国际安全新形势下的中国石油安全战略调整

我国处于工业化加速发展时期,目前石油消费量和原油产量分别占世界的8.92%和4.70%,而石油剩余探明可采储量仅占世界的1.44%。与高速发展的中国经济相比,国内资源不足。为适应非传统安全和传统安全交互作用下国际安全新形势和石油地缘政治新格局,中国迫切需要调整石油安全战略,即从利用国内资源为主向利用国外资源为主转变;从应对传统安全为主向应对非传统安全为主转变;从单纯预防石油供应中断,向既防止供应中断,又预防石油价格大幅度波动转变;从能源高耗型经济发展模式向节能节油型经济发展模式转变;从单纯的国际间竞争、甚至对抗解决争端向互利合作双赢转变。未来中国石油安全战略的构建主要包括以下8个方面:(1)保护性利用国内石油资源;(2)多元化利用国外石油资源;(3)多途径保障运输安全;(4)以科技创新支撑石油节约与替代;(5)建立以国家为主导的石油战略储备;(6)建立石油期货市场,参与全球油价博弈;(7)积极开展石油外交与国际合作,为我国获得长期、安全、稳定的资源,创造良好的国际环境;(8)建立中国石油安全预警系统,制定中国石油危机应急预案,以保障石油安全战略的顺利实施。     

煤基液体燃料有关技术经济和政策问题探讨

我国油气资源严重不足，煤炭资源相对丰富，化石能源剩余可采储量中，煤炭约占94％，油气约占6％。在煤炭生产与供应结构中，煤炭能满足国内需要，并有出口；石油需要大量进口来满足国内需要，到2010年，50％以上的石油靠进口。我们不得不从战略上考虑，中国如何解决快速增长的石油需求，是不是有钱就能保证石油的安全稳定供应？     

我国生物柴油产业大势已成

生物柴油是清洁的可再生能源 ,它以大豆、油菜籽等油料作物 ;油棕、黄连木等油料林木果实 ;工程微藻等油料水生植物 ;动物油脂以及废餐饮油等为原料制成的液体燃料 ,是优质的石油柴油的代用品。近年来 ,生物柴油作为新兴的高科技产业正在欧盟国家和美国蓬勃发展。目前我国能源面临的形势十分紧迫 ,每年进口石油达数千万t,发展生物柴油具有重要的战略意义 ,有利于保障国家石油安全 ,有利缓解柴油供应的压力 ,也有利于汽车尾气排放达到欧洲标准 ,改善城市环境状况。据介绍 ,目前我国生物柴油技术已取得重大成果 ,不少公司都已开发出拥有自主知…     

中国的石油供应安全再思考

一、石油供应安全 （一）传统概念 石油供应安全是指石油的可获得性。对进口国来说，供应安全意味着任何时候都能以合理的价格获得足够数量的石油。石油供应安全多用石油进口依赖度来表示，石油进口依赖度越高，石油供应安全性越低。从20世纪70年代起，石油安全就是指减少石油消费和进口的依赖性，这是传统的石油安全观。     

发达国家能源战略的五大基点

纵观世界发达国家的能源战略和政策．可以概括以下五大基点。①以保障石油安全为核心．积极开拓新的石油供应基地;②建立和加强战略石油储备;③励行节能政策;④积极开发新能源;⑤降低石油消费大力推广使用清洁能源。     

发展生物柴油具有战略意义

针对我国石油资源有限,将长期依赖进口石油的国情,我国能源领域的著名专家指出:发展立足于本国原料,大规模生产替代液体燃料—生物柴油,对增强国家石油安全具有十分重要的战略意义。生物柴油是清洁的可再生能源。它是以大豆、油菜子等油料作物;油棕、黄连木等油料林木果实;工程微藻等水生植物,以及动物油脂、废餐饮油等为原料制成的液体燃料,是优质的石油柴油的代用品。发展油料植物生产生物柴油,可以走出一条农林产品向工业品转化的富农强农之路,有利于调整农业结构,增加农民收入。发展生物柴油也有益于保护生态环境。生物柴油与石油柴油相…     

美国、日本和欧盟国家的石油政策及其能源战略

美国、日本和欧盟的发达国家,在石油政策和能源战略上既有共同之处,又各有特色和侧重.观察这些国家的能源政策尤其是石油天然气政策,对中国的能源政策的调整不无裨益. 这些西方发达国家的能源结构中均是石油占主导地位,所以能源问题主要是石油问题.这些国家的能源政策往往也以确保石油的安全稳定供应为基础,而石油政策都是立足于各国自身的油气资源禀赋来制定的.     

