂肪酸对机体的代谢和健康具有重要的保健功能。本文概括了膳食纤维的类型和来源不仅影响肠道微生物的组成和功能，还影响着宿主与微生物之间的相互作用。重点阐述了膳食纤维能够通过肠道微生物产生短链脂肪酸的机制，进一步探讨了短链脂肪酸、阿魏酸、琥珀酸等对肠道微生物的组成、多样性的影响。     

Prevention and Control of Diseases by Use of Pro- and Prebiotics (Synbiotics)

Probiotics are microorganisms (bacteria or yeasts) that can reestablish and recolonize the human intestinal micro flora to give beneficial effect to a host. Prebiotics are the food ingredients that are nondigestible and affect the consumer by encouraging the number and activity of beneficial but selective colonic bacteria. The probiotics perform more efficiently in the presence of prebiotics, with the enhanced beneficial potential of live microorganisms having additional benefits of the prebiotic. Due to the concept, recently much research attention is focused on the combined use of probiotics and prebiotics, generally known as synbiotics, to get their synergistic health properties. This article provides an overview of possible synbiotic combinations, and their mode of action and health benefits upon consumption. In addition, research trends are also elaborated.