A method for reducing the second harmonic level in wideband traveling wave tubes

To reduce the second harmonic level and enhance the efficiency and stability against backward-wave self-excitation of wideband helical traveling-wave tubes containing a screen with longitudinally conducting edges, it is suggested that the gap between edge ends and a helix in the output section be gradually increased toward the energy output, the helix pitch being constant or slightly varied for optimizing the efficiency. It is shown that the increase in the gap reduces the second harmonic level and enhances the efficiency and the start current of backward-wave self-excitation.     

A high-power wideband traveling-wave tube with stepwise changes in the diameter of the drift channel

Results of the design of a high-power wideband (in the band 8–18 GHz) traveling-wave tube (TWT) with stepwise changes in the diameter of the drift channel are presented. The TWT is stable against self-excitation by a backward wave at high values of the accelerating voltage. It is shown that the output section of the device can be increased by a factor of 1.5 and the operating current can be raised by a factor of 1.3. These increases are attained owing to the 1.27-GHz diversity of the π-type frequencies of sections with different values of the channel diameter and owing to growth of the starting current corresponding to self-excitation by the backward wave. Application of the TWT with the interaction space that has steps of the channel diameter improved the electron efficiency by a factor of 1.2 and increased the output power by a factor of 1.6.     

Smith-Purcell radiation from a narrow tape helix

A theoretical investigation of a narrow tape helix excited by a modulated electron beam gives quantitative results which can be used to estimate the strengths of interactions obtainable in experimental configurations. Extensive results are presented for the radiation emitted by a single fast space harmonic when a slow beam is in synchronism with the azimuthally symmetric space harmonic. The effects of beam velocity, frequency, beam diameter, tape width, and pitch angle are illustrated. The analysis also demonstrates the influence of the synchronism or electromagnetic resenance condition on the interaction and, further, points out the usefulness of the complex Brillouin (k - β) diagram in predicting some of the quantitative as well as most of the qualitative properties of this influence.     

Design and experimental analysis of fiber grating vibration demodulation system based on the 3 × 3 coupler

A novel fiber grating vibration demodulation system, based on 2×2 and 3×3 couplers, is designed. Based on the phase unwrapping algorithm, the three-way asymmetrical output of the 3×3 coupler and demodulation state characteristics of the system when the vibration signal includes high harmonic waves are analyzed in simulations. The result shows that when the three-way output is asymmetrical, the maximum deviation of demodulation signal is 1.625%, and when the vibration signal includes high harmonic waves, the maximum deviation of demodulation signal is 0.9%. The corresponding experiment is conducted. The experimental result shows that the dynamic resolution of the system is 25.22 nɛ / $ \sqrt {Hz} $ \sqrt {Hz} when the vibration pitch is 5.5 Hz.     

Design of Cavities for a Short Pulse Powerful Large Orbit Gyrotron

Designs of cavities for fundamental and high harmonic operation in Large Orbit Gyrotron (LOG) are discussed. The fundamental operation allows one to use beam currents in the range from 200 A to 300 A achieve output power of the order of 9–10 MW at frequency 143.6 GHz. Mode competition calculations show that stable oscillations in the TE^1,4 mode using high beam currents are possible even with the pitch factor 1.3 which is significantly lower than the design value 1.55. For the second harmonic operation, the maximum current used for excitation of the TE^2,4 mode is 60 A and the optimum magnetic field is 7.6 T. A cavity design for fourth harmonic operation using the TE^4,4 mode is also presented.     

钮销支撑螺旋线慢波结构色散特性及二次谐波抑制研究

寻求频带更宽、输出功率更大、体积更小的螺旋线行波管一直是研制工作的目标,二次谐波是影响宽带行波管工作的重要因素,本文对不同形式介质加载的螺旋线慢波结构进行了模拟,并对其中色散曲线最为平坦的钮销慢波结构进行了一维大信号模拟,证明改变螺距或夹持介质形状可有效展宽带宽、降低二次谐波功率。     

小型扬声器感知低音的生成算法优化

虚拟低音技术针对扬声器低频重放问题提供了一种较好的处理方式,其建立在“虚拟音高”理论基础上,将扬声器输入信号在不能重放的低频部分利用其高次谐波成分在听感上虚拟出基频音高.考虑到小型扬声器频带窄、失真大等特性,在虚拟低音的相位声码器算法基础上,用二阶求导的方式对频谱低频峰值进行取点,对不同频段生成不同的谐波个数,简化幅度控制,提出适合于小型扬声器的低音谐波生成模块优化算法并实现.主观实验结果表明改进后的算法在增强低音效果的同时也能保证较好的整体音质效果.     