中国石油发展现状、问题与前景分析

本文分析了我国石油安全面临的石油消费增长快、油价、油源、通道、政治五大风险及石油对外依存度,针对我国油气输送通道的安全隐患,介绍了近几年我国缓释通道安全的石油管道和运油通道的建设情况,介绍了近两年我国能源外交的成果和石油战略储备情况及存在问题。最后阐述了我国油气发展的总体战略及实现的途径,以及应采取的应对策略。     

生物柴油原料资源利用与开发

发展生物柴油产业是解决我国石化能源短缺与环境污染问题的一个重要措施。在生物柴油产业发展过程中,原料不足成为规模化的瓶颈。我国现阶段油脂资源短缺,耕地资源匮乏,野生油料植物资源丰富,秸秆类农林废弃物资源量巨大。在结合我国国情基础上,分析现今我国生物柴油原料的来源,探讨建立生物柴油原料等级标准应重点考虑的指标,提出解决原料资源的四个措施。     

2000年以来中国原油进口来源构成分析

在国内石油产量只能保持相对稳定的背景下,随着经济的持续快速发展,大量进口石油是不可避免的。作为供应安全的主要对策之一就是力图使进口来源多元化。笔者曾强调要在进口地区、国家、途径（海和陆）、方式（现货和期货、多种形式的合同和协议）、品种（原油的酸油和甜油、各种油品）等多方面作到多元化,特称之为广义多元化。     

浅析石油替代燃料的开发

论述了开发非常规石油资源是解决本世纪石油资源量下降的最主要、最实际的途径之一;研究开发石油替代燃料是解决本世纪世界石油资源量下降的一个重要战略措施,也是我国能源安全战略的一个重要组成部分。石油替代燃料包括天然气和气态烃以及一些二次能源,如生物质能（乙醇、生物柴油）和煤基燃料（煤制油）、氢能等。分别阐述了各种石油替代燃料的国内外开发现状、存在问题和开发前景。     

中国石油储备体系探讨及对策

自1993年我国成为石油净进口国以来,石油供需缺口逐年加大,不断增加石油进口将是大势所趋。目前我国的石油储备能力远远不能适应石油企业和国家应付某些突发事件的需要。通过分析我国石油储备现状及面临的国内外严峻形势的挑战,重点阐述了建立战略石油储备的必要性和紧迫性。因此,应该借鉴美、日等国的石油储备经验,有计划地建立我国的石油储备制度,分步建立和完善符合我国国情的石油储备体系。     

汽车节油减排措施和政策

交通运输用油是影响我国石油消费量的重要因素．汽车的节油与燃料替代对降低石油需求起着关键性的作用．也是实现经济、社会和能源安全以及过渡到低碳经济的关键。汽车节油效果取决于国家的宏观政策。提高传统汽车能源效率、鼓励替代燃料和新能源汽车开发,以及采用智能运输系统、大力发展公共交通是节油减排的有效途径。提高汽车燃料使用效率．即开发节油型汽车、降低燃料消耗、淘汰油耗较高的老旧车型、提高柴油发动机所占比例等。整合强制性燃油经济性标识、标准和财政激励措施等独立的政策形成一揽子计划．通过相互协同作用来增强效果。替代燃料和新能源是石油燃料的有效补充,应加大投入力度。其中最有前景的是天然气、液化石油气等气体燃料。混合动力、纯电动汽车可借鉴国外先进技术,实现跨越式发展。氢燃料电池汽车应加大研发力度。充分利用智能运输系统和先进的物联网系统优化交通结构和货运行程,大力发展公共交通。     

Use of vegetable oils as I.C. engine fuels—A review

The increasing industrialization and motorization of the world has led to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum products. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude oil. Hence, it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. In addition, the use of vegetable oil as fuel is less polluting than petroleum fuels. This paper reviews the production and characterization of vegetable oil as well as the experimental work carried out in various countries in this field. In addition, the scope and challenges being faced in this area of research are clearly described.     

