双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂的作用机理及对甜菜夜蛾的防治现状简述

双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂是一类模拟蜕皮激素功能的杀虫剂。对双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂的发展概况和作用机理进行概述,简述了甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)对该类杀虫剂的抗性现状,并对甜菜夜蛾的抗药性机理进行探讨,以期为双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂高效利用及甜菜夜蛾的综合防治提供理论指导。     

N′-苯甲酰基-N-特丁基苯甲酰肼的苯并杂环类似物的合成与生物活性（上）

昆虫生长调节剂是具有生物合理性的杀虫剂 ,其独特的作用方式使其不仅对靶标昆虫具有选择性 ,而且对哺乳动物、鸟类、鱼类等非靶标生物安全无害 ,已成为作物保护的重要工具。几丁质合成抑制剂、拟保幼激素和拟蜕皮激素是三类主要的昆虫生长调节剂。类固醇蜕皮激素 2 0 羟基蜕皮素 (2 0E)调节昆虫的变态和发育 ,促使昆虫蜕皮。 2 0世纪 80年代后期 ,罗姆 哈斯公司首先开发出拟蜕皮激素化合物PH 5 84 9(抑食肼 ) ,其化学名称为N′ 苯甲酰基 N 特丁基苯甲酰肼 (BTBH) ;其后又开发出第一个商品化的鳞翅目害虫专用杀虫剂PH 5 992 (虫酰肼…     

非甾醇蜕皮激素抑制剂：IPM和害虫抗性治理的新工具

甾醇昆虫蜕皮激素,20-羟基蜕皮激素(20E),和倍半萜类保幼激素在调控昆虫生长发育和生殖过程中起着中心作用。因此,模仿或抑制这两种激素作用的化合物被寻找来作为安全的第三代杀虫剂。保幼激素类似物发现较早,而20-羟基蜕皮激素的拮抗物类杀虫剂只是最近才发现的。 罗姆-哈斯公司的科学家们已经发现了三种非甾醇蜕皮激素抑制剂,它们都属于二酰基肼类化合物。其中,N-特丁基-N’-(4-乙苯甲酰)-3,5-二甲基苯酰基肼(tebufenozide;RH5992)是最早商品化以名为Mimic,Confirm和Romdan作为鳞翅目特异性的杀虫剂在几个国家使用。最     

双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂的抗药性研究进展

双酰肼类杀虫剂是一类高效、环保、低毒的新型昆虫生长调节剂。简要介绍了双酰肼类杀虫剂的发展历程,重点概述了其作用机理、选择性、抗药性机理研究现状,并提出了预防和治理抗药性的措施。     

双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂研究开发进展

介绍了双酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂的开发进展以及这类化合物的作用机理和合成方法,可以看出,双酰肼结构对昆虫具有独特的蜕皮激素作用,符合害虫综合治理的要求,是一类对环境友好的、具有良好开发前景的化合物。     

非甾醇蜕皮激素类杀虫剂的研究进展

非甾醇蜕皮激素类杀虫剂是近年来开发的新型、高效、具有脱皮激素活性的昆虫生长调节剂。它引起昆虫特别是鳞翅目幼虫早熟，使幼虫蜕皮致死。此外，对一些昆虫还具有化学绝育性和神经中毒作用，非甾醇蜕皮激素类杀虫剂和蜕皮激素一样，作用于蜕皮激素受体，但由于在细胞中的稳定存在，致使一些基因不能正常表达，羽化激素的释放受到抑制，从而导致不正常的致死蜕皮。     

双酰肼类杀虫剂及对小菜蛾的防治研究进展

小菜蛾是十字花科蔬菜的重要害虫，其具有生活史短，世代重叠严重，防治困难等特点。目前化学防治仍是防治小菜蛾的主要手段，然而由于小菜蛾抗药性的提高使得多种传统的杀虫剂在田间防治中已几乎失效。双酰肼类杀虫剂是一类昆虫生长调节剂，因其具有对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫等靶标生物活性强，对非靶标生物低毒的特性，目前在小菜蛾的防治中已被广泛应用。针对双酰肼类杀虫剂分类、作用机理及对小菜蛾的生物活性、抗药性等方面研究进行总结，为科学合理用药和今后研究提供理论依据。     

