Modified frequency-based term weighting schemes for text classification

With the rapid growth of textual content on the Internet, automatic text categorization is a comparatively more effective solution in information organization and knowledge management. Feature selection, one of the basic phases in statistical-based text categorization, crucially depends on the term weighting methods In order to improve the performance of text categorization, this paper proposes four modified frequency-based term weighting schemes namely; mTF, mTFIDF, TFmIDF, and mTFmIDF. The proposed term weighting schemes take the amount of missing terms into account calculating the weight of existing terms. The proposed schemes show the highest performance for a SVM classifier with a micro-average F1 classification performance value of 97%. Moreover, benchmarking results on Reuters-21578, 20Newsgroups, and WebKB text-classification datasets, using different classifying algorithms such as SVM and KNN show that the proposed schemes mTF, mTFIDF, and mTFmIDF outperform other weighting schemes such as TF, TFIDF, and Entropy. Additionally, the statistical significance tests show a significant enhancement of the classification performance based on the modified schemes.     

动态自适应特征权重的多类文本分类算法研究*

文本分类是研究文本数据挖掘、信息检索的重要手段,文本特征项权重值的计算是文本分类算法的关键。针对经典的特征权重计算方法TF-IDF中存在的不足,提出了一种动态自适应特征权重计算方法(DATW)。该算法不仅考虑了特征项在文本中出现的频率及该特征项所属文本在训练集中的数量,而且通过考查特征项的分散度和特征向量梯度差以自适应动态文本的分类。实验结果表明,采用DATW方法计算特征权重可以有效提高文本分类的性能。     

Turning from TF-IDF to TF-IGM for term weighting in text classification

Massive textual data management and mining usually rely on automatic text classification technology. Term weighting is a basic problem in text classification and directly affects the classification accuracy. Since the traditional TF-IDF (term frequency & inverse document frequency) is not fully effective for text classification, various alternatives have been proposed by researchers. In this paper we make comparative studies on different term weighting schemes and propose a new term weighting scheme, TF-IGM (term frequency & inverse gravity moment), as well as its variants. TF-IGM incorporates a new statistical model to precisely measure the class distinguishing power of a term. Particularly, it makes full use of the fine-grained term distribution across different classes of text. The effectiveness of TF-IGM is validated by extensive experiments of text classification using SVM (support vector machine) and kNN (k nearest neighbors) classifiers on three commonly used corpora. The experimental results show that TF-IGM outperforms the famous TF-IDF and the state-of-the-art supervised term weighting schemes. In addition, some new findings different from previous studies are obtained and analyzed in depth in the paper.     

A semantic term weighting scheme for text categorization

Traditional term weighting schemes in text categorization, such as TF-IDF, only exploit the statistical information of terms in documents. Instead, in this paper, we propose a novel term weighting scheme by exploiting the semantics of categories and indexing terms. Specifically, the semantics of categories are represented by senses of terms appearing in the category labels as well as the interpretation of them by WordNet. Also, the weight of a term is correlated to its semantic similarity with a category. Experimental results on three commonly used data sets show that the proposed approach outperforms TF-IDF in the cases that the amount of training data is small or the content of documents is focused on well-defined categories. In addition, the proposed approach compares favorably with two previous studies.     

自动文本分类中权值公式的改进

在自动文本分类中,TF-IDF公式是常用的词语权重计算公式,但是TF-IDF公式是一种经验公式,并没有坚实的理论基础,它并不适用于任何情况下。通过信息论和概率证明了,在训练文本同属一个类别时,词语的重要性与词语的文档频率成正比,并对TF-IDF进行了改进,得到了改进的权值公式。改进的权值公式与TF-IDF公式进行实验比较,实验结果表明改进的权值公式提高了算法的分类精度。     

用于文本情感分析的特征加权改进算法

文本情感分析领域内的特征加权一般考虑两个影响因子：特征在文档中的重要性（ITD）和特征在表达情感上的重要性（ITS）。结合该领域内两种分类准确率较高的监督特征加权算法,提出了一种新的ITS算法。新算法同时考虑特征在一类文档集里的文档频率（在特定的文档集里,出现某个特征的文档数量）及其占总文档频率的比例,使主要出现且大量出现在同一类文档集里的特征获得更高的ITS权值。实验证明,新算法能提高文本情感分类的准确率。     

On entropy-based term weighting schemes for text categorization

In text categorization, Vector Space Model (VSM) has been widely used for representing documents, in which a document is represented by a vector of terms. Since different terms contribute to a document’s semantics in various degrees, a number of term weighting schemes have been proposed for VSM to improve text categorization performance. Much evidence shows that the performance of a term weighting scheme often varies across different text categorization tasks, while the mechanism underlying variability in a scheme’s performance remains unclear. Moreover, existing schemes often weight a term with respect to a category locally, without considering the global distribution of a term’s occurrences across all categories in a corpus. In this paper, we first systematically examine pros and cons of existing term weighting schemes in text categorization and explore the reasons why some schemes with sound theoretical bases, such as chi-square test and information gain, perform poorly in empirical evaluations. By measuring the concentration that a term distributes across all categories in a corpus, we then propose a series of entropy-based term weighting schemes to measure the distinguishing power of a term in text categorization. Through extensive experiments on five different datasets, the proposed term weighting schemes consistently outperform the state-of-the-art schemes. Moreover, our findings shed new light on how to choose and develop an effective term weighting scheme for a specific text categorization task.