Real-Time Implementation of Time Domain Harmonic Scaling of Speech for Rate Modification and Coding

Time domain harmonic scaling (TDHS) has been realized in real time on the Bell Laboratories digital signal processing (DSP) integrated circuit. It is an algorithm that can expand or compress the bandwidth and sampling rate of speech by taking advantage of the pitch structure in the speech signal. As such it is useful in a variety of speech applications including speech coding, speech enhancement, and rate modification. A single DSP can perform compression and a second DSP can perform expansion. Both operations require pitch information to be supplied with the input speech. Included in the system is a real-time pitch/periodicity detector which has also been implemented on a single DSP. Its design is based on a novel modification of the autocorrelation function type pitch detector. This paper presents details of both the TDHS and pitch detector implementation and discusses their performances. In particular in this paper we discuss a 2:1 compression and expansion system that has been used as part of a 9.6 kbit/s speech coder. TDHS was previously thought to require a much larger buffer than the RAM memory available in the DSP. We show that for all the compression/expansion ratios of interest the buffer size needed is twice the maximum pitch period.     

Analysis of the methods to increase the output power and frequency of the broadband TWTs

The limitations on the output power and operating frequency of the broadband TWTs resulting from a relatively low thermal stability of helix and the self-excitation at the backward wave at a operating voltage of greater than 10 kV are considered. The analysis yields the methods to overcome limitations: the application of a bifilar helix with the azimuthally conducting rings and the application of combined metal-dielectric supports that allow a simultaneous improvement of the heat removal from the helix and an increase in the TWT band. It is demonstrated that a decrease in the slowing caused by the rings and a smaller period of the bifilar helix make it possible to shift the threshold of the self-excitation at the backward wave to 30–40 kV.     

Phase estimation characteristics of ultra-wideband quasi-radio signal

Synthesis and analysis of the maximum likelihood algorithm for estimating the phase of ultra-wideband quasi-radio signal with unknown amplitude and phase are performed. Duration of the specified signal may amount to several periods or a fraction of the period of harmonic oscillation. Characteristics of the classical maximum likelihood phase estimate of a narrow-band radio signal are found when receiving an ultra-wideband quasi-radio signal. Applicability conditions of narrow-band radio signal model are defined for solving the problem of phase estimation with the specified accuracy.     

Techniques for improving the performance of CELP-type speech coders

Techniques for improving the performance of CELP (code excited linear prediction)-type speech coders while maintaining reasonable computational complexity are explored. A harmonic noise weighting function, which enhances the perceptual quality of the processed speech, is introduced. The combination of harmonic noise weighting and subsample pitch lag resolution significantly improves the coder performance for voiced speech. Strategies for reducing the speech coder's data rate, while maintaining speech quality, are presented. These include a method for efficient encoding of the long-term predictor lags, utilization of multiple gain vector quantizers, and a multimode definition of the speech coder frame. A 5.9-kb/s VSELP speech coder that incorporates these features is described. Complexity reduction techniques which allow the coder to be implemented using a single fixed-point DSP (digital signal processor) are discussed     

Optimization of the quadrifilar helix antenna

Experimental data on the quadrifilar helix antenna have led to an optimum pitch angle and an optimum ground plane size. The ground plane size is an important parameter, and its optimum diameter is about three times the diameter of the helix. The optimum pitch angle is about35deg. Beam patterns and ellipticity data are given for the optimized model. Bandwidth is about 4:1.     

基于幅度压缩滤波的清浊音分类及基音估计

该文针对传统算法在实环境(不同噪声类型和信噪比)下容易发生清浊误判和基音估计错误问题,提出一种基于幅度压缩基音估计滤波(PEFAC)的清浊音分类及基音估计方法。首先,通过PEFAC削弱语音的低频噪声,提取出基音谐波;然后,采用基于对称平均幅度和函数的脉冲序列加权算法(SIM)确定谐波数目;最后,利用动态规划估计出基音,用基于3元素特征矢量的高斯混合模型对清浊音进行分类。仿真结果表明,在实环境下,所提方法能有效抑制清浊误判及基音估计错误现象的发生,性能优于传统方法。     

可控饱和电抗器主回路谐波问题

分析讨论单相及三相可控饱和电抗器主回路谐波问题,结论是单相及三相可控饱和电抗器主回路的电流谐波为奇次。讨论抑制三相可控饱和电抗器电流总谐波畸变率（THD）的方法。     

相位调制非线性对开环光纤陀螺工作点测量与信号解调的影响

在全光纤开环光纤陀螺中，利用压电陶瓷调制器可以为光纤陀螺提供互易性正弦相位偏置，但相位调制中的寄生非线性会对陀螺测量产生影响。从理论上给出了二倍频非线性相位调制情况下开环光纤陀螺输出信号的一、二、四次谐波表达式，分析了相位调制非线性对陀螺工作点测量与信号解调的影响，实验验证了相关结果。实验结果与理论分析表明在陀螺应用中必须采取措施抑制非线性相位调制的幅度。     