昆虫保幼激素类似物作为昆虫生长调节剂

昆虫生长调节剂(IGRs)由于具有和常规杀虫剂不同的独特作用方式而受到人们的重视.1972年,Schafer和Wilder将IGR分成昆虫发育抑制剂(IDI)和蜕皮抑制剂(MI)两类.前者包括下面讨论的昆虫激素类似化合物,后者则包括几丁质合成抑制剂.昆虫激素在昆虫发育过程中起重要作用,其中已知的有脑激素、蜕皮激素和保幼激素.脑激素刺激前胸腺释放出蜕皮激素,蜕皮激素(α-蜕皮激素)转化为20-羟基蜕皮激素(β-蜕皮激素),刺激生成新的表皮,从而诱导蜕皮.     

昆虫生长发育调节剂研究的进展

介绍了对昆虫生长发育有抑制作用的苯甲酰基脲类,非萜类保的激素类似的,二酰基肼类（非甾类蜕皮激素拮抗物）以及源于楝科植物的柠檬酸类等化合物作国杀虫剂的商品化发展进程。讨论了这三类化合物对昆虫不同的作用机制,及其产品对害虫的作用活性和特点,对一些新型作用机制的杀虫剂,如昆虫神经肽抑制剂,生化合成酶抑制剂的发展前景也做了展望。     

抗几丁质新农药灭幼脲——室内胃毒毒力测定

特异性杀虫剂灭幼脲(又名除虫脲)是一类作用机制特殊的杀虫剂。这类杀虫剂不象有机磷杀虫剂那样能抑制胆碱酯酶而使昆虫中毒,也不象有机氯杀虫剂那样使昆虫神经及内脏中毒,而是破坏昆虫表皮几丁质的合成,昆虫的幼虫由于在脱皮变态过程中新表皮不能形成而迅速死亡。我省金坛昆虫激素研究室人工合成了这类高效,低毒的新杀虫剂。今年我们结合本系74届工农兵学员植物化学保护课的教学活动中对灭幼脲Ⅰ及Ⅱ的胃毒毒力进行了测定,现将初步结果整理如下。     

G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Signaling Pathways,Characterization, and Functions in Insect Physiology and Toxicology

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to play central roles in the physiology of many organisms. Members of this seven α-helical transmembrane protein family transduce the extracellular signals and regulate intracellular second messengers through coupling to heterotrimeric G-proteins, adenylate cyclase, cAMPs, and protein kinases. As a result of the critical function of GPCRs in cell physiology and biochemistry, they not only play important roles in cell biology and the medicines used to treat a wide range of human diseases but also in insects’ physiological functions. Recent studies have revealed the expression and function of GPCRs in insecticide resistance, improving our understanding of the molecular complexes governing the development of insecticide resistance. This article focuses on the review of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways in insect physiology, including insects’ reproduction, growth and development, stress responses, feeding, behaviors, and other physiological processes. Hormones and polypeptides that are involved in insect GPCR regulatory pathways are reviewed. The review also gives a brief introduction of GPCR pathways in organisms in general. At the end of the review, it provides the recent studies on the function of GPCRs in the development of insecticide resistance, focusing in particular on our current knowledge of the expression and function of GPCRs and their downstream regulation pathways and their roles in insecticide resistance and the regulation of resistance P450 gene expression. The latest insights into the exciting technological advances and new techniques for gene expression and functional characterization of the GPCRs in insects are provided.     

昆虫激素的研究现状及发展

昆虫激素是昆虫体内腺体所分泌的物质,对昆虫的生长发育起着重要的调控作用.激素失调会导致昆虫发育不正常,甚至死亡.目前,随着化学农药的广泛使用,害虫的抗药性已成为当前害虫防治中所面临的一场严峻挑战.昆虫激素的研究对控制害虫具有重要意义.就昆虫激素的种类、作用、应用现状以及作为杀虫剂使用的优缺点等方面做一概述,并展望了昆虫激素及其类似物的应用前景.     

