Preparation of ZrC by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

ZrC fine powder has been prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) based on exothermic reduction reaction of ZrO₂–C–Mg. The combustion temperature observed was 1979 K. The effects of Mg content and particle size on the combustion temperature and chemical composition of the product were investigated. The reducing agent Mg plays an important role on the purity of ZrC powder obtained by SHS process. Post-heat treatment was applied to decrease the oxygen content of the final product further.     

Electroimpulsive activation of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in powder mixtures

The effect of frequency electroimpulsive treatment on the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis reaction in a powder mixture is studied with the use of the Ni-Al system as an example. The longitudinal direction of the electric field applied to the sample and of the electric current relative to the direction of combustion-wave propagation was used. It is established that under the action of electrotreatment, the linear combustion rate increases by a factor of 1.3-1.6, the structure is transformed, and the completeness of chemical transformation increases. It is shown that the effects observed are of a nonthermal nature. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 133–136, July–August, 2000. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (Grant No. 99-03-32465).     

Obtaining aluminomagnesia spinel by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

The conditions for forming a solid solution of aluminomagnesia spinel with magnesium oxide in the regime of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis and the properties of the resultant refractory are investigated. The main parameters of the synthesis are determined. Test batches of specimens are used to study the main physicomechanical properties.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 12, pp. 10 – 12, December, 1994.     

Combustion synthesis of high-temperature ZrB2-SiC ceramics

The work is dedicated to researching into combustion kinetics and mechanism as well as the stages of the chemical transformations during self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of ZrB₂-SiC based ceramics. Dependences of the combustion temperature and rate on the initial temperature (T₀) have been studied. It has been shown that the stages of the chemical reactions of ZrB₂ diboride and SiC carbide formation do not change within the range of T_0?=?298–700?К. The effective activation energy of the combustion process amounted to 170–270?kJ/mol, from which it has been concluded that chemical interaction through the melt plays a leading role. The stages of the chemical transformations in the combustion wave have been studied by dynamic X-ray diffraction. First, ZrB₂ phase forms from Zr-Si melt saturated with boron, and SiC phase is registered later. The SHS method has successfully been used in order to obtain ZrB₂-SiC composite powders and compact ceramics with a silicon carbide content of 25–75%. The ceramics are characterized by a residual porosity of 1.5%, hardness up to 25?GPa, the elastic modulus of 318?±?21?GPa, elastic recovery of 36% and thermal conductivity of 54.9?W/(m?×?K) at T_room.     

Acoustic emission during self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

It was established experimentally that during SHS, reaction systems (Ni-Al, Ti-B, Mo-B, etc.) generated acoustic oscillations in the frequency range from 5 Hz to 1.1 MHz with a pulse power of up to 17 W. It was found that the combustion of different systems is characterized by an individual set of dynamic parameters of acoustic emission in the modes of low ordered discrete pulses and highly ordered self-oscillations. It is shown that the spatial zone of acoustic emission is localized near the combustion wave. Analysis of the acoustic emission mechanisms of SHS is performed.     

自蔓延高温合成镧掺杂钡铁氧体改性研究

采用白蔓延高温合成法制备了La掺杂的M型钡铁氧体BaLaxFe12-xO19（x=0,0．3,0.4,0．6）。用X射线衍射仪、振动样品磁强计和扫描电镜对粉末产品的结构与磁学性能进行了观测。系统地研究了La掺杂对M型钡铁氧体结构和磁性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着掺杂量（x）的增大,矫顽力He增大,而饱和磁化强度M6和剩余磁化强度Mr均减小。当掺杂量x=0．3时,钡铁氧体具有最佳的综合磁性能。     

X-ray radiation in self-propagating high-temperature synthesis processes

Emission effects of heterogeneous combustion in the region of ionization radiation are studied. By an example of a Ti-B powder system, it is demonstrated that the processes of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in the thermal explosion regime is accompanied by “soft” X-ray radiation with the quantum energy estimated as ≈5 keV. Key words: heterogeneous combustion, X-ray radiation. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 127–129, November–December, 2008.     

Effect of reactant composition on the production of MoSi2 by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

The effect of reactant composition, particle size of silicon, density of powdered compacts, and reaction atmosphere on the characteristics of molybdenum disilicide produced from molybdenum and silicon powders by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, was studied in a pressurized reaction chamber at 1.5 bar. The atomic ratio of silicon to molybdenum (Si/Mo) was changed from 1.0 to 2.6 in order to investigate the effect of reactant composition on the characteristics of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Stable combustion was observed for the values of atomic ratios of silicon to molybdenum from 1.8 to 2.2 and SHS-produced material consisted of a uniform and single-phased MoSi₂. In the meantime unstable combustion such as oscillatory, spinning, and surface combustion was detected for the values of atomic ratios of silicon to molybdenum less than 1.8 or larger than 2.2. SHS-produced material under unstable combustion includes the impurities of Mo₅Si₃, Mo₃Si, unreacted Mo and Si resulting from the layered or reacted-on-surface structures, which give lower degree of reaction and possibly poor electrical properties of heating element MoSi₂. The value of criterion α suggested by Shkadinskii et al. to differentiate stable combustion from unstable one, is found to be 0.74 for producing molybdenum disilicide by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Stable combustion was detected for the values of α greater than 0.74 (α>0.74) to give the uniform and single-phased product while unstable combustion was observed for the values of α less than 0.74 (α<0.74) to result in a non-uniform and multiphase product. This critical value will help the industry to produce uniform and high-purity molybdenum disilicide by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis processes.     