Size dependence of the magnetic properties of electrochemically self-assembled Fe quantum dots

A quasi-periodic array of Fe quantum dots of cylindrical shape has been synthesized by electrodeposition of Fe in porous alumina. By controlling the fabrication parameters, we have controlled the length, diameter, and spacing of the dots. The magnetic properties are shown to depend on these parameters. It has been found that at room temperature, there exists a critical diameter of the dots for which the coercivity is a maximum. The largest value of coercivity obtained at room temperature is 2640 Oe which rises to 2900 Oe on annealing. At a low temperature of 5K, an increase in coercivity is observed for most of the samples. The largest value is 3800 Oe which rises to a value of 4100 Oe in the corresponding annealed counterpart. At 5K, no maximum is seen in the coercivity as a function of diameter. Instead, the coercivity is found to decrease with increasing diameter. This dependence of the coercivity on diameter is discussed in terms of localized reversal effects.     

Phase recovery of the coherent carrier frequency using digital phase filter

This paper considers a phase recovery method for the coherent carrier frequency of the signal Revised by a digital receiver using a unit of digital recovery of the coherent carrier phase. The use of digital phase filter makes it possible to do without the application of traditional phase-locked loop frequency control. The paper also presents a technique for deriving a transfer function of the specified digital filter and considers the issue of its robustness in relation to self-excitation. In addition, the paper presents a functional diagram of this filter.     

An analysis of the radiation from circular arrays of directive elements

A simple analytic formula for the radiation of the angular harmonics excited by a large cylindrical array is derived. The dependence of the phase on elevation angle and cylinder diameter relative to a wavelength is shown and compared to an exact solution. The difference between a continuous distribution and discrete array is presented; and the angular phase perturbations produced by the discrete array are also derived. The results can be used for computing the radiation field produced by multiple harmonic excitation of the array, and indicate the effect of the element pattern, number of elements, and spacing.     

2.5D硅转接板TSV结构研究

针对结构参数对TSV可靠性影响不明确的问题,文中采用有限元分析和模型简化的方法,分析了TSV结构在温度循环条件下的应力应变分布,并进一步研究了铜柱直径、SiO₂层厚度以及TSV节距等结构参数对TSV结构可靠性的影响。结果表明,采用文中的方法简化模型后得出的结果拟合度在0.95以上;在TSV结构上施加温度循环载荷时,在SiO₂界面会出现应力集中,而在钝化层中会出现应变增大;改变铜柱直径、绝缘层厚度和TSV节距将显著影响TSV结构的可靠性;减小填充铜的直径、增加SiO₂层的厚度、增加TSV节距,都将有助于减小TSV结构的最大应力。     

Spiral interpolation algorithms for multislice spiral CT--part II: measurement and evaluation of slice sensitivity profiles and noise at a clinical multislice system

The recently introduced multislice data acquisition for computed tomography (CT) is based on multirow detector design, increased rotation speed, and advanced z-interpolation and z-filtering algorithms. We evaluated slice sensitivity profiles (SSPs) and noise of a clinical multislice spiral CT (MSCT) scanner with M = 4 simultaneously acquired slices and adaptive axial interpolator (AAI) reconstruction software. SSPs were measured with a small gold disk of 50 microm thickness and 2-mm diameter located at the center of rotation (COR) and 100 mm off center. The standard deviation of CT values within a 20-cm water phantom was used as a measure of image noise. With a detector slice collimation of S = 1.0 mm, we varied spiral pitch p from 0.25 to 2.0 in steps of 0.025. Nominal reconstructed slice thicknesses were 1.25, 1.5, and 2.0 mm. For all possible pitch values, we found the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of the respective sensitivity profile at the COR equivalent to the selected nominal slice thickness. The profiles at 100 mm off center are broadened less than 7 % on the average compared with the FWHM at the COR. In addition, variation of the full-width at tenth maximum (FWTM) at the COR was below 10% for p < or = 1.75. Within this range, image noise varied less than 10% with respect to the mean noise level. The slight increase in measured slice-width above p = 1.75 for nominal slice-widths of 1.25 and 1.50 mm is accompanied by a decrease of noise according to the inverse square root relationship. The MSCT system that we scrutinized provides reconstructed slice-widths and image noise, which can be regarded as constant within a wide range of table speeds. With respect to this, MSCT is superior to single-slice spiral CT. These facts can be made use of when defining and optimizing clinical protocols: the spiral pitch can be selected almost freely, and scan protocols can follow the diagnostic requirements without technical restrictions. In summary, MSCT offers constant image quality while scan times are reduced drastically. Volume scans with three-dimensional (3-D) isotropic resolution are routinely feasible for complete anatomical regions.