10％溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂对蔬菜害虫的防治效果、使用技术和推广前景

2009～2012年,对10％溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂进行大田示范试验,结果表明该药剂对小菜蛾、豆荚螟、烟粉虱、蚜虫、黄曲条跳甲和美洲斑潜蝇等蔬菜害虫有优良的防治效果.当该药剂用量为有效成分15～27g/hm2时,其对小菜蛾、美洲斑潜蝇幼虫（若虫）药后7～10d的校正防效可达95％以上,持效期可达20～30 d.当用量为有效成分21～27 g/hm2时,药后9d对豇豆豆荚螟的荚校正防效80％以上,虫校正防效90％以上.当用量为有效成分30～42 g/hm2,对黄曲条跳甲成虫、幼虫无明显的防效,但药后10 d作物保护效果可达90％以上,并对黄曲条跳甲有良好的驱避和拒食作用.用量为有效成分40～60 g/hm2时对烟粉虱若虫、成虫药后10 d的校正防效达90％以上,持效期可达20 d以上,对烟粉虱若虫的防效优于成虫;对蚜虫药后10d的校正防效为99％以上,持效期20 d以上.同时对该药剂的使用技术和推广前景作了客观的评价.     

烟粉虱的化学防治及抗药性

使用化学杀虫剂是防治烟粉虱的主要方法。防治烟粉虱的有效杀虫剂主要包括常规化学杀虫剂甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、硫丹、乙酰甲胺磷等，以及由拟除虫菊酯与其它杀虫剂组成的混剂；新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪；昆虫生长调节剂噻嗪酮和蚊蝇醚。在使用杀虫剂时，施药技术很重要。常规杀虫剂在成虫期采用叶面施药效果好；吡虫啉在成虫和低龄若虫期采用土壤施药；噻嗪酮在若虫期使用，蚊蝇醚在卵期使用，均采用叶面喷施。烟粉虱对多种杀虫剂已产生了不同程度的抗性，尤其是温室中的烟粉虱抗药性严重。耕作系统和施加在害虫种群上的药剂选择压力对烟粉虱的抗药性有重要影响。烟粉虱的抗性治理策略主要是限制杀虫剂的使用次数，在作物的不同生长期轮换使用不同种类的杀虫剂。     

高光泽PC／PMMA共混体系的动态热力学分析

通过熔融共混法制备了高光泽聚碳酸酯（PC）／聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）复合材料,分析了其动态力学性能,探讨不同相容剂、不同PMMA组份等因素对复合材料的储存模量（E＇）、损耗模量（E＂）、损耗因子（tanδ）等动态力学参数的影响。结果表明使用乙烯．丙烯酸甲酯共聚物和苯乙烯马来酸酐无规共聚物组成的复合相容剂能够较好地改善高光PC／PMMA的相容性。在PMMA20份含量以下,当温度超过120℃时合金依然有较高的储存模量,材料的耐高温性能比较好。研究结果可为进一步优化高光PC／PMMA产品配方提供依据。     

Neuronal Responses of Antennal Olfactory Sensilla to Insect Chemical Repellents in the Yellow Fever Mosquito, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aedes aegypti</Emphasis>

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a vector of many human diseases such as yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika. As insecticide resistance has been widely reported, chemical repellents have been adopted as alternative options for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. This study characterized the responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in different types of antennal olfactory sensilla in Ae. aegypti to 48 chemicals that exhibited repellent activity in various insect species. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses were observed from ORNs in response to these chemicals and differential tuning properties were also observed among ORNs. Remarkable excitatory responses were recorded from the ORNs in sensilla SST1, SST2, SBTI, SBTII, and LST2, while inhibitory activities were detected from a neuron in sensillum SST2 in response to several terpene/terpenoid compounds. Moreover, the temporal dynamics of neuronal responses were found to be compound-specific and concentration-dependent. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis of the response to each compound across ORNs in seven types of olfactory sensilla in Ae. aegypti revealed that odor reception depended not only on chemical class but also specific chemical structure. Results of this study give new insights into the sensory physiology of Aedes mosquitoes to the chemical repellents and should contribute to the development of new repellent reagents for human protection.     