Features of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of spinel pigments

The method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was used to synthesize spinel ceramic pigments. Producing aluminum-nickel and aluminum-cobalt pigments in a finely dispersed state is a complex stepwise (combined) process involving a reduction stage and simultaneous natural air filtration. In the case of small-diameter samples, a flat combustion front is observed and in large samples, the front is formed of many hot spots. The dependence of combustion rate on porosity is presented. The maximum combustion rate of these systems are recorded for porosity of 50–60%. Powdered SHS pigments were obtained for the first time.     

IR-transparent MgO-Y2O3 ceramics by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis and spark plasma sintering

A glycine–nitrate self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) was developed to produce composite Y₂O₃–MgO nanopowders. Based on the thermodynamic calculations a 0.25YMg₂(NO₃)₇-0.75NH₂CH₂COOH precursor composition was selected to prepare low agglomerated uniform composite yttria-magnesia powder. Near full dense composite ceramics were fabricated based on the prepared powders by the spark plasma sintering method. IR-transmittance and hardness of the Y₂O₃–MgO ceramics were studied in correlation with sintering conditions. The best transmittance of 80.9%@5 μm and H_v = 10.2 GPa were measured for the sample obtained at 1150 °C.     

Aspects of making a superconducting yttrium ceramic by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

Macrokinjetic features are considered for the combustion in oxygen of BaO₂–Cu–Y₂O₃ mixtures, which produces the high-temperature superconductor yttrium barium cuprate YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x. Studies have been made on how the initial temperature affects the combustion temperature and rate, and the critical temperature for self-ignition has been determined. Ultrasonic activation of the initial powders has an advantageous effect on the product quality. Thermal analysis has been applied to the activated mixtures, which indicates the reason for the rise in burning wave propagation rate and increase in conversion to the superconducting phase.Chernogolovka. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 62–67, March–April, 1993.     

高能球磨法制备ZrB2-Al2O3复合粉体

以金属Al粉(w(Al)=99%,粒度≤45μm)、ZrO2粉(w(ZrO2)=99%,粒度≤3.5μm)和B2O3粉(w(B2O3)=98%,粒度≤5μm)为原料,按n(Al)∶n(ZrO2)∶n(B2O3)=10∶3∶3混合后装入高能球磨罐中,在氩气保护条件下以560r.min-1的转速球磨2h后,取样进行XRD和SEM分析。结果表明:采用金属Al粉、ZrO2和B2O3为原料,在2h的较短时间内经高能球磨合成ZrB2-Al2O3复合粉体,其合成机理为机械碰撞诱发的自蔓延反应;所得到的复合粉体中,ZrB2为微米级,Al2O3为纳米级。     

锆英石碳热还原制备ZrB2-ZrO2-SiC复合粉体

以锆英石、硼酸和炭黑为原料,在流通氩气气氛中于1 500℃煅烧制备ZrB₂-ZrO₂-SiC复合粉体,研究了保温时间（分别为3、6和9 h）和添加剂AlF₃添加量（质量分数分别为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5%）对合成产物物相组成和显微结构的影响。结果表明：1)将锆英石在流通氩气气氛中于1 500℃碳热还原可制备ZrB₂-ZrO₂-SiC复合粉体;ZrB₂、ZrO₂呈粒状,SiC呈纤维状。2)随着保温时间的延长,ZrB₂的量逐渐增多,m-ZrO₂和SiC的量均逐渐减少,非氧化物ZrB₂、SiC、ZrC的总量逐渐增多。3)与未添加AlF₃的试样相比,添加0.5%（w）AlF₃的试样中m-ZrO₂量显著减少,ZrB₂的量显著增多,SiC的量有所减少;但随着AlF     

Features of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in a titanium-based system

The combustion temperature and rate have been measured and the product structure has been examined to define the interactions in a system designed to produce a porous permeable material having a heterogeneous framework.Barnaul. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 37–42, July–August, 1993.     

Structure and phase composition of zinc sulfide produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

The structure of polycrystalline ZnS produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is investigated. The monolithic specimens produced are a mixture of wurtzite and sphalerite. In the cross section of the specimens there are three distinct zones: an outer zone of fine crystals and zones of acicular and equiaxial crystals. Changing heat-exchange conditions, one can affect the dimensions of the second and third zones. Introduction of the disperser NH₄Cl into the starting mixture changes the crystallization mechanism and produces powder ZnS of a hexagonal modification with a varying grain size. Experimental results are explained within the framework of a two-phase model of crystallization and Ostwald’s phase rule. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 39–44, January–February, 1998.     

Shape-formation in the processes of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of foams

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of cylindrical specimens of foam cermet with a relatively large length (l/D≫1) is performed. A Ti+0.6C mixture containing foaming agent Na₂B₂O₇·10H₂O was used. The initial compacts were enclosed in burning paper shells, which during self-propagating high-temperature synthesis made it possible to produce straight rods of foam ceramics, distinguished by an even surface. The dependence of the relative elongation of the specimens on the shell thickness was established. The possibility of controlling the shape of the foam SHS product by varying the slope of the combustion-front plane to the specimen axis was considered. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 121–122, May–June 1998.     

Oxidative dehydrodimerization of methane over complex oxide catalysts prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

Oxidative dehydrodimerization of methane to C₂ - hydrocarbons has been examined for complex oxide ceramics prepared by using method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in a combustion mode. The novel catalysts containing rare-earth, alkali-earth metals and copper showed sufficiently high level of activity, C₂ selectivity and stability in the presence of oxygen at temperature 700–800C, atmospheric pressure, the mole ratio CH₄/O₂= 5–8 and contact time 0.6–9.0 s.