     

Supervised term weighting centroid-based classifiers for text categorization

In this paper, we study the theoretical properties of the class feature centroid (CFC) classifier by considering the rate of change of each prototype vector with respect to individual dimensions (terms). We show that CFC is inherently biased toward the larger (dominant majority) classes, which invariably leads to poor performance on class-imbalanced data. CFC also aggressively prune terms that appear across all classes, discarding some non-exclusive but useful terms. To overcome these CFC limitations while retaining its intrinsic and worthy design goals, we propose an improved centroid-based classifier that uses precise term-class distribution properties instead of presence or absence of terms in classes. Specifically, terms are weighted based on the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence measure between pairs of class-conditional term probabilities; we call this the CFC–KL centroid classifier. We then generalize CFC–KL to handle multi-class data by replacing the KL measure with the multi-class Jensen–Shannon (JS) divergence, called CFC–JS. Our proposed supervised term weighting schemes have been evaluated on 5 datasets; KL and JS weighted classifiers consistently outperformed baseline CFC and unweighted support vector machines (SVM). We also devise a word cloud visualization approach to highlight the important class-specific words picked out by our KL and JS term weighting schemes, which were otherwise obscured by unsupervised term weighting. The experimental and visualization results show that KL and JS term weighting not only notably improve centroid-based classifiers, but also benefit SVM classifiers as well.     

Nonlinear transformation of term frequencies for term weighting in text categorization

In automatic text categorization, the influence of features on the decision is set by the term weights which are conventionally computed as the product of term frequency and collection frequency factors. The raw form of term frequencies or their logarithmic forms are generally used as the term frequency factor whereas the leading collection frequency factors take into account the document frequency of each term. In this study, it is firstly shown that the best-fitting form of the term frequency factor depends on the distribution of term frequency values in the dataset under concern. Taking this observation into account, a novel collection frequency factor is proposed which considers term frequencies. Five datasets are firstly tested to show that the distribution of term frequency values is task dependent. The proposed method is then proven to provide better F₁ scores compared to two recent approaches on majority of the datasets considered. It is confirmed that the use of term frequencies in the collection frequency factor is beneficial on tasks which does not involve highly repeated terms. It is also shown that the best F₁ scores are achieved on majority of the datasets when smaller number of features are considered.     

Single pass text classification by direct feature weighting

The Feature Weighting Classifier (FWC) is an efficient multi-class classification algorithm for text data that uses Information Gain to directly estimate per-class feature weights in the classifier. This classifier requires only a single pass over the dataset to compute the feature frequencies per class, is easy to implement, and has memory usage that is linear in the number of features. Results of experiments performed on 128 binary and multi-class text and web datasets show that FWC??s performance is at least comparable to, and often better than that of Naive Bayes, TWCNB, Winnow, Balanced Winnow and linear SVM. On a large-scale web dataset with 12,294 classes and 135,973 training instances, FWC trained in 13?s and yielded comparable classification performance to a state of the art multi-class SVM implementation, which took over 15?min to train.     

PU text classification enhanced by term frequency–inverse document frequency‐improved weighting

Term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF–IDF), one of the most popular feature (also called term or word) weighting methods used to describe documents in the vector space model and the applications related to text mining and information retrieval, can effectively reflect the importance of the term in the collection of documents, in which all documents play the same roles. But, TF–IDF does not take into account the difference of term IDF weighting if the documents play different roles in the collection of documents, such as positive and negative training set in text classification. In view of the aforementioned text, this paper presents a novel TF–IDF‐improved feature weighting approach, which reflects the importance of the term in the positive and the negative training examples, respectively. We also build a weighted voting classifier by iteratively applying the support vector machine algorithm and implement one‐class support vector machine and Positive Example Based Learning methods used for comparison. During classifying, an improved 1‐DNF algorithm, called 1‐DNFC, is also adopted, aiming at identifying more reliable negative documents from the unlabeled examples set. The experimental results show that the performance of term frequency inverse positive–negative document frequency‐based classifier outperforms that of TF–IDF‐based one, and the performance of weighted voting classifier also exceeds that of one‐class support vector machine‐based classifier and Positive Example Based Learning‐based classifier. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Fuzzy Approach to Classification of Text Documents

This paper discusses the classification problems of text documents. Based on the concept of the proximity degree, the set of words is partitioned into some equivalence classes.Particularly, the concepts of the semantic field and association degree are given in this paper.Based on the above concepts, this paper presents a fuzzy classification approach for document categorization. Furthermore, applying the concept of the entropy of information, the approaches to select key words from the set of words covering the classification of documents and to construct the hierarchical structure of key words are obtained.     

