2,6-二氨基吡啶对EDTA体系低温化学镀铜的影响

在以乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)为络合剂、镀液温度33℃的化学镀铜体系中,研究1. 0 mg/L 2,6-二氨基吡啶对化学镀铜过程的沉积速率、镀层表面形貌以及镀层结构的影响。结果表明,2,6-二氨基吡啶在低温EDTA镀铜体系中是一种良好的加速剂,少量2,6-二氨基吡啶的添加能够将镀膜的沉积速率由3. 52μm/L提高到7. 56μm/L。线性扫描伏安法研究表明,2,6-二氨基吡啶通过促进甲醛氧化进而提高其还原铜离子的速率,最终加速化学镀的过程。SEM观察表明,2,6-二氨基吡啶的添加使得镀膜晶粒变得更加细小。XRD衍射分析证明,2,6-二氨基吡啶的添加能够改善镀膜晶体结构和镀膜性能,提高镀层质量。     

2,6-二氨基吡啶对EDTA体系低温化学镀铜的影响

在以乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)为络合剂、镀液温度33℃的化学镀铜体系中,研究1. 0 mg/L 2,6-二氨基吡啶对化学镀铜过程的沉积速率、镀层表面形貌以及镀层结构的影响。结果表明,2,6-二氨基吡啶在低温EDTA镀铜体系中是一种良好的加速剂,少量2,6-二氨基吡啶的添加能够将镀膜的沉积速率由3. 52μm/L提高到7. 56μm/L。线性扫描伏安法研究表明,2,6-二氨基吡啶通过促进甲醛氧化进而提高其还原铜离子的速率,最终加速化学镀的过程。SEM观察表明,2,6-二氨基吡啶的添加使得镀膜晶粒变得更加细小。XRD衍射分析证明,2,6-二氨基吡啶的添加能够改善镀膜晶体结构和镀膜性能,提高镀层质量。     

N,N−二甲基−二硫代甲酰胺丙磺酸钠对THPED体系化学镀铜的影响

研究了N,N?二甲基?二硫代甲酰胺丙磺酸钠(DPS)作为添加剂对以四羟丙基乙二胺(THPED)为单一配位剂的化学镀铜体系的沉积速率、镀层形貌和晶体结构的影响。结果发现,当DPS的质量浓度从0 mg/L增大到1.0 mg/L时,沉积速率从2.91μm/h提高到6.73μm/h,所得镀层结晶均匀、细致。线性扫描伏安测量结果表明,DPS是通过促进甲醛的阳极氧化来加速化学镀过程。本体系的Cu镀层主要呈面心立方多晶取向,DPS的添加会令晶面取向从(220)转变为(111)。     

离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐对化学镀铜的影响

在甲醛化学镀铜镀液中加入离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐,研究了对化学镀铜的影响。结果表明,随着离子液体质量浓度的增大,化学镀铜溶液的沉积速率降低,铜层晶粒细化,电阻增加。环境扫描电镜和X-射线衍射观察测试表明,镀层表面分布均匀,且在铜(111)晶面成核的趋势增加。电化学测试表明,随着离子液体质量浓度的增大,阳极氧化峰电位负移,氧化峰电流密度减小,进一步显示ρ(1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐)对甲醛化学镀铜溶液沉积速率有抑制作用。     

次磷酸钠和甲醛为还原剂的化学镀铜工艺对比

比较并评价了以甲醛和以次磷酸钠为还原剂的化学镀铜工艺。结果表明,次磷酸钠镀铜液的稳定性高于甲醛镀铜液,次磷酸钠镀液的沉积速率高于甲醛镀液。以甲醛为还原剂的镀层晶粒细小,而以次磷酸钠为还原剂的镀层呈团粒状。甲醛镀铜层铜的质量分数接近100%,次磷酸钠镀铜层中铜的质量分数为93.9%,镍的质量分数为6.1%,镀层为铜-镍合金。以甲醛为还原剂的化学镀铜层的电导率、抗拉强度、延伸率等物理性能均优于次磷酸钠化学镀铜层。     