A Maize Inbred Exhibits Resistance Against Western Corn Rootwoorm, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</Emphasis>

Insect resistance against root herbivores like the western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is not well understood in non-transgenic maize. We studied the responses of two American maize inbreds, Mp708 and Tx601, to WCR infestation using biomechanical, molecular, biochemical analyses, and laser ablation tomography. Previous studies performed on several inbreds indicated that these two maize genotypes differed in resistance to pests including fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and WCR. Our data confirmed that Mp708 shows resistance against WCR, and demonstrates that the resistance mechanism is based in a multi-trait phenotype that includes increased resistance to cutting in nodal roots, stable root growth during insect infestation, constitutive and induced expression of known herbivore-defense genes, including ribosomal inhibitor protein 2 (rip2), terpene synthase 23 (tps23) and maize insect resistance cysteine protease-1 (mir1), as well high constitutive levels of jasmonic acid and production of (E)-β-caryophyllene. In contrast, Tx601 is susceptible to WCR. These findings will facilitate the use of Mp708 as a model to explore the wide variety of mechanisms and traits involved in plant defense responses and resistance to herbivory by insects with several different feeding habits.     

海洋来源真菌Hypocrea virens菌丝体的化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、开放ODS柱色谱以及HPLC等对海洋来源真菌Hypocreavirens的菌丝体进行化学成分分离,通过理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。从菌丝体的丙酮提取物中分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为1（10→6）Abeo-（22E,24R）-ergosta-5,7,9,22-tetraene-3α,11α-diol（Ⅰ）、24-甲烯基羊毛脂烷-8-烯-3β-醇（Ⅱ）、（22E,24R）-麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇（Ⅲ）、（22E,24R）-麦角甾-8,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,7α-四醇（Ⅳ）、5α,9α-过氧-（22E,24R）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,6β-二醇（Ⅴ）、5α,8α-过氧-（22E,24R）-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇（Ⅵ）、（22E,24R）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇（Ⅶ）、3β,5α,9α-三羟基-（22E,24R）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮（Ⅷ）,其中化合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅷ均为首次从该属真菌中分离得到,化合物Ⅲ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ为首次从该种真菌中分离得到。     

Damage-Induced Accumulation of Phytoecdysteroids in Spinach: A Rapid Root Response Involving the Octadecanoic Acid Pathway

Some plant defenses are known to be rapidly induced following attack by phytophagous insects. Plant-produced insect molting hormones, termed phytoecdysteroids, are believed to aid plant resistance; however, their dynamics are poorly understood. Using spinach (Spinacia oleracea) as a model system, we examined the inducibility of phytoecdysteroids, primarily 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), in an effort to characterize potential interactions with herbivorous insects. Rapid phytochemical induction was investigated using damage treatments and applications of defense-related plant-signal analogs, specifically methyl jasmonate (MJ) and methyl salicylate (MSA). Within two days, mechanically damaged roots exhibited two to three fold increases in phytoecdysteroid concentrations. Four days after root damage, small increases in shoot levels were also detectable. Unlike roots, foliar 20E concentrations were unaltered over a range of shoot treatments including insect herbivory (Spodoptera exigua), mechanical damage, and MJ applications. Additions of MJ (12.5–50 g/liter) to the root systems of hydroponically grown plants stimulated accumulations of root phytoecdysteroids in a dose-dependent manner, similar in magnitude to the response induced by root damage. Under identical conditions, MSA did not affect the accumulation of 20E when added to the hydroponic solutions of undamaged plants. Moreover, MSA inhibited the induction of 20E in wounded roots, but did not interfere with the action of applied MJ. In contrast to mechanical damage, roots did not induce 20E levels when challenged with two different fungal pathogens (Pythium aphanidermatum and Phytophthora capsici).We propose that wound-induced accumulations of 20E are generated in the roots, signaled via endogenous jasmonates, and may confer enhanced resistance against subterranean herbivorous insects.     

一株药用红树尖瓣海莲内生真菌Penicillium sp.化学成分研究

综合运用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析等色谱分离技术,对一株来源于药用红树尖瓣海莲（Bruguiera sexangula var.rhynchopetala）的青霉属真菌Penicillium sp.的发酵产物的化学成分进行分离和纯化.结合理化性质和NMR等技术,并通过与文献对照,从该菌发酵产物中分离鉴定了5个化合物,分别为过氧化麦角甾醇（1）、豆甾-5-烯-3β-醇-7-酮（2）、（3β,5α,6β,22E）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3,5,6-三醇（3）、（20S,22E,24R）-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,9α-四醇（4）和β-胡萝卜苷（5）.化合物2-5为首次从尖瓣海莲内生真菌中分离得到.