基于轮廓法测试钛合金线性摩擦焊接的内部残余应力(英文)

采用轮廓法测试TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接的内部应力。该方法是一种较新的能获得构件内部应力全貌的破坏性测试技术。首先将测试试件切割成两半,然后测试因应力释放而造成的切割面变形,最后将切割面的测试轮廓作为线弹性有限元的边界条件计算垂直切割面的内部残余应力。分析TC17线性摩擦焊接内部残余应力的分布特征。测试结果表明:TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头距焊缝中心12 mm区域的内部残余应力为拉伸应力,峰值拉伸应力出现在焊缝中心位置,达到360 MPa(约为TC17钛合金屈服强度的1/3);焊缝区域残余应力沿厚度分布不均匀,内部应力大于上下表层区域的应力。     

基于轮廓法测试惯性摩擦焊接头内部残余应力

采用轮廓法测试小尺寸镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接头的内部环向应力、中等尺寸惯性摩擦焊接头内部环向和轴向应力;分析惯性摩擦焊接头内部环向和轴向残余应力分布特征. 结果表明,轮廓法能测试小尺寸及窄小焊缝试件的内部残余应力,能反映出窄小焊缝内部的大梯度焊接残余应力全貌;惯性摩擦焊接头的环向应力沿轴向变化剧烈,沿环向分布均匀,沿厚度分布不均匀;焊缝中心位置外表层区域环向应力小于内表层区域环向应力;焊缝中心外表面轴向应力为压应力,而内表面轴向应力为拉应力,且轴向应力沿厚度呈线性变化.     

机械应变法测量TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力

采用YAG激光对2mm厚TC4钛合金薄板进行焊接,尝试使用机械应变法对其残余应力进行测量,得到了在不同线能量作用下焊缝的外观变化及残余应力的分布规律,分析了激光焊接残余应力产生的原因。研究结果表明:机械应变法适于激光焊接残余应力的测量,其残余应力的分布跟普通熔焊相似,但拉应力区明显变窄;线能量为70 kJ/m时,TC4钛合金对接接头纵向残余拉应力峰值为604.76 MPa,约为母材屈服强度的2/3,工程应用中应加以重视;线能量越大,其焊缝越宽,残余拉应力区域越宽,且峰值残余应力越大。     

TC4钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能

文中阐述了线性摩擦焊的原理、特点,并针对TC4钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能进行了研究.对比分析TC4钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊态和焊后热处理态的接头组织和力学性能.结果表明,焊接接头共分为母材、热力影响区和焊缝区三部分;TC4钛合金的接头(包括焊态和焊后热处理态)抗拉强度和屈服强度均达到母材的90%以上;焊缝中心的硬度值最高,焊后热处理能使接头的硬度分布更加均匀.     

TC21钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及性能分析

本文对TC21钛合金进行线性摩擦焊接试验,采用OM、SEM等测试手段对接头各区域显微组织演变规律进行了分析,并通过显微硬度仪和电子万能试验机对接头显微硬度及拉伸性能进行测试。结果表明：TC21钛合金线性摩擦焊可以得到良好的焊接接头,接头明显分为母材区、热力影响区和焊缝区；焊接过程中焊缝区发生了相变及动态再结晶过程,形成细小的再结晶晶粒,板条状α相在晶界处析出,针状马氏体α′相在晶粒内部析出,并有少量的残余α相保留至室温；热力影响区主要以变形α相为主,随着向两侧母材靠近,再结晶程度逐渐减弱,α相比例逐渐增加。由于飞边形成阶段及焊后冷却速率大小不同,导致沿着焊缝中心向飞边端部靠近,晶粒尺寸逐渐变大。TC21钛合金线性摩擦焊接头显微硬度呈拱形分布,焊缝中心显微硬度值达到最大值460HV,拉伸性能测试结果表明,接头强度与母材相当。     