Prospects of biodiesel from Jatropha in India: A review

The increasing industrialization and modernization of the world has to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum products. Economic development in developing countries has led to huge increase in the energy demand. In India, the energy demand is increasing at a rate of 6.5% per annum. The crude oil demand of the country is met by import of about 80%. Thus the energy security has become a key issue for the nation as a whole. Petroleum-based fuels are limited. The finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these reserves are facing foreign exchange crises, mainly due to the import of crude oil. Hence it is necessary to look forward for alternative fuels, which can be produced from feedstocks available within the country.Biodiesel, an ecofriendly and renewable fuel substitute for diesel has been getting the attention of researchers/scientists of all over the world. The R & D has indicated that up to B20, there is no need of modification and little work is available related to suitability and sustainability of biodiesel production from Jatropha as non-edible oil sources. In addition, the use of vegetable oil as fuel is less polluting than petroleum fuels. The basic problem with biodiesel is that it is more prone to oxidation resulting in the increase in viscosity of biodiesel with respect to time which in turn leads to piston sticking, gum formation and fuel atomization problems.The report is an attempt to present the prevailing fossil fuel scenario with respect to petroleum diesel, fuel properties of biodiesel resources for biodiesel production, processes for its production, purification, etc. Lastly, an introduction of stability of biodiesel will also be presented.     

我国能源利用现状与对策

我国能源工业面临着以下挑战:①应对气候变化和节能减排的形势;②相当长时期内以煤为主的能源结构和石油的不可替代性;③化石能源供应短缺和原油劣质化趋势日趋严重。根据我国能源工业面对的严峻形势,提出了能源利用对策。首先要加快发展可再生能源、新能源。其次要研究我国炼油石化工业发展技术路线,充分利用好宝贵的油气资源。炼化一体化要实行紧密一体化,以提高资源利用率,实现生产更大的灵活性,适应市场油品和石化产品变化的需求。选择合适的渣油加工路线,提高原油加工深度,将有限的石油资源转化为轻质油品,要开发更有效的渣油深度转化工艺,进一步完善劣质渣油加工的组合工艺。石油炼厂开发石油替代能源生产技术路线应利用现有石油加工设备和传统的炼油工艺加工替代能源产品,并使所得产品与炼厂传统的烃类燃料相容。再次要重点研究开发煤的清洁利用技术路线。作为其战略方向,应发展以煤气化为核心的多联产系统。建议抓紧开发CO2零排放的煤气化制甲醇新工艺与风电的集成系统,并加快煤基醇醚燃料的推广应用和尽快实现甲醇制烯烃和乙二醇的工业化生产,加快甲醇应用领域的发展。为迎接"甲醇经济"时代,建议在发展煤制甲醇的同时开发多种原料的甲醇生产路线,主要有天然气不经过合成气途径制甲醇和CO2制甲醇等。     

Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines

The increasing industrialization and motorization of the world has led to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum-based fuels. Petroleum-based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing energy/foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum. Hence, it is necessary to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from resources available locally within the country such as alcohol, biodiesel, vegetable oils etc. This paper reviews the production, characterization and current statuses of vegetable oil and biodiesel as well as the experimental research work carried out in various countries. This paper touches upon well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions, well-to-wheel efficiencies, fuel versatility, infrastructure, availability, economics, engine performance and emissions, effect on wear, lubricating oil etc.     

中国与苏丹的石油合作

苏丹石油资源丰富,2007年石油探明储量为66×108bbl。为了开发本国的石油资源,苏丹出台了一系列鼓励投资的优惠政策,为中苏石油合作提供了机会。苏丹是中国海外寻油最早的目的地之一,经过10多年的不懈努力,中国已在苏丹逐步形成集生产、精炼、运输、销售于一体的完整的石油工业产业链。中国与苏丹在石油领域的合作堪称中国在非洲实施＂走出去＂战略的成功典范,每年为中国带来数百万吨的权益油和稳定的石油供应渠道,同时也有力地促进了苏丹的经济发展。中国企业积极投身公益事业,热情为当地民众造福,赢得了苏丹政府和人民的称赞。然而由于苏丹产业结构单一,经济发展存在不稳定性,再加上达尔富尔问题和西方的恶意诽谤,使得中苏石油合作面临着挑战。但随着中苏石油领域合作的不断深入,相信两国互惠互利、共同发展的目标一定能实现。     

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review

The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. Although vegetative oils can be fuel for diesel engines, but their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of its various derivatives. Among the different possible sources, fatty acid methyl esters, known as Biodiesel fuel derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fates) by transesterification with methanol, present the promising alternative substitute to diesel fuels and have received the most attention now a day. The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. This paper reviews the source of production and characterization of vegetable oils and their methyl ester as the substitute of the petroleum fuel and future possibilities of Biodiesel production.