文本分类中词语权重计算方法的改进与应用

文本的形式化表示一直是信息检索领域关注的基础性问题。向量空间模型（Vector Space Model）中的tf.idf文本表示是该领域里得到广泛应用,并且取得较好效果的一种文本表示方法。词语在文本集合中的分布比例量上的差异是决定词语表达文本内容的重要因素之一。但是其IDF的计算,并没有考虑到特征项在类间的分布情况,也没有考虑到在类内分布相对均匀的特征项的权重应该比分布不均匀的要高,应该赋予其较高的权重。用改进的TFIDF选择特征词条、用KNN分类算法和遗传算法训练分类器来验证其有效性,实验表明改进的策略是可行的。     

基于位置的文本分类样本剪裁及加权方法

k近邻方法是文本分类中广泛应用的方法,对其性能的优化具有现实需求。使用一种改进的聚类算法进行样本剪裁以提高训练样本的类别表示能力;根据样本的空间位置先后实现了基于类内和类间分布的样本加权;改善了k近邻算法中的大类别、高密度训练样本占优现象。实验结果表明,提出的改进文本加权方法提高了分类器的分类效率。     

A Two-Stage Machine learning approach for temporally-robust text classification

One of the most relevant research topics in Information Retrieval is Automatic Document Classification (ADC). Several ADC algorithms have been proposed in the literature. However, the majority of these algorithms assume that the underlying data distribution does not change over time. Previous work has demonstrated evidence of the negative impact of three main temporal effects in representative datasets textual datasets, reflected by variations observed over time in the class distribution, in the pairwise class similarities and in the relationships between terms and classes [1]. In order to minimize the impact of temporal effects in ADC algorithms, we have previously introduced the notion of a temporal weighting function (TWF), which reflects the varying nature of textual datasets. We have also proposed a procedure to derive the TWF’s expression and parameters. However, the derivation of the TWF requires the running of explicit and complex statistical tests, which are very cumbersome or can not even be run in several cases. In this article, we propose a machine learning methodology to automatically learn the TWF without the need to perform any statistical tests. We also propose new strategies to incorporate the TWF into ADC algorithms, which we call temporally-aware classifiers. Experiments showed that the fully-automated temporally-aware classifiers achieved significant gains (up to 17%) when compared to their non-temporal counterparts, even outperforming some state-of-the-art algorithms (e.g., SVM) in most cases, with large reductions in execution time.     

改进词频分类器集成的文本分类算法

互联网容纳了海量的文本信息,文本分类系统能够在给定的类别下,自动将文本分门别类,更好地帮助人们挖掘有用信息.介绍了基于词频分类器集成文本分类算法.该算法计算代价小,分类召回率高,但准确率较低,分析了导致准确率低的原因,在此基础上提出了基于改进词频分类器集成的文本分类算法,改进后的算法在文本权重更新方面做了参数调整,使得算法的准确率有显著提高,最后用实验验证了改进后算法的性能.实验结果表明,基于改进词频分类器集成的文本分类算法不仅提高了分类的准确性,而且表现出较好的稳定性.     

基于潜在语义索引的文本特征词权重计算方法

潜在语义索引具有可计算性强,需要人参与少等优点。对其中重要的优化过程--权重计算,进行了深入分析。针对目前应用最广泛的TF-IDF方法中,采用线性处理的不合理性以及难以突出对文本内容起关键性作用的特征的缺点,提出了一种基于"Sigmiod函数"和"位置因子"的新权重方案。突出了文本中不同特征词的重要程度,更有利于潜在语义空间的构造。通过实验平台"中文潜在语义索引分析系统"的测试结果表明,该权重方法更利于基于潜在语义的检索性能的提高。     

基于词频的类别相关的特征权重算法

在文本分类领域中,目前关于特征权重的研究存在两方面不足：一方面,对于基于文档频率的特征权重算法,其中的文档频率常常忽略特征的词频信息;另一方面,对特征与类别的关系表达不够准确和充分。针对以上两点不足,提出一种新的基于词频的类别相关特征权重算法(全称CDF-AICF)。该算法在度量特征权重时,考虑了特征在每个词频下的文档频率。同时,为了准确表达特征与类别的关系,提出了两个新的概念：类别相关文档频率CDF和平均逆类频率AICF,分别用于表示特征对类别的表现力和区分力。最后,通过与其它5个特征权重度量方法相比较,在三个数据集上进行分类实验。结果显示,CDF-AICF的分类性能优于其它5种度量方法。