数值模拟和实验研究Ti6Al4V合金激光熔透焊接残余应力

采用热-弹塑性三维有限元法研究激光熔透焊接Ti6Al4V合金的残余应力,并采用小孔法测量焊接残余应力以和计算结果进行比较.有限元计算时,建立了以焊缝形貌尺寸为参数的统一锥形热源模型来模拟不同热输入时的焊接温度场,并讨论了边界条件和有限元网格大小的确定.研究结果表明:采用焊缝轮廓尺寸作为热源参数能准确模拟焊缝横截面轮廓;钛合金激光熔透焊接的纵向残余应力分布梯度陡;在焊件表面和内部残余应力分布趋势不同,采用小孔法测量的残余应力分布和计算的焊接件内部残余应力分布相似.     

钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊接缺陷分析

本文选用几种不同工艺参数对TC17钛合金进行线性摩擦焊试验。采用填埋热电偶的方法测量焊接过程中界面温度,运用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等测试手段对接头焊接缺陷进行深入分析,利用显微硬度仪测量了两种不同参数下接头的显微硬度分布。研究表明：当振幅a=1mm时,焊接过程中热输入严重不足,无法得到良好的焊接接头,焊接过程中界面最高温度仅达到相变点附近,而采用a=3mm焊接时,界面温度可以达到1170℃。振幅a=1mm得到的TC17(α+β)/TC17(β)钛合金线性摩擦焊接头界面会出现孔洞、磨损颗粒、氧化物及夹杂、局部未焊合等焊接缺陷。显微硬度测试结果表明：在a=3mm参数下接头焊缝中心显微硬度值最低,相反残留氧化物及夹杂的存在使得振幅a=1mm时得到的接头焊缝中心显微硬度值达到最大。     

基于轮廓法测试镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接头内部残余应力

采用轮廓法(contour method)测试小直径FGH96镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接接头的内部环向应力。详细介绍了轮廓法测试步骤,包括试样切割、切割面轮廓测试、数据处理和有限元分析;获得了FGH96镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接接头内部环向应力分布全貌并分析其分布特征。测试结果表明:镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接接头的焊缝中心位置环向应力为非常大的拉应力,峰值拉应力为1200 MPa,达到材料室温时的屈服强度;焊缝区域(距焊缝中心±5 mm区域)近内壁区域的环向应力大于外壁区域环向应力,垂直焊缝方向的环向应力变化梯度非常大;远离焊缝区域,焊缝两侧的环向应力不对称。     

钛合金线性摩擦焊接头动态再结晶规律研究

针对TC4/TC17异种钛合金进行了线性摩擦焊试验,利用光学显微镜与扫描电镜对焊接接头各区域的微观组织进行了分析,并采用透射电镜分析了钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊合区的动态再结晶规律。结果表明:在焊接升温的过程中,TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊焊缝区已经达到β转变温度。在热和力的作用下,焊缝中心处金属发生动态再结晶,生成了细小的等轴晶粒。由于焊合区在共生晶粒形成之后又经历了强塑性变形,焊合区的晶粒内部产生了高密度的位错。位错运动形成亚晶界,焊合区形成亚晶粒,并以亚晶粒为形核核心,发生动态再结晶过程。     

高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织特征及力学性能

对高氧TC4/TC17异质钛合金进行线性摩擦焊试验,研究了焊接接头各区域组织特征、焊接界面合金元素扩散行为及力学性能. 结果表明,焊接过程中焊缝区发生了相变及动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶粒. 高氧TC4侧焊缝区形成针状马氏体,TC17侧形成亚稳定β相;两侧热力影响区晶粒均发生了破碎,沿着振动方向拉长. 焊后冷却阶段在焊合线附近出现合金元素扩散现象,扩散区域狭窄. 焊缝中心处显微硬度值最高达到420 HV,高氧TC4侧显微硬度随着靠近母材而逐渐降低;TC17侧显微硬度随着远离焊缝中心迅速升高. 拉伸性能测试结果表明,接头抗拉强度与高氧TC4母材相当.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.