硫脲对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯基材化学镀铜的影响

以硫脲为添加剂、硫酸铜为主盐、次磷酸钠为还原剂,在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)基材表面进行化学镀铜。研究了添加不同质量浓度(0.10、0.25、0.50、0.75和1.00 mg/L)的硫脲对铜沉积速率、镀层导电性和结合力以及化学镀铜中氧化还原反应的影响,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等方法分别对镀层微观形貌、组成成分、晶体结构进行了表征。结果表明,硫脲的加入主要影响铜(111)晶面的生长,能有效提高镀层与基体之间的结合力,但对镀层成分无太大影响。随着硫脲加入量的增大,铜沉积速率和镀层导电性先减后增,而镀铜速率主要由阴极还原过程控制。适宜的硫脲添加量为0.50~0.75 mg/L,此时铜沉积速率相对较低,所得镀层晶粒尺寸较小,表面电阻为40~50 mΩ/cm2,镀层结合力1~2级。     

不用甲醛做还原剂的化学镀铜

通常化学镀铜多采用甲醛还原剂,也可以用硼氢化物或次磷酸钠做还原剂。现介绍一种新的化学镀铜还原剂二羟乙酸。镀液成分包括：二价铜化合物（主盐）、二价铜离子的络合剂、还原剂、pH调节剂、加速剂、稳定剂及表面活性剂。采用二羟乙酸做还原剂,既消除了甲醛对环境的污染,而且化学镀铜的沉积速度还与用甲醛做还原剂的沉积速度相当。     

添加剂苯亚磺酸钠和HEDTA对腈纶纤维表面化学镀铜的影响

以次磷酸钠为还原剂在腈纶纤维表面进行化学镀铜,研究了单一添加剂苯亚磺酸钠和N-羟乙基乙二胺三乙酸(HEDTA)的用量对镀层电阻、增重率和阴阳极极化过程的影响。单一添加剂苯亚磺酸钠和HEDTA在一定浓度范围内能明显促进次磷酸钠的阳极氧化,从而提高增重率,降低镀层电阻,最佳质量浓度分别为苯亚磺酸钠40 mg/L、HEDTA 60 mg/L。对比研究了无添加剂镀液和分别添加了苯亚磺酸钠40 mg/L、HEDTA 60 mg/L以及复合添加剂(40 mg/L苯亚磺酸钠+60 mg/L HEDTA)的镀液的阳极和阴级极化曲线,通过扫描电镜观察了所得铜镀层的表面形貌。较之单一添加剂,40 mg/L苯亚磺酸钠+60 mg/L HEDTA复合添加剂主要抑制了次磷酸钠的阳极氧化,使得镀层表面更加均匀、细致和平整。     

亚氨基二乙酸为络合剂的新型化学镀铜研究

本文以亚氨基二乙酸为络合剂,次磷酸钠为还原剂,在酸性条件下研究了镀液组成对化学镀铜沉积速率和镀液稳定性的影响。结果表明:化学镀铜的沉积速率随着温度、硫酸铜浓度和次磷酸钠浓度的增加而升高,随着亚氨基二乙酸浓度和镀液pH的增加而降低。极化曲线试验结果表明:随着镀液pH的降低,阴极还原峰电位正移,峰电流密度增大,加速了铜络离子的还原,提高了化学镀铜的沉积速率。采用扫描电镜和原子力显微镜观察了镀层形貌。     

次磷酸钠化学镀铜镍合金的研究

研究了以次磷酸钠为还原剂的化学镀铜过程。分析了温度、pH、硫酸镍含量对化学镀铜沉积速率的影响及镀层的表面形貌和结构。结果表明,沉积速率随着镀液温度、pH和N i离子浓度的提高而增大。镀层组分含量和XRD实验结果表明镀层为铜镍合金,呈面心立方结构,晶面间距d与晶胞参数a与标准Cu-N i的相比略大。SEM实验表明,镀层表面形貌为团粒状,颗粒大小较不均匀。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。